Mesopotamia Mesopotamia:

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1 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia: pseudo-ancient name for the country that is now known as Iraq. In Antiquity, it was not common to regard the five parts of this region as a unity. The Greek word Mesopotamia, "country between rivers" (Euphrates and Tigris), is used for the first time by the historian Arrian of Nicomedia, in his account of the campaigns of Alexander the Great. He uses older sources, and Arrian applies the expression to what is now eastern Syria and northern Iraq - the part now called Jezira ("the island"). The first to use the word to indicate southern Iraq too, was Pliny the Elder. In Antiquity, Arrian's usage was more common. When the Romans conquered land east of the Euphrates, they called this new province Mesopotamia, even though they had not subdued the south. The larger area can be divided into five parts. 1. Mesopotamia proper: Arrian's meaning of the word is a translation from the Babylonian expression mât birît nârim, which was not only accepted in Greek, but in several other languages as wel (the Aramaic beyhn nahrîn; Hebrew Aram naharaim; Old Persian Miyanrudan). There were several important cities, like Edessa, Harran, Nisibis, Singara, Hatra. The northern part has a more or less Mediterranean climate, with mm of rain per year; to the south, there is less rain and the country becomes a steppe. The earth is rich in minerals because it is volcanic; the most fertile parts belong to the the Turkish part of Kurdistan; the southern part is divided between Syria (which has the valley of the Khabur, a tributary of the Euphrates), and Iraq. 2. Assyria: the hilly country east of the Tigris, intersected by the rivers Little Zab and Great Zab. The main cities were Aššur, Arbela, and Nineveh. The eastern parts share the rains that fall in the mountains and are green; the western parts have a steppe climate, with mm of rainfall. Today, this belongs to the country of the Kurds. 3. Babylonia: the fertile southern part, called after its capital Babylon. There are several important cities. West of the Euphrates, we find Eridu and Ur; between the rivers Larsa, Uruk, Umma, Isin, Nippur, Kish, Babylon, and Sippar; east of the ancient course of the Tigris are Lagaš and Girsu. This alluvial plain has a hot arid climate and mm of rain, but the rivers bring sufficient water for agriculture. A large part of the modern population belongs to the Shi'a Islam. 4. The western desert, populated with nomads. In historical times, they were sometimes called Amorites, Aramaeans, Chaldaeans, and Arabs. There is less than 200 mm of rainfall, and there is -of course- an arid climate. 5. Finally, the mountains in the north and east, which are now part of Turkey and Iran (Zagros). They have a mountain climate with more than 800 mm of rain. Conditions for agriculture are excellent, and it was probably in these areas that agriculture was invented ("the Neolithic Revolution"). ١

2 The country is extremely rich in agricultural resources. "So great is the fertility of the grain fields that they normally produce crops of two-hundredfold, and in an exceptional year as much as three-hundredfold," writes the Greek researcher Herodotus of Halicarnassus. This is exaggerated, but the real fifteenfold yields were indeed extremely high. Other products were scarse. Mesopotamia proper has some forests, but in Babylonia, wood had to be imported. Metallic ores are absent. The only resource is oil - but in Antiquity, no one knew an application for this dirty product. Ancient kings 1. Sumerian kings ( ) 2. Ur, Uruk, Lagaš, and Akkad ( ) 3. Ur, Mari, Larsa, Isin, Babylon ( ) 4. The Dark age of Assyria and Babylonia 5. Assyria, Babylonia, Hittites, Egypt ( ) 6. Assyria, Babylonia, Hittites, Elam, Egypt ( ) 7. Assyria, Babylonia, Elam, Egypt ( ) 8. Assyria, Babylonia, Egypt ( ) 9. Assyria, Babylonia, Israel, Judah, Egypt ( ) 10. Assyria, Babylonia, Israel, Judah, Egypt ( ) 11. Assyria, Babylonia, Urartu, Elam, Judah, Egypt ( ) 12. Babylonia, Medes, Persia, Lydia, Judah, Egypt ( ) Sumerian kings ( ) The dates at the end of this period are based on the Middle Chronology. Kings on the same line were contemporaries; people in italics were no rulers. ٢

3 Lagaš Umma Uruk Ur Kiš/Agade Pabulgagi 2700 Enmen-baragesi Lugalša'engur Aga Gilgameš Agga son of Munusušumgal Mesalim 2600 Enhegal Enna'il Gursar Gunidu Urpabilsag Urnanše Pabilgaltuk Meskalamdug 2500 Akurgal Uš Akalamdug Mesanepada Enakale A'anepada Al[...] Eanatum Mes-ki'ag-Nanna Enanatum I Urluma E'andamu Enmetana Lugalkiginedudu... Enanatum II 2400 Lugalkisalsi Enentarzi Gišakidu Lugalsilasi U'u Lubaragesi Elini Lugalanda Urzage En-šakuš-ana Enbi-ištar Uruinimguna Lugalzagesi ( ) Lugalzagesi ( ) Lugalzagesi ( ) Urzababa 2350 Sargon of Agade ( ) Rimuš of Agade ( ) ٣

4 Lugalzagesi ( ) Ancient kings ( ) Uruk Ur Akkad Lagaš Lugalzagesi of Uruk ( ) Sargon ( ) Rimuš ( ) Maništušu ( ) Naram-Sin ( ) Šar-kali-šarri ( ) Irgigi, Nanum, Imi, and Elulu ( ) Dudu ( ) Šu-durul ( ) Uruinimguna Ur-Nigin ( ) Ur-gigir ( ) Kuda ( ) Puzur-ili ( ) Ur-Utu ( ) Utu-Hegal ( ) Ur-Baba ( ) Gudea ( ) Ur-Nammu ( ) Šulgi ( ) Amar-Sin ( ) Šu-Sin ( ) Ibbi-Sin ( ) ۴

5 Ancient kings ( ) Babylon (1st dynasty) Larsa Isin Mari Ur III Ibbi-Sin ( ) Sumuabum ( ) Sumulael ( ) Naplanum ( ) Emisum ( ) Samium ( ) Zabaja ( ) Gungunum ( ) Abisare ( ) Sumuel ( ) Nur-Adad ( ) Sin-iddinam ( ) Išbi-Irra ( ) Šu-ilišu ( ) Iddin-Dagan ( ) Išme-Dagan ( ) Lipit-Ištar ( ) Ur-Ninurta ( ) Bur-Sin ( ) Lipit-Enlil ( ) Irra-imitti ( ) Gungunum takes Ur Enlil-bani 1843 ۵

6 ۶ ( ) Sin-eribam ( ) 1841 Sin-iqišam ( ) Silli-Adad ( ) Zambija ( ) Sabium ( ) Iaggid-Lim Iter-piša ( ) Warad-Sin ( ) 1831 Urdukuga ( ) 1828 Apil-Sin ( ) Sin-magir ( ) Iahdun-Lim Damiq-ilišu ( ) Sin-muballit ( ) Iasmah-Adad ( ) 1794 Rim-Sin ( ) Hammurabi ( ) Zimri-Lin ( ) Samsuiluna ( ) 1712 Abi-ešuh ( ) 1684 Ammiditana ( ) 1647 Ammisaduqa ( ) 1626 Samsuditana ( ) 1595

7 Ancient kings (Dark Age) Assyria Ilušuma Erišum I contemporary of Sumulael Babylonia (Kassites) Babylonia (Sealand) Babylonia (1st dynasty) Sumuabum ( ) c.1894 c.1881 Ikunum Sargon I Ilumael (60 years) Sumulael ( ) Puzur-Aššur II (?-1876) Naram-Sin (c.1876-?) Erišum II (?-1813) Šamši-Adad I ( ) Išme-Dagan I ( ) Mut-Aškur Itti-ili-nibi (56 years?) Damiq-ilišu (26 years?) Sabium ( ) Apil-Sin ( ) Sin-muballit ( ) Hammurabi ( ) c.1876 c.1845 c.1831 c.1822 c.1813 c.1793 c.1781 c.1765 c.1750 c.1741 c.1740 Rimu-xxx Asinum Iškibal (15 years) c.1729 c.1725 ٧

8 Aššur-dugul (6 years) Samsuiluna ( ) Aššur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ištar Adad-salulu Adasi (years not known) Belu-bani (10 years) Libaja (17 years) Šarma-adad I (12 years) IB.TAR-Sin (12 years) Bazaja (28 years) Lullaja (6 years) Gandaš I ( ) Agum I ( ) Kaštiliašu I ( ) Abirattaš ( ) Kaštiliašu II Urzigurumaš Harba-Šipak Šušši (24 years) Gulkišar (12 years) m GÍS-EN, same (12 years) Pešgaldaramaš (50 years) Adarakalamma (28 years) Ekurduanna (26 years) Abi-ešuh ( ) Ammiditana ( ) Ammisaduqa ( ) Samsuditana ( ) c.1712 c.1704 c.1700 c.1688 c.1684 c.1682 c.1676 c.1674 c.1664 c.1659 c.1647 c.1634 c.1626 c.1622 c c.1594 ٨

9 Šu-Ninua (14 years) Šarma-Adad II (3 years) Erišum III (13 years) Šamši-Adad II (6 years) Išme-Dagan II (16 years) Šamši-Adad III (16 years) Aššur-nirari I (26 years) Puzur-Aššur III (14/24 years) Enlil-nasir (13 years) Nur-ili (12 years) Tiptakzi contemporary of Šarma- Adad Agum II Burnaburiaš I contemporary of Išme- Dagan Kaštiliašu III contemporary of Aššurnirari Ulamburiaš contemporary of Puzur- Aššur, Enlil-nasir and Nur-ili Melamkurkurra (7 years) contemporary of Šarma- Adad Ea-gamil (9 years) c.1588 c.1574 c.1572 c.1571 c.1565 c.1558 c.1556 c.1552 c.1536 c.1520 c.1494 c.1480 c.1467 Aššur-šaduni (one month) c.1455 Aššur-rabi I Aššur-nadin-ahhe I (dates unknown) Enlil-nasir II Agum III c ٩

10 ( ) Aššur-nirari II ( ) Aššur-Bêl-nišešu ( ) Karaindaš contemporary of Aššur-Bêlnišešu Kadašman-Harbe I Aššur-rim-nišešu ( ) Kurigalzu I ١٠

11 Ancient kings ( ) Egypt Hittites Assyria Babylonia Aššur-bêl-nišešu ( ) Thutmose IV ( ) Amenhotep III ( ) Akhenaten ( ) Hattusili II ( ) Tudhaliya II ( ) Arnuwanda I ( ) Tudhaliya III ( ) Aššur-rim-nišešu ( ) Aššur-nadin-ahhe II ( ) Eriba-Adad I ( ) Kurigalzu I Kadašman-Enlil I (c ) Burnaburiaš II ( ) c Tutankhamun ( ) Suppiluliuma ( ) Aššur-uballit I ( ) Kara-Hardaš (1333) Nazi-Bugaš (1333) 1333 Ay ( ) Horemheb ( ) Arnuwanda II ( ) Mursili II ( ) Enlil-nirari ( ) Arik-den-ili ( ) Kurigalzu II ( ) Nazi-Maruttaš ( ) ١١

12 Ancient kings ( ) Egypt Hittites Assyria Babylonia Elam Horemheb Mursili II Arik-den-ili ( ) ( ) ( ) Ramses I ( ) Sety I ( ) Ramses II ( ) Merenptah ( ) Sety II ( ) Muwatalli II ( ) Mursili III ( ) Hattusili III ( ) Tudhaliya IV ( ) Arnuwanda III ( ) Suppiluliuma II (c.1205-?) Adad-nirari I ( ) Šalmaneser I ( ) Tukulti-ninurta I ( ) Nazi-Maruttaš ( ) Kadašman-Turgu ( ) Kadašman-Enlil II ( ) Kudur-Enlil ( ) Šagarakti-Šuriaš ( ) Kaštiliašu IV ( ) Enlil-nadin-šumi ( ) Kadašman-Harbe II ( ) Adad-šuma-iddina ( ) Adad-šuma-usur ( ) Humban-numena (c.1300-c.1275) Untaš-napiriša (c.1275-c.1240) Unpahaš-napiriša (c.1240-c.1235) Kiden-Hutran (c.1235-c.1205) Hallutuš-Inšušinak (c.1205-c.1185) ١٢

13 Ancient kings ( ) Egypt Assyria Babylonia Elam Sety II Tukulti-ninurta I ( ) ( ) Siptah ( ) Tausret ( ) Setnakht ( ) Ramses III ( ) Ramses IV ( ) Ramses V ( ) Ramses VI ( ) Aššur-nadin-apli ( ) Aššur-nirari III ( ) Enlil-kudurri-usur ( ) Ninurta-apil-Ekur ( ) Aššur-dan I ( ) Adad-šuma-usur ( ) Meli-Šipak ( ) Marduk-apla-iddina I ( ) Zababa-šuma-iddina ( ) Enlil-nadin-ahi ( ) Marduk-kabit-ahhešu ( ) Hallutuš-Inšušinak (c.1205-c.1185) Šutruk-Nahhunte (c.1185-c.1155) Kudur-Nahhunte (c.1155-c.1150) Ramses VII Ninurta-tukulti-Aššur Itti-Marduk-balatu Šilhak-Inšušinak ١٣

14 ( ) (1133) ( ) (c.1150-c.1120) Mutakkil-Nusku (1133) 1133 Ramses VIII ( ) Ramses IX ( ) Ramses X ( ) Aššur-reš-iši I ( ) Tiglath-pileser I ( ) Ninurta-nadin-šumi ( ) Nebuchadnezzar I ( ) Enlil-nadin-apli ( ) Marduk-nadin-ahhe ( ) Huletutuš-Inšušinak (c.1120-c.1110) ١۴

15 Ancient kings ( ) Egypt Assyria Babylonia Ramses X Enlil-nadin-apli ( ) ( ) Ramses XI ( ) Smendes ( ) Amenemnisu ( ) Psusennes I ( ) Tiglath-pileser I ( ) Ašarid-apil-Ekur ( ) Aššur-bêl-kala ( ) Eriba-Adad II ( ) Šamši-Adad IV ( ) Aššurnasirpal I ( ). Šalmaneser II ( ) Aššur-nirari IV ( ) Marduk-nadin-ahhe ( ) Marduk-šapik-zeri ( ) Adad-apla-iddina ( ) Marduk-ahhe-eriba ( ) Marduk-zer-xxx ( ) Nabu-šumu-libur ( ) Simbar-Šipak ( ) Ea-mukin-zeri (1008) Kaššu-nadin-ahhe ( ) 1005 Eulmaš-šakin-šumi 993 ١۵

16 Amenemope ( ) Aššur-rabi II ( ) ( ) Ninurta-kudirri-usur I ( ) Širikti-Šuqamuna (985) Osochor ( ) Siamun ( ) Aššur-reš-iši II ( ) Mar-biti-apla-usur ( ) Nabû-mukin-apli ( ) ١۶

17 Ancient kings ( ) Egypt Judah Israel Assyria Babylonia Siamun Aššur-reš-iši II ( ) ( ) Psusennes II ( ) Solomon ( ) Tiglath-pileser II ( ) Nabu-mukin-apli ( ) Ninurta-kudirri-usur II Sheshonq I ( ) Osorkon I ( ) Rehoboam Abijah ( ) Jeroboam ( ) Nadab ( ) Aššur-dan II ( ) Adad-nirari II ( ) Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina (942-?) Šamaš-mudammiq contemporary of Adad-nirari and Aššur-dan Sheshonq II (890) Takelot I ( ) Asa ( ) Baasha ( ) Elah ( ) Zimri (885) Tukulti-Ninurta II ( ) Nabu-šuma-ukin I contemporary of Adad-nirari and Tukulti-Ninurta ١٧

18 Osorkon II ( ) Takelot II ( ) Jehoshaphat ( ) Jehoram ( ) Omri ( ) Ahab ( ) Ahaziah ( ) Jehoram ( ) Aššurnasirpal II ( ) Šalmaneser III ( ) Nabû-apla-iddina contemporary of Aššurnasirpal and Šalmaneser Ahaziah (842) 842 Athaliah ( ) Jehu ( ) ١٨

19 Ancient kings ( ) Egypt Egypt Judah Israel Assyria Babylonia Athaliah ( ) Nabû-aplaiddina contemporary of Šalmaneser Pedubast I ( ) Iuput I ( ) Takelot II ( ) Sheshonq III ( ) Jehoash ( ) Amaziah ( ) Jehu ( ) Jehoahaz ( ) Joash ( ) Šalmaneser III ( ) Šamši-Adad V ( ) Adad-nirari III ( ) 836 Marduk-zakiršumi contemporary of Šalmaneser Mardukbalassu-iqbi (?-813) Baha-aha-iddina 800 (812-?) Ninurta-aplaxxx (dates unknown) Marduk-bêl-zeri (dates unknown) Sheshonq IV ( ) Azariah (782) Šalmaneser IV ( ) 782 Osorkon III ( ) Pimay ( ) Jeroboam II ( ) Aššur-dan III ( ) 777 Marduk-aplausur 773 (dates unknown) Eriba-Marduk (dates unknown) 767 Nabu-šumaiškun ١٩

20 Uzziah ( ) (?-748) 748 Takelot II ( ) Zechariah six months in 747 Shallum one month in 747 Aššur-nirari V ( ) 747 Menahem ( ) Nabu-nasir ( ) 745 Rudamun ( ) Sheshonq V ( ) Jotham ( ) Pekahiah ( ) Pekah ( ) Tiglath-pileser III ( ) Nabu-nadin-zeri ( ) Nabu-šuma-ukin II 732 (732) Jehoahaz I ( ) Hoshea ( ) Nabu-mukinzeri ( ) Iuput II ( ) Osorkon IV ( ) 722 (or 724) Fall of Samaria Šalmaneser V ( ) ٢٠

21 Ancient kings ( ) Judah Egypt Assyria Babylonia Elam Urartu (*) Šalmaneser V ( ) Tefnakht I ( ) Jehoahaz I ( ) Bakenranef ( ) Kushite conquest Sargon ( ) Marduk-aplaiddina ( ) Marduk-aplaiddina flees Humban-nikaš I ( ) Rusa I ( ) Shabaqo ( ) Marduk-zakiršumi (703) Šuturnahhunte II ( ) Hezekiah ( ) Shebitqo ( ) Sennacherib ( ) Marduk-aplaiddina returns ( ) Bel-Ibni ( ) Aššur-nadinšumi ( ) Nergal-ušezib (693) Hallušu- Inšušinak ( ) Kudur- Argište II ( ) ٢١

22 Manasseh ( ) Taharqo ( ) 672 Assyrian conquest 664 Egypt evacuated Esarhaddon ( ) Aššurbanipal ( ?) Mušezib- Marduk ( ) 689 Sack of Babylon Babylon devastated Babylon rebuilt Šamaš-šuma-ukin appointed 668 Šamaš-šumaukin ( ) nahhunte ( ) Humbannimena III ( ) Humbanhaltaš I ( ) Humbanhaltaš II ( ) Urtak ( ) Te-Umma ( ) Humban-nikaš II ( ) Humbanhaltaš III ( ) 646 Sack of Susa Rusa II ( ) ٢٢

23 Amon ( ) Josiah ( ) Psammetichus I ( ) Aššur-etelilani (631?-?) Sin-šumu-lišir (dates unknown) Kandalanu ( ) Sin-šumlišir and Sin-šar-iškun ( ) Ruled by petty kings a/o Šuturnahhunte III Humban-kitin (?) Sardure III ( ) Erima ( ) Sin-šar-iškun (?-612) 612 Fall of Nineveh Nabopolassar ( ) Rusa III ( ) 612 Aššur-uballit II ( ) 610 Jehoahaz II (609) Necho II ( ) 609 ٢٣

24 Ancient kings ( ) Egypt Judah Babylonians Lydia Medes Persians Psammetichus I ( ) Josiah ( ) Jehoahaz (609) Nabopolassar ( ) Sadyattes (c.625-c.600) Teispes (to c.600) Necho II ( ) Psammetichus II ( ) Apries ( ) Jehoiachim ( ) Jehoiachin ( ) Zedekiah ( ) 586 Fall of Jerusalem Nebuchadnezza r ( ) Amel-Marduk ( ) Neriglissar ( ) Alyattes (c ) Cyaxares (c ) Astyages (c ) Cyrus (c.600-c.580) Cambyses I (c ) Amasis Labaši-Marduk Croesus 556 ٢۴

25 ( ) (556) ( ) Nabonidus ( ) 539 Fall of Babylon 547? Fall of Sardes 550 Fall of Ecbatana Cyrus ( ) ? 539 Psammetichus III ( ) 525 Persian conquest Cambyses II ( ) Source: ٢۵

The Chronicles of the Kings of Judah

The Chronicles of the Kings of Judah A Strong Hand and Diseased Feet Lesson 11 2 Chronicles 13-16 Trinity Bible Church Sunday School November 15, 2015 The Chronicles Perspective < The course of world history