Divided Kingdom ( BC) Overview of Time Period. The Book of Kings. Copyright 2014 by Cory Baugher

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1 1 Divided Kingdom ( BC) Overview of Time Period Kingdom split 930 BC Elijah and Elisha 800s BC Pre-Assyrian prophets 700s BC Assyrian captivity of 722 BC (northern kingdom) Pre-Babylonian prophets 600s BC Babylonian captivity of 586 BC (southern kingdom) Exilic prophets: Daniel & Ezekiel late 500s BC Return to land in 536 BC (under the Persian Empire) Post-exilic prophets early 500s BC 400 silent years 400s 6 BC The Book of Kings The purpose is to continue to explain to the Jewish people how they came to be in exile. The people of Yahweh forfeited the promises of Yahweh because they refused to submit to the will of Yahweh spoken through the prophet of Yahweh. The message is that failure to obey the will of Yahweh results in ruin and destruction. The focus of Kings is on the two thrones of Israel. The kings tell the story of the earthly throne, which was supposed to represent Yahweh. The prophets reflect the heavenly throne of Yahweh.

2 2 The Book of Kings Yahweh does three things in the midst of rebellion: Yahweh abandons the throne of Israel, which leads to disaster and possible repentance. Yahweh keeps His presence known through His prophets and the remnant. Yahweh preserves the chosen seed of Abraham. Adonijah s allies Abiathar Joab Solomon s allies Nathan Benaiah Zadok Dispute Over the Throne David s Final Advice Do this: Be strong and act like a man. Keep and obey Yahweh s requirements. So that: You may prosper in all you do and wherever you go. Yahweh may keep his promise to David. Justice: Execute Joab. (2 Samuel 3, 20) Show kindness to the sons of Barzillai. (2 Samuel 19) Execute Shimei. (2 Samuel 16, 19)

3 3 Solomon s Throne Established Executed Adonijah, Joab, and Shimei Exiled Abiathar the priest Married the daughter of Pharaoh Asked Yahweh for wisdom Established peace in the united kingdom of Israel

4 4 Solomon s Wealth 1,720 gallons of flour (2 cups of flour in a loaf of bread [16 cups in a gallon]). Makes 13,764 loaves of bread. 3,487 gallons of meal (type of corn/cereal) 30 cows: 1 cow produces pounds of meat (most hamburgers are around ½ pound) 100 sheep: 1 lamb produces pounds of meat Deer, gazelle, roebucks, and fowl Solomon s Wealth Had 4,000 stalls for chariots and 12,000 horses Built his own navy Received cedar and pine from the king of Tyre Received 25 tons of gold yearly ($17,795 per lb. = $889,750,000), not including revenue from traders and Arabian kings Forced labor from surrounding nations Each tribe of Israel had to work for 3 months of the year. Had to provide supplies for 1 month of the year. Divided the land into 12 districts Solomon s Buildings His palace was 150 ft. long, 75 ft. wide, and 45 ft. high. Temple was 90 ft. long, 30 ft. wide, and 45 ft. high. Everything was made with stone and cedar and overlaid with gold. Bronze laver was 7.5 ft. high, had a diameter of 15 ft. and a circumference of 45 ft. Held 12,656 gallons of water.

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7 7 The Kingdom Split Solomon s wives led him into idolatry. Solomon exempted Judah from work. Hadad the Edomite attacked Solomon. Rezon son of Eliada attacked Solomon. Jeroboam son of Nebat rebelled against Solomon. Ahijah the prophet promised 10 tribes to Jeroboam. The Kingdom Split Saul David Solomon Jeroboam (Israel, North) Rehoboam (Judah, South) Capital of Israel Capital of Judah

8 8 Jeroboam Jeroboam aided in the split of the kingdom. He feared the people would reunite. So he created a false religion in the north: Created two golden calves Created a rival religious priesthood Created rival festivals The man of God prophesied against the religion. Ahijah prophesied judgment against Jeroboam. Golden Calf Golden Calf Israel Jeroboam 22 Nadab 2 Ba asha 24 Elah 2 Zimri 7 days Omri 12 Ahab 22 Judah Rehoboam 17 Abijah 3 Asa 41 *

9 9 Mt. Carmel Yahweh s Deliverance Moses and Joshua against Pharaoh and the gods David and Solomon against the pagan nations Elijah and Elisha against Ba al and the priests Jesus and the apostles against the Pharisees and death Yahweh Versus Ba al Elijah s name means My God is Yahweh Stopped the rain for three years Invaded Ba al territory Multiplied the oil and bread for the widow of Sidonia Resurrected the widow s son Brought down fire from heaven on Mount Carmel

10 10 Elijah Final Acts Elijah fled to Horeb out of fear. Yahweh commanded him to do three final things: 1. Anoint Hazel king over Aram 2. Anoint Jehu king over Israel 3. Anoint Elisha as succeeding prophet Elijah obeyed only the last one. The End of Ahab s Reign Yahweh defeated the Arameans. Jezebel took Naboth s inheritance. Elijah and Micaiah prophesied Ahab s death. Ahab was killed by a random arrow. Israel Jeroboam 22 Nadab 2 Ba asha 24 Elah 2 Zimri 7 days Omri 12 Ahab 22 Ahaziah 2 Joram 12 Judah Rehoboam 17 Abijah 3 Asa 41 * Jehosaphat 35 *

11 11 Elijah Passes the Cloak to Elisha A Elijah demonstrates his authority (fire kills soldiers) B Elijah judges a king by refusing healing C Elijah parts the Jordan River D Elijah leaves his cloak X Elijah is taken up into heaven D Elisha takes the cloak C Elisha parts the Jordan River B Elisha shows grace to the people by healing A Elisha demonstrates his authority (bears kill young men) Elisha Elisha s name means God is Salvation Yahweh defeated Moab Multiplied the widow s oil Resurrected a boy Removed poison from food Fed a hundred people Cured Naaman of leprosy Saved a man s livelihood Delivered Israel from the Arameans Anointed Hazel (Aram) and Jehu (Israel) as kings Israel Jeroboam 22 Nadab 2 Ba asha 24 Elah 2 Zimri 7 days Omri 12 Ahab 22 Ahaziah 2 Joram 12 Jehu 28 Judah Rehoboam 17 Abijah 3 Asa 41 * Jehosaphat 35 * Jehoram 8 Ahaziah 1

12 12 The Ahab ConnecUon Ahab Jehosaphat Ahaziah Joram Jehu Athaliah Jehoram Ahaziah Jehu as King Killed King Joram (Israel) and King Ahaziah (Judah) Killed Jezebel by having her thrown from her room Killed all of Ahab s family Killed the prophets of Ba al and destroyed the Ba al temple Did not remain faithful to Yahweh his entire life The Ahab ConnecUon Ahab Jehosaphat Ahaziah Joram Jehu Jehoahaz Athaliah Jehoram Ahaziah Joash

13 13 Israel Jehu 28 Jehoahaz 17 Jehoash 16 Jeroboam II 41 Zechariah 6 months Shallum 1 month Menahem 10 Pekahiah 2 Pekah 20 Hoshea 9 Judah Ahaziah 1 Athaliah 6 Joash 40 * Amaziah 29 * Azariah 52 * Jotham 16 * Ahaz 16 Hezekiah 29 * Overview of Time Period Kingdom split 930 BC Elijah and Elisha 800s BC Pre-Assyrian prophets 700s BC Assyrian captivity of 722 BC (northern kingdom) Pre-Babylonian prophets 600s BC Babylonian captivity of 586 BC (southern kingdom) Exilic prophets: Daniel & Ezekiel late 500s BC Return to land in 536 BC (under the Persian Empire) Post-exilic prophets early 500s BC 400 silent years 400s 6 BC Pre- Exilic Prophets Yahweh makes four main points through the pre-exilic prophets: Israel is Yahweh s covenant people. The people have rejected their covenant God. Yahweh judges His disobedient people. Yahweh promises to restore His people.

14 14 Pre- Assyrian Prophets Jonah ( BC): Emphasized Yahweh s sovereign grace toward sinners Amos ( BC): Emphasized Israel s social injustice Hosea ( BC): Emphasized Israel s idolatrous unfaithfulness, which he compared to adultery Micah ( BC): Emphasized the disobedience of the Davidic dynasty and the city of Jerusalem Isaiah ( BC): Emphasized Yahweh as the Holy One of Israel and His absolute sovereignty over His covenant people Assyrian CapUvity In 745 BC Tiglath-pileser III ( ) mounted the throne of Assyria and began to expand the empire. In 734 BC the northern kingdom of Israel was made into a puppet nation within the Assyrian Empire. In 722 BC Shalmaneser V ( ) sacked Israel and deported the people into captivity.

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16 Copyright 2014 by Cory Baugher Assyrian CapUvity In 745 BC Tiglath-pileser III ( ) mounted the throne of Assyria and began to expand the empire. In 734 BC the northern kingdom of Israel was made into a puppet nation within the Assyrian Empire. In 722 BC Shalmaneser V ( ) sacked Israel and deported the people into captivity. He was succeeded by Sargon II ( ). Sennacherib became king in 705 BC and began to launch military attacks against King Hezekiah of Judah. 16

17 17 Shalmaneser V Hoshea Hezekiah Sennacherib Hezekiah Hezekiah Followed all the commands of Yahweh Was godlier than any king before or after him Destroyed all the idols of Judah Was granted success from Yahweh in all that he did Went to Yahweh for help

18 18 Manasseh Undid everything his father had done Rebuilt all the idols his father had destroyed Worshipped the entire starry host Put idols in the temple of Yahweh Josiah Became a believer after reading the Torah Brought revival to Judah Fulfilled the prophecy of Yahweh Pre- Babylonian Prophets Nahum ( BC): Announced Assyria s judgment, which would bring relief to Yahweh s people Zephaniah ( BC): Foretold the judgment of Judah and the surrounding nations Habakkuk ( BC): Emphasized the lack of justice in the nation, to which Yahweh said He was sending the Babylonians Jeremiah ( BC): Called Judah to repent, and when they did not, he advocated submission to Babylon to minimize the destruction that was inevitable

19 19 70 Years CapUvity Israel went into captivity for the sins of idolatry and social injustice. Leviticus 25:1-7 required Israel to let the land rest every seventh year. Israel never obeyed the Sabbatical year. Israel spent one year in captivity for every year they did not obey the Sabbatical year for the last 490 years (Jeremiah 29:10; 2 Chronicles 36:21). Babylonian CapUvity In 625 BC Nabopolassar ( ) became king of Babylon and allied himself with the Medes. In 612 BC he conquered Assyria s capital, Nineveh, when the Assyrians were in Harran. In 605 BC Prince Nebuchadnezzar II defeated the forces of Assyria and Egypt at Carchemish. Nebuchadnezzar invaded Judah and took captives in three waves: 605, 597, and 586 BC. In 586 BC the Babylonians destroyed Jerusalem and the temple and deported the people.

20 20 Exilic Prophets Ezekiel ( BC): Emphasized the temple and the glory of Yahweh Daniel ( BC): Stressed the sovereignty of Yahweh over history and the future Ezekiel Four Living Creatures Lion = authority and royalty Eagle = divinity Ox = strength and power Man = wisdom

21 21 Ezekiel

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23 23 Chronology of Daniel 1 Babylonian Captivity 2 Nebuchadnezzar s Dream 3 Nebuchadnezzar s Image 4 Nebuchadnezzar s Pride 7 Vision of the Four Beasts 8 Vision of the Ram and He-Goat 5 Babylon Falls to Persians 9 Vision of Seventy Weeks 6 The Lions Den Closing Vision Structure of Daniel Chapter 1 (Hebrew) describes Israel being brought into Babylon. Chapters 2 7 (Aramaic) concern the destiny of the nations. Chapters 8 12 (Hebrew) concern the destiny of Israel.

24 24 Meaning of Names Daniel: God is my judge Hananiah: Beloved of Yahweh Mishael: Who is like God Azariah: Yahweh is my help Belteshazzar: Prince of Bel Shadrach: Illuminated by the sun god Meshach: Who is like the moon god Abednego: Servant of Nego, a shining fire Nebuchadnezzar: May Nabu protect my boundary Babylonian Empire Medo- Persian Empire Greek Empire Roman Empire End Times Empire Nabu

25 25 Babylonian Empire Nebuchadnezzar was succeeded by his son Amel-Marduk ( BC), who was later assassinated. Neriglissar ( BC) was the son-in-law of Nebuchadnezzar. He was succeeded by his son Labashi-Marduk (556 BC). Nabonidus the Assyrian ( BC) was chosen as king. He entrusted his rule to his son Belshazzar, a capable soldier but a bad ruler. Four Beasts from the Sea Babylonian Empire Medo- Persian Empire Greek Empire Roman/ End Times Empire Babylonian Empire Medo- Persian Empire Greek Empire Roman Empire End Times Empire

26 26 One Like the Son of Man Son of man = human Approaching the throne = sinless Riding the clouds = divine All authority, glory, and sovereignty = Yahweh Eternal kingdom = Yahweh 70 Weeks of Daniel Total of 70 weeks = 490 years (7 years for each week) Starts with city restored: 7 weeks = 49 years Until Messiah dies: 62 weeks = 434 years Followed by desolation: 1 week = 7 years 70 Weeks of Daniel When does the 490 years begin? Four possibilities: 538 BC: Cyrus decree to rebuild the temple (2 Chron. 36:22 23; Ezra 1:1 4; 6:1 5) 512 BC: Darius I s confirming decree (Ezra 6:1, 6 12) 457 BC: Artaxerxes decree for animal sacrifices (Ezra 7:11 26) 444 BC: Artaxerxes decree to rebuild Jerusalem (Neh. 2:1 8)

27 27 Walls Rebuilt 444 BC City Restored Messiah Dies 33 AD Christ s Return New Kingdom 49 years 434 years 7 years tribulazon 1,000 years reign 70 Weeks = 490 years Church Era Restored Kingdom (536 6 BC) The Persian Empire The Median empire dominated the Iranian region. In 550 BC Cyrus II the Great conquered the Medes, establishing the Persian empire. In 539 BC Cyrus II defeated Lydia and Babylon. In 538 BC he allowed people to return to their towns and to maintain their own governments. He abolished slavery and allowed for freedom of religion. He presented himself as a savior of the people and was called the king of kings.

28 28 The Persian Empire Cyrus son Cambyses II expanded the empire to the Indus and conquered Egypt in 525 BC. Darius I the Great was chosen to be king in 522 BC. Darius I expanded the territory into Asia Minor. Xerxes I (Ahasuerus ) ( BC) Artaxerxes I ( BC) Chronology of RestoraUon Period Ezra 1-6 Esther Ezra 7 10 Nehemiah Haggai 520 Zechariah 520 Malachi

29 29 The Return to Israel 536 BC: First Return (Ezra 1 6) Sheshbazzar was governor of Judah after the first return. Zerubbabel, grandson of Jehoiachin, was the governor of Judah during the building of the temple. Joshua was the high priest. The rebuilding of the temple was halted until 520 BC. The temple was finished in 515 BC by Crossway. All rights reserved 2008 by Crossway. All rights reserved

30 30 Esther Outside the Land Many Jews chose not to return to Judah, which was contrary to the will of God (Isa. 48:20; Jer. 50:8; 51:6; cf. Jer. 29:10; Deut. 30:1 5). God is never mentioned in the book of Esther. The providence of God works behind the scenes to preserve the line of Christ. The Return to Israel 458 BC: Second Return (Ezra 7 10) Ezra was a descendant of Aaron, brother of Moses. His conflict was the intermarriage of the people (Ex. 34:11 16; Deut. 7:1 5). 445 BC: Third Return (Neh. 1 7) Nehemiah was the cupbearer to the Persian king, Artaxerxes I. His conflict was the rebuilding of the city walls. Renewal of Covenant (Neh. 8 13)

31 31 Post- Exilic Prophets Haggai (about 520s BC): Motivated the Jews to build the temple and rebuked them for misplaced priorities. Zechariah ( BC): Motivated the Jews to build the temple and to dedicate themselves to Yahweh. Malachi ( BC): Confronted the Jews with their sins and encouraged them to pursue holiness. Obadiah: Announced judgment on Edom and reminded Israel of the promises of Yahweh. Joel: Called the Jews to repentance and warned them about the coming Day of Yahweh. 400 Silent Years This is the time between the recorded events of the First and Second Testaments. There were no prophets of Yahweh among the Jewish people. Yahweh was not silent regarding this time, however, as recorded in Daniel BC Malachi Look, I will send you Elijah the prophet before the great and terrible day that Yahweh arrives. Malachi 4:5 6 BC John the BapZzer

32 32 The Greek Empire During the 400s BC, Greece was a group of city states. The Peloponnesian War ( BC) was the defeat of Athens by Sparta. King Philip II ( BC) of Macedonian united the Greek city states. The Greek Empire Alexander III ( BC) was taught by Aristotle that the Greek culture was superior to all others. In 334 BC he crossed the Hellespont strait into Asia Minor with 48,100 soldiers, 6,100 cavalry, and a fleet of 120 ships with 38,000 men to begin his conquest.

33 33 The Greek Empire In 332 BC Alexander III conquered the city of Tyre. After Tyre s defeat he was met with no resistance as he moved through Israel and into Egypt. He then marched to Mesopotamia and defeated Assyria and Babylon. In 331 BC he defeated Darius III, bringing an end to the Persian Empire. In 326 BC he conquered north India. After a long campaign his soldiers revolted. In June of 323 BC, Alexander died at the age of 32. The Greek Empire Alexander s empire was divided among his four generals: Ptolemy I Egypt and Syria Seleucus I Asia Cassander Macedonia Lysimachus Thrace

34 34 Hellenism For the first time, the western and eastern worlds were brought together into one empire. Alexander s empire led to the Hellenization of the world even after his death. Many Jews came to believe that the Greek culture and language were superior to their own culture. They adopted the Greek educational practices, physical education, and democracy. Septuagint (finished in early 200s BC) was the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible.

35 35 The Ptolemies and Seleucids Under Ptolemy I Israel was subject to heavy taxation. By 250 BC the Seleucids began to focus more on Syria and Asia Minor. In 198 BC the Seleucids gained control over Israel. The Emergence of Rome Rome fought three major wars with Carthage, known as the Punic Wars ( , , BC). At the same time, Rome fought four Macedonian wars ( , , , BC) in the east. By 168 BC Rome had put the territories of the Ptolemies and the Seleucids under a Roman tax.

36 36 AnUochus IV Epiphanes Antiochus IV ( BC) squeezed his regions to pay the Roman tax. The high priest position went to the highest bidder. Antiochus attacked the Ptolemies in 168 BC and was stopped by Rome. The Jews revolted and Antiochus returned and smashed them. In 167 BC he made the temple into a place of worship for Zeus, which was called the abomination of desolation. AnUochus IV Epiphanes Coin of Antiochus IV. Reverse shows Apollo seated on a religious stone. The Greek inscription reads, Antiochus, image of God, bearer of victory.

37 37 The Hasmoneans In 167 BC the priest Mattathias of the Hasmonean family was asked to sacrifice to the pagan gods. He refused and started the Maccabean revolt. Judas (his eldest son) continued the revolt. Antiochus IV withdrew, and Judas took the city of Jerusalem and restored the temple (Dec. 14, 164 BC). This became the celebration of Hanukkah. The Hasmoneans Jonathan became the governor of Judea and high priest. In 142 BC Simon negotiated Judea s independence. John Hyrcanus I ( BC) (Simon s son) removed all Seleucid influence. Aristobulus I ( BC) became the first king of Israel since the exilic period. His brother Alexander Jannaeus ( BC) became king.

38 38 Jewish Sects Pharisees sought to stop the Hellenization of Israel (rabbis and scribes) Sadducees compromised with Rome in order to maintain political power Sanhedrin combination of Pharisees and Sadducees Essenes separated from everyone to maintain purity and copy the Scriptures Zealots sought to remove Roman influence at all cost Jewish Sects Pro- Roman AnU- Roman Herodians AcZve supporters of pro- Roman Herodian dynasty Sadducees Supporters of status quo and favorable to Romans Pharisees AnZ- Roman, though szll involved in polizcal affairs Essenes Withdrew from society and waited for God to overthrow the Romans Zealots Violently anz- Roman and aczvely sought to overthrow the government The Hasmoneans His wife Salome Alexandra (76 67 BC) became queen and supported the Pharisees. Alexandra appointed her son John Hyrcanus II (67-40 BC) as high priest. Her other son, Aristobulus II (67-63 BC), with the help of the Sadducees, seized political control of Israel. Antipater, an Idumean, offered to help Hyrcanus II regain political control, and civil war ensued from 67 to 63 BC. John Hyrcanus II and Antipater sought the aid of the Roman general Pompey.

39 39 Maaathias Judas ( BC) Jonathan ( BC) Simon ( BC) John Hyrcanus I ( BC) Salome Alexandra (76-67 BC) Alexander Jannaeus ( BC) Aristobulus I ( BC) John Hyrcanus II (67-40 BC) Aristobulus II (67-63 BC) The Rise of the Roman Empire In 67 BC Pompey sided with Hyrcanus II. By 55 BC Crassus, Julius Caesar, and Pompey were the main Roman leaders. In 49 BC Julius Caesar started a civil war against Pompey. In 48 BC Pompey was defeated. In 44 BC Caesar appointed himself dictator. Caesar was killed by the senate. In 42 BC Marc Antony and Octavian went to war with Brutus and Cassius and won. The Herodians Antipater sought the help of Julius Caesar. Antipater was made procurator, and Hyrcanus II became high priest. Antipater appointed his two sons as governors, Herod in Galilee and Phasael in Jerusalem. Upon Caesar s death Antigonus (son of Aristobulus II) took power. In 39 BC Marc Antony made Herod the Great a client king. In 37 BC Antigonus was executed.

40 40 The Roman Empire In 31 BC Marc Antony went to war against Octavian and was defeated. Octavian gave power back to the Senate. He changed his name to Caesar Augustus. He instituted the Pax Romana, which maintained peace as the highest priority. Herod appealed to Augustus to maintain his kingship. In 4 BC Herod died and split his kingdom among his three sons: Philip, Archelaus, and Herod Antipas.

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42 42 The Prefects In 6 AD Archelaus was sacked by Caesar. Caesar established Roman prefects to control the Galilee. The prefects were responsible for appointing the high priests. Under Emperor Tiberius, Pilate was appointed as prefect of Israel. Pilate (26 36 AD) was known for his conflicts with the Jews.