Arabic for Quran م ش ق

Transcription

1 Arabic for Quran م ش ق Table of Contents Types of words - Symbols and Terms... 2 Unit 1: Particles: Parts of Speech and Harf... 3 Unit 2: Nouns (Isem): Pronouns... 4 Exercise Unit 2: Practice the Attached Pronouns... 5 Unit 3: Verbs (F el) Past and Present Tenses... 6 Exercise Unit 3: Blank Charts & practicing the correlation between pronoun and verbs... 7 Unit 4: Nouns: How to make Subject and Object... 8 Unit 5: Nouns: Isem Ishara & Quantity of Nouns... 9 Unit 6: Interrogative Pronouns & Confirmation Unit 7: Female and Previous concepts ال ratlla( Unit 8: Rules of Tanween and Importance of ) fe Unit 9: Verbs Irregular verbs (Qala & Kana) Unit 10: Verbs Commanding Verbs (F el Amr wa F el Nahi) Unit 11: Parts of Speech Explained Exercise Unit 11: Fill in the blanks & True/False Unit 12: More Types of Isem (Nouns) ال ratlla( Unit 13: Explanation of ) fe Unit 14: More Nouns This document is in progress Latest Update: Tuesday, June 6th 2010 Islamic Education Copyright 2004 Page 1

2 Symbols and Terms Arabic Term Pronounced as تشكيالت Tashkeelat Urdu/Persian Term Pronounced as Araab اعراب Form & Information (if any) فتحه كسره ضم ه شد ه Fathah Kasrah Dammah Shaddah Zabar زبر Zer زير Pesh بيش Tashdeed تشديد 2

3 Unit 1 Parts of Speech ) كلمة ( Kalima Parts of Speech/Sentence and its three types in Arabic عربى قواعد اورجمله,الفاظ كى تين قسمين Isem (Noun) - (Asmaa) ا سم Isem (Noun) F el (Verb) Harf (Particle) F el (Verb) - (Af aal) Harf (Particle) - (Huroof) فعل حرف We will learn about the one kind Harf first. These are called Haroof Jar ( حروف جر ). They are a combination of Prepositions + Conjuctions + Articles. There are many of them. They can be learned by dividing as following. There are single lettered Prepositions, which always join with a word in the beginning. Examples There are multiple lettered Prepositions which do not join and can come anywhere in the sentence. Examples. ب With م ن ) (From ل or ل For عل ى (Upon) ف So في ) (In ا ذ ا ذا (When) ك Like ا ال (Beware) س Very Soon ا ن (Verily) ا ن ل و ) (If ما ) No (That, What, ال ل م (No) ل ن (Never) ا و ) (Or ا لى (Towards) 3

4 Isem Dhameer (Pronouns) ). اسم ضمير ( Dhameer We will only learn about one kind of Isem called Isem These are known as Pronouns in English and they replace a noun. There are, further, two kinds of Dhameer. ( ضمير م نفص ل ) Pronouns Dhameer-e-Munfasil: Separate They never join a word and they always come in the beginning. The examples of these are I, you and we. Unit 2 Types of Isem Pronouns ضمير م نفص ل ضمير م ت ص ل ( ضمير م ت ص ل ) Pronouns Dhameer-e-Muttasil: Attached They always join a word but at the end. The examples of these are my, your and our. Let us visit the Dhameer is the context of Arabic Language now. Examples and Analysis Dhameer Muttasil (Attached Pronouns) Dhameer Munfasil (Separate Pronouns) مفرد مفرد Our, Us نا نا ك م Yours (all) ه م Them, Their Our, Us ك ما Yours (both) ه ما Them, Their (b) ى Me, my, mine Your His, him, it ك ه ن حن We (all) انت م You (all) ه م They (all) ن حن We (both) انت ما You (both) ه ما They (both) I you He, It انا ا نت ه و رب م ن ر بي رب نا رب نا Our (All) Rab رب ك م Our (b) Rab رب ك ما My Rab رب ك Your (all) Rab Your (b) Rab Your Rab رب ه رب ه رب ه ما رب ه م Their (all) Rab Their (b) Rab His Rab 4

5 Exercise Please complete the pronoun forms for this sentense Allah is Rab, Quran is book, Muhammad (pbuh) is nabi, Islam is Deen and Ka bah is Kiblah Ex Unit 2 Pronouns للا ربى قرآن كتابى محم د نبيي اسالم دينى كعبة قبلتى الل ه رب ى قرآن ك تابى مح مد نبي ي ا سالم دينى كعبة ق بل تى 5

6 ) فعل - (Verb F el We will learn about two tenses in Arabic. ) فعل ماضى ( Madhi Past Tense is called F el Present and Future Tense use the same words and it is called F el Mudare ) of a verb, it is مصدر ( root. Once we know the 3, 4 or 5 lettered ) فعل مضارع ( easy to produce rest of the verbs. In the charts below, three blank spaces are for 3 lettered root. Example and Analysis Unit 3 F el Past Tense فعل ماضى Present Tense Future Tense فعل مضارع ) فعل ماضى ( Tense Past Example We (all) did You (all) did They (all) did _ _ _ نا _ _ _ ت م _ _ _ _ وا or واحد فعل ف ع لنا _ _ _ نا ف ع لنا _ _ _ ت ف ع لت ف ع لت م _ _ _ ت ما ف ع لت ما _ _ _ ت ف ع لت ف ع ل وا We (both) did You (both) did They (both) did _ _ _ ا ف ع ال I did You did He did ف ع ل ) فعل مضارع ( Tense Present/Future Example We (all) do ن _ _ ت _ _ ون You (all) do ي _ _ ون They (all) do or واحد فعل ن فع ل ن _ _ ن فع ل ا _ _ ا فع ل ت فع ل ون ت ان ت فع الن ت _ _ ت فع ل ي فع ل ون We (both) do You (both) do ي ان ي فع الن They (both) do I do or will do You do ي _ _ He does ي فع ل 6

7 The pronouns and verbs correlation with each other. So For example, I eat in Arabic will always use the first person single (1s) forms of the pronoun and present tense verb chart. They can never be mixed. Let us practice this below: Ex Unit 3 Verbs and Pronouns correlation ا فع ل I do (whatever action) 7

8 Nouns Making Subject & Object out of them Once we know the root of a verb, we can easily follow the pattern listed. ) مفعول) ) and object فاع ل) Below and generate the Subject Both of these are nouns and they are very simple to generate. As learnt before, patterns used the 3-lettered root ( مصدر ) of the verb. Unit 4 Subjects / Objects فاع ل مفعول Subject = Third letter + Second Letter + ا + First Letter م + Letter + Second Letter + First و + letter Object = Third ) مصدر ( Root ) فاع ل) ) Subject مفعول) object س +ا+ ج +د=ساج د سجد م عبود عاب د ع ب د ج ع ل خ ل ق ح م د م سجود=د+و+ج +س +م ***************************************************** Following concepts are covered in advanced classes 1. Division of a sentence according to its usefulness (Murakkab, Nominal sentence vs Verbal sentence) 2. Understanding Mubtada & Khabr 3. Cases (states) of a word in arabic language 4. Further division of the nouns and their role with root system 5. Further details about the verbs and its types 8

9 Isem- Ishahra: Following words are important to remember These are used to point to living and non living things. In english, we have words like this, that, these, those to accomplish the same. Here are the Arabic equivalents. No rules apply to these and these should not be subjected to the analysis of prepositions and pronouns. مفرد or واحد Example فعل Unit 5 Isem-Ishara Quantity & s اسم اشاره These هذا هاذا هاذان هاؤ الء This Male These هذه هاتان هاؤ الء This Female Those ذال ك ت ل ك تان ك ا والء ا والء ك ك That Male Female Those ى االت That الذى (by reference) ى الت ال ذين Male Female ************************************************************* Quantity of a Noun - In english, quantity has two categories - singulars and plurals. In arabic, we have 3 categories., and. Since words are The simple rules are 1. Add alif and noon to make a dual (gender of the word doesn t matter) 2. Sound Masculine (SMP): Add wow and noon to make a (for male words) 3. Sound Feminine (SFP): Remove ة (if present) and add alif and Ta to make a (for female words) Finally we will have to learn at least 13 patterns of making the plurals in arabic. This is one of the hardest areas of arabic grammar. We rever to them as Broken s Example: Two Books (Book is a male word in arabic language) Many teachers (male) Many teachers (female) ون ك تاب + ان = ك تابان م د رس + ون = م درس م د رسة + ات = م د رسات 9

10 Interrogative Pronouns: Following words are used for asking questions (interrogation)! Interrogative pronouns are nouns used to ask questions such as Why Who What How Where ل ماذا م ن ما ك يف ا ين Unit 6 Interrogative Pointing They always starts the sentences, just like in english! Pointing to a living object using Interrogative Pronouns We use the appropriate gender such as in english, we say Who is he? Who is she? م ن م ن ه و ه ي Pointing to a non-living object using Interrogative Pronouns We use the appropriate gender such unlike english, we say What is this? (for something male) هاذا ما Some composite sentences How are you? (female) Where am I? ك ي ف ا نت ا ين ا نا This word is used for interrogation and confirmation!! It always starts the sentencem, just like in english! هل Is this my book? Are you in my house? Are these (male) teachers? ه ل ه ل هاذا ك تابي انت في ب يتي ه ل هاؤ ال ء م د رسون 10

11 Make all Tenses of verb for subject ) ماضى) ) Past Tense مضارع) ) Present Tense امر) Command/Request Do! Please Do! ا ال ت Please do! Please don t ا فع ل ا _ _ ا فع ل _ _ _ ت ف ع لت ال ت فع ل I do You do ت _ _ ت فع ل I did You did _ _ _ ت ف ع لت, ف ع لت Unit 7 Verbs Commanding فعل امر فعل نهى ي _ _ He does ف ع ل He did ي فع ل ت _ _ _ ت She does ت ف ع ل She did ت فع ل 11

12 ا ا Full Verb Chart for common practice [All Tenses] ) ماضى) ) Past Tense مضارع) ) Present Tense امر) Command/Request ا _ _ _ ت ا _ _ Do! Please Do! ف ع لت ا فع ل I do ا فع ل I did Single Male ال ت _ _ _ ت ت _ _ Don t do! Please don t do! ف ع لت ت فع ل You do ال ت فع ل You did ي _ _ He does ف ع ل ي فع ل He did ) ماضى) ) Past Tense مضارع) ) Present Tense امر) Command/Request ا _ _ _ Do! [both of you] Please Do! [both of you] ا فع ال ن _ _ ن فع ل We (both) do _ _ _ نا ف ع لنا We (both) did Male ال ت _ _ ت ما ت ان Don t do! [both of you] Please don t do! [both of you] ف ع لت ما ت فع الن You (both) do ال ت فع ال You (both) did ا ي ان They (both) do ف ع ال ي فع الن They (both) did ) ماضى) ) Past Tense مضارع) ) Present Tense امر) Command/Request ا _ _ _ وا Do! [all of you] Please Do! [all of you] We (all) do ا فع لوا ن _ _ ن فع ل _ _ _ نا ف ع لنا We (all) did Male ال ت _ _ _ وا ت م ت _ _ ون Don t do! [all of you] Please don t do! [all of you] ف ع لت م ت فع ل ون You (all) do ت فع لوا ال You (all) did _ _ وا ي _ _ ون They (all) do ف ع ل وا They (all) did ي فع ل ون 12

13 Three Patterns Making Nouns (Subject & Object) from Verbs Superlatives, Adjectives & Colors List of handouts (Page 37, 40, 42, 50, 56 etc.) Forms of Verbs [All 10 of them] 13

14 Female Concept Unit 7 Female Recognition Pronouns Quantity 14

15 Rules of Tanween and Importance of ال fe ratlla( ) 1. Anytime a word starts with ال, it is a noun. This will be a proper noun. 2. Any word ending in tanween is a noun but it is a common noun. Unit 8 ال Rules of Tanween Corollary and Analysis Tanween and ال will never show up in one word An adjective always have to agree with its noun. Six Letters which do not join Simple Rules of making dual and plurals in arabic 15

16 Unit 9 Irregular verbs قال كان 16

17 Parts of Speech and its types Every language is a collection of words. Words can be meaningful or have partial/no meaning. According to rules of Arabic ) كلمة ( Kalima o A meaningful word is called ) كلمات ( Kalimat o of Kalima is o Kalima has three kinds ) اسم - (Noun Isem ) فعل - (Verb F el ) حرف - (Particle Harf Unit 11 Parts of Speech ) كلمة ( Kalima Isem (Noun) F el (Verb) Harf (Particle) عربى قواعد اورجمله,الفاظ كى تين قسمين Isem (Noun) - (Asmaa) A type of Kalima which has a meaning without the help of any other Kalima. Isem doesn t mention the instance of time. Isem can have a harakah (A raab) at its last letter. An article al can be attached before Isem sometimes. Isem has many kinds depending on context. اسم فعل F el (Verb) - (Af aal) A type of Kalima, which has a meaning without the need of any other kalima. F el is usually an action and it mentions the instance of time when action took place such as: Qatala He killed Yaqtulu He kills or he will kill Harf (Particle) - (Huroof) A type of Kalima, which has no/partial meaning unless other kalmias are joined with it. For example Min (from), elaa (towards), fee (in). Min From elaa Towards حرف Harf is used to relate Isem and F el in order to form Composites ( )for example 17

18 Exercise 1 Choose the correct option Ex Unit 11 Parts of Speech Kalima has three kinds True False Isem is meaningless and mentions instance of time True False F el has a meaningful and doesn t mention instance of time True False Any letter of F el can have change in Harakah True False Harf needs other Kalima/Kalimat to be meaningful True False Kalima Isem (Noun) F el (Verb) Harf (Particle) Exercise 2 Fill in the blanks of Harf is and of Kalima is has a meaning and doesn t need other Kalimat for its meaning. Only harakah can be changed for this Kalima. There are many kinds of, a Kalima which has no harakah in its letters. A meaningful word in Arabic is called. An article can be attached to Isem. Exercise 3 Choose only one of the options This kind of Kalima has a meaning of its own and no instance of time. Isem F el Harf Isem can only have a change of harakah at its First Letter Any Letter Last Letter of Harf is Haroof Huroof Hurafa Instance of time is mentioned in this kind of Kalima and it is usually an action which takes place at that instance of time. Isem F el Harf It has no meaning unless other kalimat are joined with it. It has a very broad meaning in Arabic Isem F el Harf 18

19 Types of Isem (in the context of meaning) Isem has two major kinds in the context of meaning o Isem-e-M arfah (Definite Noun) o Isem-e-Nakrah (Indefinite Noun) Unit 12 Types of Isem Sub-types Pronouns Derivatives Isem-e-M arfah has further five kinds of its own o Isem-e- Ilm (Proper Noun) o Isem-e-Dhameer (Pronoun) o Isem-e-Ishara (Demonstrative Pronoun) o Isem-e-Istafhaam (Interrogative Pronoun) o Isem-e-Mausool (Relative Pronoun) Isem-e-Nakrah has further four kinds o Isem-e-Zaat (Common Noun) o Isem-e-Sift (Adjective) o Isem-e-Masdar (Verb Infinitive) o Isem-e-Mashtaq (Derivative) It has its own kinds they will be discussed later Isem-e-Nakrah (Indefinite Noun) Isem-e-Nakrah is an Isem which points to any person, place or object. It is not very definite in its meaning. For example boy, city, shoe are all Indefinite nouns. it is denoted by Tanween i.e. two fathah, two kisrah or two dammah. Isem-e-Nakrah can never be in its pure form without tanween. Isem-e-M arfah (Definite Noun) Isem-e-M arfah is an Isem, which points to a specific item, individual or place. Due to this specification, this kind of Isem is definite. Isem-e-M arfah doesn t require any article such as Al however if an Isem has Al attached to it in the beginning, it will be treated as Isem-e- M arfah such as Al-room, Al-shaam, Muhammad 19

20 Al-T areef Adding the article Al to any Isem-e-Nakrah makes it Isem-e-M arfah. Al adds the definition (hence specification) to Isem-e-Nakrah hence Isem-e-Nakrah is not indefinite anymore. Adding Al means that tanween notation has to be dropped and new Isem has a form of Isem-e-M arfah. Tanween of Isem-e-Nakrah is changed to single fathah, kisrah or dammah respectively. Since article Al restricts the definition of Isem-e-Nakrah and adds the meaning similar to that of Isem-e-M arfah, it is known as Al T areef in Arabic grammer rules. Isem-e-M arfah does not need Al neither does it have tanween on it. However some words are exceptional to this rule such as Ar-room( ), Ash-shaam ( ), Muhammad( ). Examples - Kitab-un Kitab-an Kitab-in Al Kitab-u Al Kitab-a Al Kitab-i Some more information about five kinds of Isem-e-M arfah. Isem-e- Ilm (Proper Noun): The specific name of any person, place or object such as Ibrahim, Kufah. Isem-e-Dhameer (Pronoun) The Isem which is used in place of other Asmaa. There are two kinds of these as below. What is the state of a word? Marfoo Majroor Majzoom Mansoob 20

21 Isem-e-Ishara (Demonstrative Pronoun) Isem-e-Istafhaam (Interrogative Pronoun) Isem-e-Mausool (Relative Pronoun) Isem-e-Nakrah has further four kinds o Isem-e-Zaat (Common Noun) o Isem-e-Sift (Adjective) o Isem-e-Masdar (Verb Infinitive) Isem-e-Mashtaq (Derivative) 21

22 Isem Dhameer (Pronouns) We will only learn about one kind of Isem. ). اسم ضمير ( Dhameer It is most important kind of Isem called Isem These are known as Pronouns in English and they have the same functions as any other language. They replace a noun. Unit 13 Types of Isem Pronouns There are two kinds of Dhameer. Dhameer-e-Munfasil: Separate Pronouns They never join a word. The example of these are I, you and we. Dhameer-e-Muttasil: Attached Pronouns They always join a word at the end. The examples of these are my, your and our or us Let us visit the Dhameer is the context of Arabic Language now. Example Muhammad is six years old. He was born in Makkah. My name is Ayesha. I am in second grade. We are Hafidh and Magdi. Our parents are from Mauritania Analysis In first sentense, use of the word He instead of repeating Muhammad is an example of Dhameer. Use of words I & my in second sentense and We & Our in third sentense are examples of Dhameers. Dhameer Muttasil (Attached Pronouns) Jam ah (P) Tasnia (D) Mufrid (S) Dhameer Munfasil (Separate Pronouns) Jam ah (P) Tasnia (D) Mufrid (S) انا Our, Us Our, Us Me, my, mine We (all) We (both) I انت Yours (all) Yours (both) Your You (all) You (both) you هو Them, Their Them, Their His, him, it They (all) They (both) He, it 22

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24 Appendix 24

25 Glossary 25

26 Help 26