Rise of the Hyksos. Egypt and the Levant from the Middle Kingdom to the Early Second Intermediate Period. Anna-Latifa Mourad

Transcription

1 Rise of the Hyksos Egypt and the Levant from the Middle Kingdom to the Early Second Intermediate Period Anna-Latifa Mourad Archaeopress Egyptology 11

2 Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Gordon House 276 Banbury Road Oxford OX2 7ED ISBN ISBN (e-pdf) Archaeopress and A-L Mourad 2015 JSESH v was used to create the Egyptian hieoglyphic font in this book All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. Printed in England by Oxuniprint Ltd, Oxford This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website

3 Contents Preface and Acknowledgements Contents List of Figures and Plates List of Abbreviations i iii viii xii Section 1 Studying the Hyksos 1 Chapter 1 Introduction Introduction Research Problems Research Goals Research Methodology Research Parameters Geographical scope and terminology Chronological scope and terminology Evidential scope Other limitations Research Outline 7 Chapter 2 Previous Scholarship Introduction The Origins and Rise of the Hyksos Chronological Considerations 11 Chapter 3 Ethnicity and its Representation Introduction Defining Ethnicity Ancient Egyptians on Ethnicity Ethnicity in Archaeology When Ethnic Groups Interact: Theories of Cultural Mixing Acculturation Hybridity Creolisation 16 Section 2 Evidence for Contact 17 Chapter 4 Tracing Asiatics in Egypt Introduction Delta Region Basta, Tell (Bubastis) Dab'a, Tell el- (Avaris) Area R/I ('Ezbet Rushdi) Area R/III Area F/I Area A/II Area F/II Area A/IV Area A/V Scientific analysis of characteristic non-egyptian ceramics Anthropological analysis of skeletal remains Significance of Tell el-dab'a 42 iii

4 4.2.3 Farasha, Tell / Maghud, Tell el Habwa I, Tell el- (Tjaru) Area B, Level 5b Areas A and B, Level 5a Area B, Level 4c Area B, Level 4b Other Inshas Khata'na, el Kom el-hisn Kom el-khilgan Maskhuta, Tell el- (Tjeku) Phases 1 and Phase Phase Phase Phase Characteristic non-egyptian ceramics Other Muqdam, Tell el- (Leontopolis) Retaba, Tell el Sahaba, Tell el Yahudiyah, Tell el The 'Hyksos' camp Burial customs Other Memphite Region Dahshur Mid-Twelfth Dynasty, reign of Amenemhat II Mid-late Twelfth Dynasty, reign of Senwosret III Late Twelfth Dynasty, reign of Amenemhat III Thirteenth Dynasty Harageh, el Hawara Kom Rabi'a Lahun, el The settlement The papyri Lisht, el Early Twelfth Dynasty Late Twelfth to Fifteenth Dynasty Characteristic non-egyptian ceramics Other Mit Rahina Saqqara Middle Egypt Beni Hassan Tomb of Khnumhotep I (Nr 14), reign of Amenemhat I Tomb of Amenemhat (Nr 2), reign of Senwosret I Tomb of Khnumhotep II (Nr 3), reign of Senwosret II Other Bersha, Deir el Tomb of Djehutyhotep, reign of Senwosret III Organic products Hatnub Meir Tomb of Wekhhotep (B2), reign of Senwosret I 94 iv

5 Tomb of Wekhhotep (B4), reign of Amenemhat II Tomb of Wekhhotep (C1), reign of Senwosret III Rifeh, Deir Upper Egypt Abydos The stelae Other Aswan Dra' Abu el-naga' Edfu, Tell Stela Administrative complex Other Hol, Wadi el Egyptian texts Proto-Alphabetic texts Karnak Medamud, Nag' el Mostagedda Rizeiqat, el Tjauti, Gebel Tod Inscription of Senwosret I (?) The Tod treasure Selected Literary Texts and Unprovenanced Artefacts Berlin Execration Bowls Instructions of Amenemhat I Papyrus Brooklyn Papyrus Leiden I.344 (Admonitions of Ipuwer) Prophecies of Noferty Stela Louvre C Stela Moscow I.1.a.5349 (4161) Stela Musée Joseph Déchelette, Roanne Nr Tale of Sinuhe Conclusions The first half of the Twelfth Dynasty (Amenemhat I to III) The second half of the Twelfth Dynasty The Thirteenth Dynasty The first half of the Fifteenth Dynasty 129 Chapter 5 Between Egypt and the Levant: The Eastern Desert Introduction Mount Sinai and the Red Sea Coast Ayn Sukhna Gawasis, Wadi / Mersa (Saww) Maghara, Wadi Serabit el-khadim Egyptian texts Proto-Alphabetic texts Other Zeit, Gebel el Southeastern Desert Hammamat, Wadi el Hudi, Wadi el Conclusions The Twelfth to the early Thirteenth Dynasty The Thirteenth Dynasty to the Second Intermediate Period 146 v

6 Chapter 6 Contact with the Egyptian in the Levant Introduction The Southern Levant: Israel, Jordan and the Palestinian Territories 'Ajjul, Tell el Vessels Scarabs and seal impressions Ashkelon Phase 14: Mid-MBIIA Period Transitional Phase 13 to 12: Late MBIIA to MBIIA-B Period Phase 11: MBIIB Period Beth Shean / Hosn, Tell el Stratum R-5: MBIIB Period Stratum R-4: Late MBIIB Period Gezer / Jazari, Tell 'Alabaster' and faience vessels Scarabs Ifshar, Tell / Hefer Phase A Phase B Phase C Jericho / Sultan, Tell el Late MBIIA or MBIIA-B Period 158 (Kenyon's Group I; University of Rome's Phase IVa) MBIIB Period (Kenyon's Groups II-III; University of Rome's Phase IV) Megiddo / Mutasallim, Tell el Stone vessels Scarabs and seal impressions Nagila, Tell The Northern Levant: Lebanon and West Syria 'Arqa, Tell Burak, Tell el Byblos / Jbeil The cultic buildings The royal tombs Other Ebla / Mardikh, Tell Mardikh IIIA2: Late MBIIA Period Mardikh IIIB: MBIIA-B to MBIIC Period Fad'ous, Tell / Kfar'abida Sakka, Tell Sidon Level 1: MBIIA Period Level 2: MBIIA Period Level 3: MBIIA Period Level 4: MBIIA-B Period Level 5: Early-mid MBIIB Period Level 6: MBIIB Period Conclusions The MBIIA Period and the early to mid-twelfth Dynasty The MBIIA Period and the mid-twelfth to early Thirteenth Dynasty The late MBIIA to early MBIIB Period and the Thirteenth Dynasty The MBIIB to MBIIB-C Period and the first half of the Fifteenth Dynasty 184 vi

7 Section 3 Observations and Findings 187 Chapter 7 Representing Asiatics and the Levant Introduction Context and Genre: Interpreting the Evidence 'Between the Lines' Category 1: Inscriptions and texts from royal and administrative complexes Category 2: Royal funerary complexes Category 3: Temple and religious texts Category 4: Non-royal settlements and occupation levels Category 5: Non-royal inscriptions and graffiti Category 6: Non-royal cemeteries and tombs of officials Category 7: Literary pieces Textual Representations Terms relating to Levantine ancestry and ethnicity Toponyms Personal names Titles of officials Artistic Representations Artistic elements Artistic differentiation of Asiatics and mixed Egyptian-Asiatics Conclusions 204 Chapter 8 Rulers of Foreign Lands Introduction Origins and Rise of the Hyksos Rise of the Fifteenth Dynasty Ethnicity and ethnic markers A Final Glance An overview of the research Research limitations and prospective areas of research A new light on Manetho 218 Select Bibliography 219 Appendix A Ambiguous Data from the Levant 261 A.1 'Ajjul, Tell el- 261 A.2 Gezer / Jazari, Tell 263 A.3 Megiddo / Mutasallim, Tell el- 264 A.4 Nami, Tell 264 A.5 Hizzin, Tell 265 A.6 Ugarit / Ras Shamra 265 Appendix B Translations 267 B.1 Inscription of the Tomb of Khnumhotep III 267 B.2 El-Lahun Papyri 269 B.3 Mit Rahina Daybook 275 B.4 Brussel Figurines 277 B.5 Abydos Stelae and a Shrine 280 B.6 Berlin Execration Bowls 288 B.7 Papyrus Brooklyn B.8 Papyrus Leiden I.344 (Admonitions of Ipuwer) 298 B.9 Prophecies of Noferty 299 B.10 Stela Moscow I.1.A.5349 (4161) 300 B.11 Tale of Sinuhe 301 B.12 Egyptian Texts at Serabit el-khadim 305 Plates 311 vii