CHAPTER-III DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF SANGLI AND KOLHAPUR DISTRICT 3.2 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF SANGLI DISTRICT

Transcription

1 CHAPTER-III DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF SANGLI AND KOLHAPUR DISTRICT 3.1 INTRODUCTION 3.2 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF SANGLI DISTRICT 3.3 GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING OF SANGLI DISTRICT 3.4 FACTS & FIGURES 3.5 SOCIO ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE 3.6 PUBLIC HEALTH AND MEDICAL FACILITIES 3.7. HEALTH CARE PERSPECTIVE IN SANGLI DISTRICT AND IMPORTANCE OF LOCATION 3.8 PROFILE OF KOLHAPUR DISTRICT 3.9 HISTORY OF KOLHAPUR 3.10 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL PERSPECTIVE 3.11 KOLHAPUR DISTRICT FACTS & FIGURES PUBLIC HEALTH AND MEDICAL FACILITIES 3.13 HEALTH CARE PERSPECTIVE IN SANGLI DISTRICT AND IMPORTANCE OF LOCATION 3.14 CONCLUDING REMARKS

2 CHAPTER-III DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF SANGLI AND KOLHAPUR DISTRICT 3.1 INTRODUCTION Sangli district is known for sugarcane industry and many renowned hospitals which normally seen in big cities of India. Miraj city of Sangli district is also called as medical city with famous Wanless Hospital, Leprosy Research Center, Government Medical College, and Bharati Vidyapeeth Medical Campus and many famous hospitals and doctors. Sangli is known for its turmeric throughout globe and now to add the grapes are also known in many parts of this world. The cooperative network adds value to this district. Many powerful and undisputed political leaders come from this district only. The medical facility in the district had opened doors to many new avenues of employment in this district. Patients from Karnataka, Tamilnadu and Gulf Countries had been flowing in the hospitals, the fact is undisputed. The chemist chain in Sangli district had played an important role in maintains the name of Sangli district as a medical center. There are around 1600 chemists who prove to the backbone of making hospital industry a successful; business module in maharahtra.this has obviously resulted into better health care management. 3.2 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF SANGLI DISTRICT Sangli district is located towards the eastern part of the state of Maharashtra surrounded by Satara, Sholapur districts to the north, Bijapur district to the east, Kolhapur and Belgum districts to the south and Ratnagiri district to the west. The district lies on the river basins of the Warna and Krishna River. The physical settings of Sangli district shows a contrast of immense dimensions and reveals a variety of landscapes influenced by relief, climate and vegetation. The most important places of tourist s interest in and around Sangli are: Shri Ganapati Mandir, Dargah of Miraj, Haripur Temple, Audumber, Prachitgad and Chandoli Century, Tasgaon Temple, Battis Shirala, Dandoba and Kavathe - Ekand Temple etc.the researcher could do not find any direct references of Sangli before1801. Hisorical references since 1024 show areas called mirich i.e presently known as Miraj and Krhatak i.e.karad under the rules by Gonk a shilahar king and Sangli was included in these areas. The first and clear reference can be found in the Sanskrit poem Shiv-Bharat.During the time of Shivaji Maharaj, his courageous Sonobat Netaji Palkar captured Sangli, Miraj and Brahmnal from Adilshah in In the time of Peshwas, Indroji Kadam and later Patwardhan became the Jahagirdar of this region. Till 1801, Sangli was include in Miraj Jahagir, the first chintamanrao Appasaheb Patwardhan established a different principality with Sangli as the capital city. An interesting fact was, in 1768, Haripur a nearby village was bigger than Sangli having population of 2000 whereas Sangli had a population around 1000 only. There are several interesting stories as to how the name Sangli originated. One of them is that, there were Six Gallies i.e. Lanes on the banks of Krishna river, hence the name Sangli. Another belief is that the confluence of Warna and Krishna River is near Sangli. The word for confluence in Marathi is Sangam and the Sangli is distorted version word sangam. 55

3 3.3 GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING OF SANGLI DISTRICT The land of Sugarcane, milk, fruits, temples, wresters and Hospitals Sangli district is one of the most advanced districts in India. it is the birth place of Marathi theater, place of first open heart surgery at Miraj Chest hospital. Asia s largest cooperative sugar factory.battis-shirala is famous around the world for Nagapanchami celebrations.hospitals in and around Sangli are hot destination for medical treatments for UAE and Gulf countries.pomegerates and grapes produced in Sangli district have invaded foreign markets.miraj another major town is not only famous for Hospitals and Doctors but also famous for manufacturing Winged musical instruments. Geographical details: Sangli district is located towards the eastern part of the state of Maharahstra surrounded by Satara, Solapur districts to the north, Vijapur district to the east, Kolhapur and BelgumThe district lies on the river basins of the Warna and Krishna River. The physical settings of Sangli district shows a contrast of immense dimensions and reveals a variety of landscapes influenced by relief, climate and vegetation. The most important places of tourist s interest in and around Sangli are: Shri Ganapati Mandir, Dargah of Miraj, Haripur Temple, Audumber, Prachitgad and Chandoli Century, Tasgaon Temple, Battis Shirala, Dandoba and Kavathe - Ekand Temple etc. 3.4 SANGLI DISTRICT AT GLANCE Area: Sq. Kilometers Latitude:16.4 To 17.1 N Longitude:73.43 To 75.0 E Temperature:Max.: 42 C;Min:14 C Average Rainfall: Mm Population:25, 83,524 Literacy Rate:62.41% No. Of Subdivisions:3 No. Of Tehsils:10 Tehsil Miraj, Vita, Atpadi, Palus,Tasgaon, Kavthemahankal,Walwa,Jath, Khanapur,Kadegaon,Shirala Public Health : General Hospital :02 Pri Health Care : 59 Rural Hospital: 22 Medical Colleges : 4 Population: 25, 83,524. Male : 13,20,088 Female : 12,63,436 Literacy : 62.41% Male : 74.88% Female : 49.94% Mahanagrpalika-1 Nagarpalika: 4(Vita, Ashta, Islampur And Tasgaon). Grampanchayat : 705 Panchayat Samiti:8 No. Of Villages:731 Primacy Colleges : 03 Nursing : 04 Cancer Research :04 Leprosy Hospital : 01 Mental Hospital : 04 56

4 3.5 SOCIO ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE The standard of living of the people could he defined as the necessaries, comforts and luxuries to the consumption of which they are accustomed. This standard relates to a given set of circumstances which include income, prices, conditions of supply and demand, etc. This section does not deal with the concept of the standard of living as understood in this sense of the term due to the obvious limitations upon such an analysis. An attempt is made here to study the income and expenditure pattern of families belonging to different income groups for a particular year rather than for a period of time. Broad conclusions are drawn on the basis of factual study. This study does not indicate as to whether people are better off or worse off today than what they were in the past; but it merely indicates the changing patterns of the standard of living. The places and families selected for the survey are such as to represent broadly the pattern of income and expenditure in the district. A survey was conducted in 1963 and the account that follows is based on the information collected and on-the-spot observations made during the course of the survey. The families were categorized in three income groups, viz., the lower, the middle and the higher, both for urban and rural areas each representing annual incomes up to Rs. 1,200, between Rs. 1,200 and Rs. 3,000 and Rs. 3,000 and above, respectively. The other details of families such as number of members, age, relationship with the head, and number of earning members, educational qualifications, civil condition, and subsidiary occupations were also taken into consideration. For the sake of analysis, a family is taken to be of four adult members, i.e., three adults and two minors. The income of a family or a household was taken to represent its earnings from all sources, including earnings from landed or other types of property, business or profession. The pattern of expenditure is the sum total of several socio-economic, religious and environmental forces and the nature of the work in which its members are engaged. It will be interesting to study the consumption pattern in the light of these various forces. Moreover, advancement in the field of economy brings new things to the fore, thereby affecting the consumption pattern. The pattern of consumption undergoes constant changes. The comforts and luxuries of yesterday become necessaries of today. Consumption, therefore, becomes a measuring rod of the standard of living of the people. However, only a broad picture can be presented with the help of the sample survey. The different items of consumer s goods and services are grouped into two broad categories viz., food group and non-food group. Having regard to the comparatively small size of the sample survey and the limitations on the accuracy and authenticity of the information gathered, it is not possible to give estimates of expenditure on individual items or even smaller group of items. The food group is, therefore, divided into five subgroups, viz., (1) cereals and pulses, (ii) milk and its products, (iii) edible and related products, (iv) vegetables and (v) other items in which may be included sugar, meat, fish, eggs, salt, spices etc. Similarly, the non-food group is divided into five sub-groups viz., (1) clothing, (ii) fuel and light, (iii) education, (iv) rent and medical expenses and (v) others including expenses on religious matters, entertainment, transport, social obligations etc. The following is a general description of 57

5 the income and expenditure pattern of different classes of families in the urban and rural areas. 3.6 PUBLIC HEALTH AND MEDICAL FACILITIES Till the early decades of this century the populace was not disease-conscious and rarely availed of the medical facilities. A disease was most of the times, recognized to some evil influence rather than to any physical disorder and the only way thought fit to propitiate the disease were some sacrifice. The field of the medical profession was dominated by the vaidyas, the vaidus, the hakims and such other persons. The vaidyas used to give treatment according to the ayurvedic system of medicine. Their knowledge presented a combination of the medical and physiological know how that they acquired from their gurus, forefathers and from practical experience in course of their medical practice. Most of them used to diagnose the disease by nadi pariksha (the feeling of the pulse). The use of minerals was also developed in ayurvedic system which it used as ras or bhasm which was not possible without a thorough knowledge of chemistry. The vaidyas commanded great respect and practiced mostly in the rural areas of the country. Their medicines were cheap and reliable. That the ayurvedic system of medicine prevailed throughout the ages in India is clearly evident from the fact that it was regarded as an integral part of Indian culture. We find in Sanskrit literature voluminous treatises on the subject such as Sushruta, Madhava Nidana and Vagbhata. The system of diagnosis by vaidus and vaidyas did not essentially differ from the ayurvedic system of medicine. However, the vaidus diagnosis was based mostly upon the symptoms while that of the vaidyas was. Based upon the study of physiology. But the vaidus moved from place to place and they possessed a good knowledge of rare herbs with rich medicinal properties. They occasionally treated the live-stock in the absence of any specialized veterinary practitioners. The modern and up-to-date maternity facilities were conspicuous by their absence and pre-natal, post-natal and anti-natal care of the expectant mother was the sole responsibility of the elderly ladies in the joint families whose practical personal experience was of immense value for the purpose. The female nurse who acquired a sort of specialized knowledge about deliveries rendered extremely useful service. HEALTH CARE PERSPECTIVE IN SANGLI DISTRICT AND IMPORTANCE OF LOCATION: During the last few decades, the allopathic system of medicine had made a great impact on the minds of the people. Relatively, the importance of the indigenous systems of medicine dwindled considerably. Due to the intrinsic value of the indigenous systems of medicine, efforts are now made at Government level to revive them. Now-a-days, most of the practitioners in indigenous systems of medicine combine allopathic with the one followed by them. With the great strides made in the field of preventive inoculations and injections, the diseases like plague which once made life of the people miserable have been completely eradicated. With the progress made in obstetrics and gynecology and due to the loss of faith in superstitious beliefs consequent upon the spread of education, people have come to place more reliance upon medical care and cure. The public health of the district is looked after by the Public Health department of the State and the local bodies such as the municipalities, the Zilla Parishad and the panchayat samitis.the 58

6 Director of Public Health with headquarters at Poona is the head of the department at the State level. The State has been divided into four divisions for public health purposes. Each division is in charge of a Deputy Director of Public Health Services. The jurisdiction of the Poona division extends over the district of Sangli. The District Health Officer, who is responsible for all public health matters in the district, is the head of the Health department of the Zilla Parishad. Though technical control over him is exercised by the Director of Public Health, Maharashtra State, Poona, he has. To work under the administrative control of the Chief Executive Officer of the Zilla Parishad. PRIMARY HEALTH CENTERS The Medical Officers in charge of the primary health centers are responsible for rendering preventive as well as curative help to the populace covered by the centre. There are eight such centers in the district. The work regarding vaccination is carried out by 19 vaccinators and 10 sanitary inspectors. There are 27 ayurvedic dispensaries in the district. The B.C.G. campaign, the malaria eradication programme, the smallpox eradication programme and such of the campaigns, have also made a good stride in the district. FAMILY PLANNING There are in all six family planning centers in the district. During , 3,647 operations were performed under the supervision of these centers. The centers also undertake the work of publicity in this respect. The medical organization in the district is designed to render medical assistance to the general populace. The General Hospital, Sangli, is the main Government hospital at the district headquarters. It is owned, staffed, financed and controlled by the Government. All the aided dispensaries formerly owned and managed by the Government, have, with the emergence of the Zilla Parishad, been transferred to that organization. These along with registered medical practitioner's centers and other dispensaries are in charge of the Health Officer of the Zilla Parishad. Hence, the Civil Surgeon practically remains as the Superintendent of the General Hospital, Sangli, excepting the two dispensaries at Islampur and Tasgaon which are under the control of the municipalities. The Zilla Parishad runs the dispensaries at Budhgaon, Kavtha Mahankal, Jath, Kundal, Shirale and Bhawaninagar. All the medical officers perform the medicolegal work. The Civil Surgeon, Sangli, is the administrative head of the General Hospital, Sangli, and is responsible to the Surgeon-General with the Government of Maharashtra, Bombay. He is the inspecting officer of all Government and aided hospitals and dispensaries. He supervises the grant-in-aid dispensaries and hospitals in the district. Though all the activities regarding public: health have been transferred to the Zilla Parishad, the Civil Surgeon is responsible for the sanitary administration of Sangli town and has to take active part in matters of public health affecting the district in collaboration with the Health Officer of the Sangli Zilla Parishad. The technical control, so far as the medico-legal work in the district is concerned, vests in him. GENERAL HOSPITAL The General Hospital, Sangli, is situated in a recently constructed building of its own and has an accommodation for about 115 beds. Nurses' quarters have also been provided for. A separate building houses a T.B. Clinic attached to the General Hospital which has an accommodation for about 16 patients affected by T.B. An advisory committee has been attached to this hospital. It is headed by the Civil Surgeon and includes ten other members. The committee assists the management of the hospital by keeping the authorities informed as to the needs of the hospital as viewed by the public and advising 59

7 the authorities, in charge of the hospital about reforms to be carried out in connection with the welfare of the patients as well as the staff attached to the hospital. The rules of the department provide for the nomination of a representative each of the Zilla Parishad and the municipality, elected from amongst them on the hospital advisory committee. There are also two lady members nominated on the committee. The Civil Surgeon of the district even now continues to be the chief advisor of the revenue officers of the district in matters relating to health and as such has to tender his expert advice when sought by the Collector of the district and the Commissioner of the division. Apart from two general hospitals,fifty nine primary health care centers and 28 rural hospitals, the district is well equipped with best doctors in different faculties and the network of Chemists add value to the district there are around 1500 plus chemist in Sangli district and research center in cancer and leprosy is functioning since ages. 3.7 IMPORTANCE OF LOCATION Geographical setting to study Self medication and Marketing of OTC Products.Importance Location is one of the most important criteria for any type of marketing study as it involves various factors which contribute to the success of the product. The literacy rate and the living pattern which is changing everyday is resulting into many minor ailments and lifestyle problems.though Sangli district and particularly Miraj is famous for best hospitals people are taking their life in their hands through self medication of OTC drugs, home remedy either consultation, peer pressure or advertisement on television, newspaper which are the major sources of information in district like Sangli where the literacy rate and Doctors fees are unbelievable the choice remains to shift on OTC drugs, reply on Chemists. General stores in rural parts of Sangli district are ill equipped with health care and hospitals here the general store acts like a pharmacy store and sells all generic and OTC products. thus companies like Ranbaxy and Glaxo Smith Kline consumer health division are making roads in the smallest village to sell OTC drug and are finding a virgin land for marketing their national brand in Sangli districts of western Maharashtra with a highly powerful chemist network and distribution channel with or without the consent of Doctors as taking OTC product among the consumers is speeding up in Sangli and Kolhapur districts. 3.8 PROFILE OF KOLHAPUR DISTRICT INTRODUCTION Kolhapur District is located in the southern part of Maharahstra. Its headquarters is at Kolhapur city, situated on the banks of river Panchganga. Kolhapur, also known as 'Dakshin Kashi', is the seat of goddess Mahalakshmi and one of the shaktipithas mentioned in Indian mythology. Silaharas, Yadavas, Rashtrakutas and Chalukyas ruled Kolhapur in the medieval times. With an area of 3,165 sq km, it has a population of about 1 million. Kolhapur District is an important center of Marathi film industry and also famous for tobacco and leather chappals. Rice, millets, sugarcane, tobacco and cotton are the major crops. Kolhapur comes under sugarcane belt. The district receives an annual rainfall of over 1,900 mm. Mahalaxmi Temple, New Palace (Chhatrapati Sahu Museum), Town Hall Museum, Old Palace/ Bhavani Mandap, Binkhambi Ganesh Mandir, Rankala Lake, Shalini Palace, Tryambuli Devi and Shankaracharya Math are the major tourist attractions Kolhapur district. The total population of the district is 3515; 413.with a huge geographical area of the district is 7685 Sq.Kms. The population density of the district is 60

8 457 persons per square kilometers. The urban density is 1804 and the rural density is percent population of the district lives in urban areas. There is an increase of 3.32 percent compared to 1991 urban population. The annual population growth rate in last decade ( ) is 1.76 the urban annual growth rate is 3.24 and for rural it is 1.23.The sex ratio of Kolhapur district is 949. Urban sex ratio is 918 and rural sex ratio is 962.The average literacy in Kolhapur district is percent. Urban literacy is percent and rural literacy is percent. The female literacy in the district is percent and this increase is 13.3 percent compared to the last decade. There is percent increase in average literacy of the district over last decade percent population of the district is in the age-group of percent population of the district is engaged in primary sector, 17 percent in secondary and 18 percent in service sector. Occupational Distribution of Population Kolhapur is having history of more than 2000 years. This is mainly divided in three parts. Ancient Period: - This will have to be considered approximately up to the 9 th century, during which there was a colony-center at Bramhapuri or before the construction of the Mahalaxmi Temple. The Medicvalage this ranges from construction of the Mahalaxmi Temple to that of the Residency. During this period, the main center of inhabitation was the Mahalaxmi Temple which became city's religious & political center. Modern Period It began when the Residency was established during the land of magnificent temples...this is the town of Kolhapur, the religious pride of Maharashtra. Nestled in the tranquil laps of the Sahyadri mountain ranges, it is situated on the verge of the river Panchganga. Surrounded by rivers from all directions with Krishna Ganiki to the east, Shiva and Mayuri to the west, Veda and Yaksha to the south and to the north, Krishna and Warana, this part of terra firma houses a plethora of fascinating temples. It is believed to be a milk-rich area and the hill-side weather conditions are believed to be beneficial for bodybuilders. Winters are mild and misty and the people remain enthusiastic. Also termed as a city of palaces and gardens, it is a historic Maratha city, with the Mahalakshmi temple forming the focus. Kolhapur was an imperative Buddhist base during 3rd century BC. There's evidence to prove the same. Even today this place is termed as Dakshin Kashi and is believed to be 108 kalpas old (1 kalpa = 100 years). Also called Karveer, a very rich and glamorous town once, it was turned entirely into shambles in the 8th and the 9th century; the cause... earthquakes. Later, the Rashtrakoot kings thought of bringing back the town to life and developing it to form an important city. That they did, and the city got a new face in the 12th century. It was then declared as the capital of the King Sheeldatta witnessed certain archaeological excavations near a hill in Kolhapur. And there was a discovery. Remains of a prehistoric town that supposedly belonged to the Roman Era. Kolhapur was the main target of the Mughal forces. Demolition and rejuvenation was surprising no more. The early 19th century was a spectator to the rise of the British control over the Marathas. Rigorous attacks lead to agitation of the Kolhapur troops in The British regime saw the coronation of Shri Chatrapati Shahu Maharaj as the King of Kolhapur in The land became a part of India in Prior to this, it was a province, which ranged from the Western Ghats to the Deccan Plains, and was under the rulers called the Marathas. The land later turned into a major avenue of outdoor sports, hunting being a key hit in those times. Shahu Maharaj was a great ruler, who took immense pains to identify the sufferings of his subjects, unlike the other princes of his time. He took to developing the land and its people. A princely state that it was during the 61

9 British rule, it still has palaces, gardens and monuments displaying the Indo-British architecture. 3.9 HISTORY OF KOLHAPUR KOLHAPUR (KarvirSansthan) While the states of Gwalior, Indore, and Baroda are the residue of the great Maratha military expansion of the eighteenth century, Kolhapur is the last trace of the founding father of Maratha power, the seventeenth- century warrior, Shivaji. He died in 1680 A. D. after pushing the Moghuls out of western India and beginning the process of Moghul decline. But when he died, the Moguls were still strong enough to take their revenge on his successors. The Moghul armies hemmed the Maratha forces into the mountainous fringe of the western Deccan and stood by while Shivaji's powerful state was riven by internal disputes. Shivaji had left no clear successor and for thirty years after his death two separate lines of descent, goaded by ambitious queens of and courtiers, fought for precedence. Eventually, in 1710, the two parties managed to establish a shaky territorial boundary between their possessions. The line descending from Shivaji's elder son settled its capital at Satara, took the northern Maratha country, and acquired the right to expand to the north. Yet in Satara the princely family was soon forced into the backseat: the hereditary minister, the Peshwa, took over the reins of power, and his generals forged out to the north and formed the princedoms. Meanwhile, the line descending from Shivaji's younger son took the southern territories and the right to expand to the south. They settled in Panhala, amid the craggy peaks and deep valleys of the Western Ghats, and later transferred their capital to the ancient city and trading capital of Kolhapur. The southern frontier turned out to be less profitable than the northern one. While Satara armies, which started raiding north from the Maratha country in the early eighteenth century, found that the remnants of Moghul grandees and Rajput princes were easy pickings, the Kolhapur armies faced other powerful emergent princes in the south - the Nizam of Hyderabad, the Mysore armies of Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan, and the Moghul warmonger, Zulfikar Khan. The Kolhapur forces more or less confined to their mountain retreat, occasionally harassed by Moghul armies, and reduced to snapping at the heels of their more expensive cousins from Satara. Against this rather unhappy background the princely line of Kolhapur turned into a dynastic disaster. Time and time again the Kolhapur prince failed to produce an heir, or died when the heir was only a few years old. Sometimes it was the toll of war, which brought about this unfortunate state of affairs, but sometimes it was a streak of insanity, which dogged the family; and sometimes just an inability to survive to any great age in the dark fortresses amid the sticky sub-tropical forests of Western Ghats. Each time the failure to provide a clean succession created an opportunity for rivalries, ambitions and debilitating succession disputes. In the early nineteenth century, Kolhapur was just as uneasy under British control as were the other Maratha states of Gwalior and Indore. At first the British tried to settle the state by force. Company troops invaded in the 1820s, again in the 1840s when the outlying areas of the state rose in revolt; and in 1857 the Kolhapur troops mutinied. After the Mutiny, however, the British guardians changed their tactics and decided to use the books rather than the gun to bring Kolhapur to heel. 62

10 This strategy had its own difficulties because of the mortality rate of the Kolhapur heirs. The British invested great care and attention in the education of two Kolhapur heirs, who, before they could ascend the throne and emerge from their British-made chrysalis as `model rulers' were gathered to their forefathers. It was not until Shahu Chhatrapati ascended the throne in 1894 that the policy finally paid off. Under Shahu and later under his son Rajaram, Kolhapur acquired the social reforms and public buildings, which the British so liked to see in the 'Native' states. Moreover, Kolhapur became renowned as a center of outdoor sports, notably the exotic business of pig-sticking; and an extraordinary form of hunting deer.rajaram imported Cheetah from Africa and used these animals to hunt the herds of black buck in the hills and valleys of Western Ghats. The Maharaja drove an enormous horse-drawn wagon across the rough terrain in pursuit of the black duck and, when he had succeeded in separating his prey from the herd, his attendants removed the hoods from the Cheetah and allowed them to bound out of the wagon, overhaul the unlucky buck, and bring it to the Ground ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL PERSPECTIVE The General Economic and Social Well-Being of a People is reflected in the level of income and the pattern of their expenditure. To obtain a general idea of the standard of life of the people in a district, it is necessary to analyze the income and the pattern of expenditure of different sections of the people residing in its different parts. In this chapter, an attempt has been made to give in a broad outline the patterns of income and expenditure of the socially significant sections of the population in rural as well as in urban areas of the Kolhapur district. The account is based on a sample survey conducted in 1956 in a few representative villages and in Kolhapur city. While actual observations seem to corroborate the correctness of the broad outlines of the picture so revealed, complete statistical accuracy is not claimed for the results of the survey. It is very desirable that a study of the standard of life of people should be set against the background of the general economic conditions prevailing in the area in which they live. Some relevant economic data about the district are, therefore, given below. With an area of about 2794 Sq. miles, Kolhapur district has a total population of 1,227,547, of whom 9, 50,090 that is over 76 per cent. Live in rural areas and 2, 77,477, which is 24 per cent. In urban areas. The rural population of 9, 50,090 is spread over 948 villages and the urban population of 2, 77,000 resides in 18 towns and one city. The overwhelming preponderance of rural population indicates that agricultural classes have numerical predominance in the district. Ownercultivators numbering about 6, 63,073 constitute the bulk of agricultural population. The second largest group is that of tenant cultivators who number about 1, 54,023. Landless laborers, who are the lowest rung of the hierarchy of agricultural society, number about 84,636. The number of rent receivers is 26,533. Very few people are attracted towards occupations incidental to farming. About 2,180 persons in both rural as well as urban areas are engaged in stock raising, 1,875 in rearing of small animals and 250 in forestry. The number of persons engaged in allied agricultural occupations is very nearly 4,000. It is possible that, if proper incentive is given, more persons may find employment in these occupations. 63

11 Geographically, Kolhapur district can be divided into three zones: (1) Maval zone, (2) Transition zone, (3) Desh zone. Thirteen out of nineteen towns of Kolhapur district are located in the Transition zone. Two towns-malkapur and Kodoli, are in the Maval zone and Jaisingpur, Kurundwad, Nandani and Shirol in the Desh zone. The western part of the district is traversed by the ranges of the Sahyadris which have a very high altitude. The amount of rainfall in the western hilly belt is as high as about 200 inches. The central zone gets 50 to 80 inches and the third belt gets about 30 to 40 inches. There are as many as nine small and big rivers flowing placidly through the length and breadth of the district and they are amenable to irrigation with the help of which the area under sugarcane is expanding. The soils in the Western Ghats are rocky or thin. Large area in this zone is under forest. Some lands on the hills and on their slopes are used for Kumri cultivation. In the Maval zone they are of medium depth, and rice, groundnut, kharif jowar and sugar-cane are grown. In the rabi season, the rice lands grow pulses. The third zone has deep black soils, in which kharif jowar, tobacco, chillies and sugarcane are grown. The forest area covers 3, 10, 521 acres of 11 per cent. of gross cropped area of the district. Wood represents a major item in the forest produce of the district. There are also minor products like kajri fruits, honey wax, apta or temburni leaves, sawat cotton, shembi bark, etc. The divergence of the geographic and climatic conditions accounts for the economic variations obtaining from tract to tract. Naturally, the peasantry in the Desh zone with deep black soil and ample water facilities and in the transition belt with brown soil and ample irrigation facilities are better-off than the cultivators in the remaining part of the district. These areas are densely populated and have attained a considerable degree of industrialization. They can be said to have presented a brighter picture with better avenues of employment and supplementary means of livelihood than the forest areas and hilly tracts of the district. The non-agricultural population is 2, 99,282 out of which 1, 87,480 resides in towns and cities and about 1, 11,802, in rural areas. More than a lakh persons are employed in rural as well as in urban industries. Apart from agriculture and industries, the other avenues of employment are commerce, transport and other miscellaneous items. Whereas Vadgaon, Jaisingpur, Kurundwad and Malkapur are the important commercial centres, Kolhapur, Ichalkaranji and Hupari are important both as industrial and commercial centre s. The urban centre s on account of their more complex economic and social life open up avenues of employment for domestic servants, porters, hawkers, tongawalas etc. Standard of living in urban areas is naturally different from that in rural areas. Goddess Ambabai (Mahalaxmi) of Kolhapur is found in almost every Maharashtra household. Pioneer social reformer, Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj, ruled with the object of uplifting the downtrodden. Places like Panhala, Jyotibha, Vishalgad, Nrusinhwadi and Bahubali attract tourists from all corners of India. Jnanapeeth laureate V.S. Khandekar settled at Kolhapur in later part of his life. Warna, the first Wired Village in India, is a distinctive feature of this district. Peasants' cooperatives dominate the district's economy. Wrestlers of Kolhapur were legends once upon a time. Home to fine arts like music, painting and cinema, Kolhapur has remained in the vanguard of industrial innovations even today. It is among the very few districts in the 64

12 country to enjoy water availability throughout the year, thanks to the Radhanagari dam constructed by Shahu Maharaj KOLHAPUR DISTRICT AT GLANCE: 1. District: Kolhapur 2. Area:7692 sq. kms 3. Sub-divisions:(Karveer, Gadhinglaj, Radhanagri, Ichalkaranji) 4. Talukas:12 (Karveer, Kagal, Panhala, Shahuwadi, Hatkalangale, Shirol, Radhanagri, Bhudargad, Gadhinglaj, 5. Industries Big-13 Medium-850 Small Population:Total-35,15,413 Male-18,03,746 Female-17,11, Educational Institutions Universities-1 Colleges-225 Prim. Schools-2088 Sec. Schools 647 Gaganbawda, Aajra, Chandgad) 6. Means of Transport Main Airport- Ujlaiwadi Railway Stations KolhapurST Buses 8. Literacy: Per cent Total-23,75,780 Male-13,74,321.Female-10,01, Health Infrastructure PHCs-71 Rural Hosp.-13 Dist. Hosp Distance from Mumbai: 375 kms 12. Languages: Marathi 13.Folk-Arts: Shahiri, Powada, Songi Bhajans 17. Area under Irrigation:1, 21,831 Irrigation Projects: Major-4 Medium-10,Minor-54 Imp. Projs Radhanagri.2. Tulsi.3. Doodhganga 4. Tilari hectares SOURCE: CENSUS OF INDIA Weather: Temperature-Max C. Min C. Rainfall mm (Average) 18. Tourist Places Panhala, Jyotiba, Khidrapur, Dajipur, Vishalgad, Nrusinhwadi, Maunimath, Bahubali 3.12 PUBLIC HEALTH AND MEDICAL FACILITIES The Medical Organization of Kolhapur District (As Distinct From Its Public Health Organization) Essentially Consists of organization of hospitals and dispensaries designed to render medical relief to the general population, The C. P. R. Hospital, Kolhapur, is the "Civil Hospital" at the headquarters. It is owned, financed and controlled by Government. Subsidiary to it, there are Municipal, District Local Board, Government Dispensaries, Rural Medical Relief Centers and Subsidized Medical Practitioners Centers scattered throughout the whole district. There is a Municipal Hospital and Maternity Home at Ichalkaranji which was under the control of Government but was transferred since April 1956 to the Municipality. The Medical Officer of the Hospital is also under the control of Municipality. There is one grant-in-aid District Local Board Dispensary at Chandgad and the Medical Officer of the Dispensary is a Government Officer, who draws his pay and 65

13 pension directly from Government. The Civil Surgeon, Kolhapur, is the administrative head of the medical organization in the district. He is directly subordinate to the Surgeongeneral with the Government of Bombay, Bombay. He is in charge of the medical arrangements of the C. P. R. Hospital, Kolhapur and exercises complete control over the Medical Officers attached to it. He is also the head of the Government Institutions in the district and is responsible for their efficiency and discipline and for the proper performance of their working. He is an Inspecting Officer of all Government dispensaries in the district. He is expected to keep himself well informed as to all medical matters in the district and to be able to furnish any information on medical matters which may be required by Government. He has under him a medical staff of Bombay Medical Service Class II-seven, Honorary Medical Officers-10, Bombay Medical Service Class III Officers-20 and Bombay Medical Service Class III (A)-2. The C. P. R. Hospital, which was started by the Ex-Kolhapur State in the year 1884, was taken over by Bombay Government from 1st August 1949 after the merger of Deccan States. It has a large and commodious building which can accommodate 200 beds. It is classified in five Wards and Departments viz. X-Ray Department, Out-Patients Department, Medical Stores, Laboratory and Linen Department. The Linen is in charge of the Matron. The Training School at this Hospital has been started in 1951 and the School has made rapid progress in imparting the training. The results have been very encouraging. 30 probationary student nurses are under training at this Institution. There is a post of Sister-Tutor at this Hospital for teaching the Student Nurses. There exists a Nursing Home with five rooms which was newly started during Well-to-do persons can take advantage of it by paying reasonable charges. The daily average attendance of in-door patients at this hospital is 232 and that of out-door patients is 532 during the year The income of the hospital is Rs. 27,084 and expenditure is Rs. 4, 49,199 during the year. Attached to this hospital is an Advisory Committee with the Civil Surgeon as the Chairman and six other members. The function of this Committee is to help the management of the hospital by keeping the authorities informed as to the needs of the hospital as viewed by the public and by advising the Medical Officer in-charge on all measures of reform to be carried out in connection with the welfare of the patients. The Departmental Rules provide for the election to the committee, of representatives from the District Local Board and Kolhapur Municipal Borough, Kolhapur and also for the nomination of two ladies. In addition to this, there is a Leprosy Colony at Kolhapur which is under the control of the Civil Surgeon, Kolhapur. It accommodates 150 persons. The incidence of leprosy in Kolhapur district is large. The isolation of leprosy patients as well as their treatment and rehabilitation are the most important points in dealing with the problem of the leprosy patients in the State, a problem which has to be dealt with more energetically in a Welfare State. Since the application of the Leprosy Act to the District of Kolhapur as well as to the adjoining districts, it becomes the responsibility of the State to isolate, at least the positive cases with active lesions to prevent the spread of the disease. Taking into consideration this problem, the Government has recently sanctioned to open a Leprosy Control Centre at Shahuwadi in this district. The Centre will start its function before the end of this financial year. Tuberculosis Ward.-This hospital has a separate T. B. Ward with accommodation for 18 patients (nine Male and nine Female) and has an O. P. D. T. B. Clinic conducted thrice a week where arrangements for A. P. & P. P. are made. The incidence of T. B. in this district is high and more accommodation is necessary. 66

14 Rural Medical Relief Scheme Rural Medical Relief Scheme is in existence in this district for the last ten years and is rendering wonderful service to the village population, so far as relief of common ailments is concerned. There are at present 117 centers working throughout the district. They are providing allopathic medical aid to the public. The Scheme is providing simple remedies at a price within the reach of village patients. Rural Medical Relief Scheme is run by sub-dispensers who are either School teachers, secretaries of Gram Panchayats or social workers from a village. They are given two weeks training prior to being permitted to run a Centre. The Ex-Kolhapur State Administration was the first in the whole of Bombay State to start this Scheme. There are at present the following Hospitals and Dispensaries under the control of the Civil Surgeon, Kolhapur:- (1) C. P. R. Hospital, Kolhapur. (2) Shenda Part Leprosy Colony. (3) Services Hospital, Kolhapur. (4) Gandhinagar Colony Hospital, Valivade (5) Government Dispensary, Panhala. (6) Government Dispensary, Malkapur. (7) Government Dispensary, Bambavade. (8) Government Dispensary, Kagal. (9) Government Dispensary, Kapshi. (10) Government Dispensary, Murgud. (11) Government Dispensary, Gargoti. (12) Government Dispensary, Ajra. (13) Government Dispensary, Gadhinglaj (14) Government Dispensary, Shirol. (15) Government Dispensary, Kurundwad (16) Government Dispensary, Radhanagari. (17) Government Dispensary, Vadgaon. (18)Government Dispensary, Gaganbavada. (19) Mobile Dispensary, District Kolhapur. (20) Police Hospital, Sambre. (21) D. L. B. Dispensary, Chandgad. (22) K. E. M. Municipal Hospital and Maternity Home Ichalkaranji. There are no Ayurvedic Dispensaries under the control of the Civil Surgeon, Kolhapur. But private medicos practicing Ayurveda are in significant number. with increase in literacy rate and health conscious ness people are turning more on ayurvedic also.there are now six Subsidized Medical Practitioners Centers working in this district. (1) Akkiwat (2) Ganehwadi (3) Here (4) Kowad (5) Halkarni and (6) Ghotagewadi. Apart from one general hospitals,seventy one primary health care centers and 28 rural hospitals, the district is well equipped with best doctors in different faculties and the network of Chemists add value to the district there are around 1775 plus chemist in the sample district Healthcare Perspective in Sangli District and Importance of Location Importance of Geographical Setting to Study Self Medication and Marketing of OTC Products. Location is one of the most important criteria for any type of marketing study as it involves various factors which contribute to the success of the product. The literacy rate and the living pattern which is changing everyday is resulting into many minor 67

15 ailments and lifestyle problems.though Kolhapur district is famous temples and sugar factories. with lack of proper health care infrastructure and doctors unavailability in the major parts of rural area.with rise in disposable income and changing habits of lifestyles, the process of self medication is increasing as minor ailments are been treated at home.the faith of pharmacist has increased than doctors in rural parts of these studies districts. People are taking their life in their hands through self medication of OTC drugs, home remedy either consultation, peer pressure or advertisement on television, newspaper which are the major sources of information in district like Kolhapur where the literacy rate is much better than any two tier of three tier city of Maharashtra and Doctors fees are unbelievable the choice remains to shift on OTC drugs, rely on Chemists. General stores in rural parts of Kolhapur district are ill equipped with health care and hospitals here the general store acts like a pharmacy store and sells all generic and OTC products. Thus companies like Ranbaxy and Glaxo-SmithKline consumer health division are making roads in the smallest village to sell OTC drug and are finding a virgin land for marketing their national brand in Sangli districts of western Maharashtra with a highly powerful chemist network and distribution channel with or without the consent of Doctors as taking OTC product among the consumers is speeding up in Sangli and Kolhapur districts CONLUDING REMARKS In any research Geographical setting of location is very important.in order to study Self medication and Marketing of OTC Products.Location is one of the most important criteria for any type of marketing study as it involves various factors which contribute to the success of the product. Though Sangli district and Kolhapur districts is famous for best hospitals people are taking their life in their hands through self medication of OTC drugs, home remedy either consultation, peer pressure or advertisement on television, newspaper which are the major sources of information in districts. Where the literacy rate and Doctors fees are unbelievable.the choice remains to shift on OTC drugs rely on Chemists. General stores in rural parts of research districts are ill equipped with health care and hospitals,here the general store acts like a pharmacy store and sells all generic and OTC products in rare cases even though it is legally allowed to sale OTC drugs. Thus companies like Ranbaxy and Glaxo Smith Kline consumer health division are making roads in the smallest village to sell OTC drug and are finding a virgin land for marketing their national brand in Sangli districts of western Maharashtra with a highly powerful chemist network and distribution channel with or without the consent of Doctors as taking OTC product among the consumers is speeding up in Sangli and Kolhapur districts. 68