Collective memory and identity attitudes. Transylvanian Armenians
|
|
- Dortha Conley
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Babeş-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca Faculty of History and Philosofy Collective memory and identity attitudes. Transylvanian Armenians Summary of the doctoral dissertation Scientific advisor: Prof. Univ. Dr. Doru Radosav PhD candidate, Lavric Laurenţiu Nicolae
2 Contents Introduction...p. 4 I. Armenians in Romanian countries...p Armenian people and their destiny...p Armenians in Moldavia...p Armenians in Valachia...p Armenians in Transylvania...p. 36 II. Identity-theoretical aspects...p Identity: definitions...p Identity theories...p Armenism ideology...p Armenian language...p. 52 III. Armenians cities...p Armenopolis...p City s beginnings...p City s development...p Administration...p Elisabethopolis...p Armenians in Ebesfalva...p City s development and administration...p Armenians in Gheorgheni and Frumoasa...p. 80 IV. Identity attitudes...p Armenian self image...p Armenian image in collective memory...p The Rubens painting in Gherla...p Armenians in memoirs...p. 98 2
3 4.2. Commerce-identitary aspect...p Armenians merchants...p Armenians shops...p Armenian identity themes...p Armenian loyalty...p Refuge/genocide...p Armenian image in Transylvania...p Armenians relations with central and local authority...p Armenians seen by Saxons, Hungarians and Szeklers...p Negotiates identities...p Armenians unity...p for Transylvanian Armenians...p Interwar period...p Communist era...p Armenians after p Hungarian-Armenians...p Armenians become Hungarians...p The importance of family and memory in identity development...p Identity attitudes today...p. 153 V. The memory of a place...p Armenians and their contribution to the urbanization process in Transylvania...p Plans...p Gherla, a city with unique elements...p The city seen as a identity space...p The manipulated memory of a place...p The concept and symbol of center in Gherla...p The manipulated memory of a place......p The hub of the Universe...p
4 5.3. The Baroque in Gherla...p The Baroque in Gherla...p Armenians churches from Gherla...p The urban development of Dumbrăveni...p Counter-Reformation in Sibiu and Gherla...p. 197 VI. Church-confession and identity...p Armenia, the first Christian country...p The Catholicization of Transylvanian Armenians...p The Armenian Catholic Episcopacy in Transylvania...p The church and the Armenian identity...p. 223 VII. Collective memory...p Armenians migrations and their memory...p Armenian genocide in the memory of those who survived...p Ani mith...p Armenian names...p Toponymy...p Armenians names and their stories...p. 256 VIII. Conclusions...p. 268 The list of witness...p. 286 Bibliography...p. 298 Appendix...p. 317 Key words: Transylvanian Armenians, identity, Armenopolis, Elisabethopolis, Armenian image, collective memory, Armenian rite, Armenian genocide, Hungarian Armenian identity 4
5 Transylvanian Armenians managed to gain through their actions, facts and especially through their urban contribution an important place in the history of Transylvania. Most of them merchants, the Transylvanian Armenians formed a small but powerful community who achieved a lot of things in a short period of time. The purpose of this thesis is to reconstruct the collective memory and the identity attitudes. I want to know if an Armenian community still exists and haw their members define themselves. I want to know if the descendents of the Transylvanian Armenians that have Hungarian names and don t speak their language consider themselves Armenians or not, if there s still an Armenian consciousness. In the first chapter I showed how the Armenians came in Moldavia, Valachia, Transylvania and their important role in the development of this states. They were important because of their jobs and because they settle especially in towns. In Transylvania the first big wave of migration had arrived in the seventeenth century, mainly from Moldavia. They were merchants and cattle breeders. An important historian, Nicolae Iorga, named the Armenians the parents of Moldavia due to their contribution to the development of this country. In the second chapter I revealed the most relevant aspects of identity and the most important theories regarding identity. For example identity is a concept far more complicated than you can see at a first sight. At the end of the XIX century the Armenians intellectuals from Transylvania created an ideology that they called armenism 1 in the effort to save the Armenians from a complete assimilation. Instead, this ideology created a false self image. It was quit difficult to praise the traditions, the past, the Armenians as a chosen people and in the same time to consider the assimilation as a positive fact. 2 For this reasons the ideology had a short life. In any group the language is an essential part of identity and national consciousness. Unfortunately, today the Transylvanian Armenians no longer speak 1 Rita Bernad, Balint Kovacs, The Armenian-catholic collective Archive in Armenopolis, Leipzig University, Leipzig, 2012, p Pal Judit, Armenians in Transylvania: their contribution to the urbanization and the economic development of the province, Center for Transylvanian Studies, Cluj-Napoca, 2005, p
6 Armenian but are still aware in some way of their Armenian origin. The last generation who spoke Armenian was the grandparents of those who live in present. The Armenian language survives in church trough religious songs and prayers. In the third chapter I focused on Armenian towns. Armenopolis (Gherla) is a unique case in the modern history of Transylvania because this city was built according to a plan on a piece of land bought by the community. They managed to build from zero a baroque town and contributed to the economic and urban development of this province. The second most important Armenian town Elisabethopolis (Dumbrăveni) was built in time on the structure of an old saxon village. In this case Armenians didn t built a new, they toke a small village and raise a flourishing town. This settlement gained the title of town in 1696, when the future city of Armenopolis didn t even existed. Armenians contributed also to the development of other two settlements, Gheorgheni and Frumoasa. A key chapter of this paper refers to the identity attitudes of Transylvanian Armenians. In their history, they constantly had a positive self-portrait. They were peaceful and always aware of their economical value and importance. Even today in collective memory we can find positive aspects in the Armenian self-portrait. Therefore, the Armenian is honest-minded, hard worker, religious, wealthy, intellectual, a loving parent, good negotiator, patient. Although they left their homeland centuries ago in collective memory still persists those physical features which distinguish them from the rest of the world. Those features preserve and develop in the form of stereotypes and cliché. The Armenians have dark skin, brown hair, big nose, big and black eyes. Although, this stereotypes had a negative aspect in time the collective memory transform them into positive aspects. They became positive features and the Armenians are proud of them. But this phenomenon doesn t regard only the physical features. Due to the collective memory others stereotypes gain a positive value. Also, others flaws such as misery and treachery are trying to be justified. The Rubens painting which lays in Armenian Catholic church in Gherla is another special part in creating the Armenian self portrait. Trough this painting they gain positive features, they are smart, sharp, they don t buy something cheap. 6
7 But not always Armenians had a positive image. At the beginning the Armenians were received with little trust by the Hungarians, Saxons and Szeklers. They were regarded with suspicion because they were strangers, merchants seen as non-producing, who gain and create concurrency fights. 3 In the last part of the nineteenth century there was a change in the way of who Armenians were seen. From a negative aspect the Armenian image became one that was positive. This change was due to the Hungarians intellectuals. The commerce and the handicraft were an important part in the Armenian image. For quit a while the word Armenian meant merchant. Maybe the most important feature of Armenians is that of being merchants. They were so good in this field that at one time they were leading the business and the commerce from Transylvania. From the interviews that I realized, I could see that the grandparents of those who live in present maintained their traditional jobs. Most of them had shops, business up to Italy and Vienna, while others were shoemaker, butcher, tailer. In collective memory specific places, those lieu de memoire, have a crucial role. These can be a specific place, a building, a church, a monument, but also a village, a town or even a street. 4 In this case we can identify old shops, or the Armenian houses as lieux de memoire. This places are full with stories, legends and memory. In time the Armenians managed to negotiate their own identity depending of historical period, interests and context. In the eighteenth century the Armenians wish to integrate into the Transylvanian society, still a medieval one. They define themselves Armenians and tried to succeed in life as a strong and unite group. The year 1848 marked a turning point for the Transylvanian Armenians. After 1848 the Armenian community lost their feudal privileges and the integration turned out into assimilation which by the end of nineteenth century was complete. The events of 1848 let them experience the feeling of being a part of a common nation and played a major role in the forming of Hungarian Armenian identity. 5 3 Pal Judit, Armenian Imagine-Armenian Identity-Assimilation of the Transylvanian Armenians in the 18-th and 19-th Centuries, în Agnieszka Barszeweskca, Lehel Peti, Integrating minorities: traditional communities and modernization, Ed. Kriterion, Cluj-Napoca, 2011, p Rita Bernad, Balint Kovacs, op. cit., p Pal Judit, Armenian Image-Armenian Identity..., p
8 This year and all the changes that came along provoked a change in the way that Armenians acted. From this moment they chose an individual way of self-realization and assimilated to the dominating political group. They started to define themselves as Hungarians. In the years between the two world wars and in the communist era Armenians continued to define themselves as Hungarians. Especially in the communist era there was a wave of silence and quiet that involved all the society. This silence came especially from normal people. The 1989 events meant a new regime, a democratic one which encouraged the freedom of expression, the expression of your own identity, the democratic values and protected the national minority. After the fall of the communist regime there was a rediscovery of the Armenian origin, routes and Armenian legacy. We have to mentioned that the descendents of the Transylvanian Armenians are assimilated by the Hungarians, they don t speak the Armenian language but they are still aware of their Armenian origin and legacy. At Gherla and Dumbrăveni where the community was bigger and stronger, the assimilation begun only in the second part of the nineteenth century. The descendents of Armenians from this two cities define themselves in present Hungarian Armenians. Instead, in Gheorgheni and Frumoasa where the number of Armenians was smaller, they assimilated and lost their language faster. Nowadays they define themselves as Hungarians with Armenian origin. In reality, they try to maintain a balance between Armenian origin and Hungarian identity. In chapter five I analyzed the Armenian contribution to the urbanization process in Transylvania, the way that some places and their memory was manipulated, and the main features of the Armenian cities. Armenopolis was built and developed in the same time with the entrance of the baroque in Transylvania. This explain why many houses from the city are baroque. Healthy merchants, the Armenians from Gherla employ constructors from Austria, Hungary, many of them with German origin, who promoted a Central-European baroque. The most widespread plan is that with a big and central living and with all the attention focused on a monumental entrance. This project can t be used in Armenopolis because it costs too much and due to the small plot that exists. Therefore, there are some 8
9 changes. The project is twist with 90. Because of this change the monumental entrance ends up in the court, while a lateral façade became the main façade. Due to this change the monumental entrance loses all the value and grandeur. 6 In Dumbrăveni there is another project who stands up. This project contains two parallel buildings who are connected trough a wall gate. This two buildings share with the neighboring building, who belong to another owner, the same roof and façade. This project is present mainly in the city center. Armenians chose this solution to divide the shop from their home. Armenians contributed also, to the development of other two settlements Gheorgheni and Frumoasa. But this two settlements didn t reach the level of urbanization from the main Armenians cities. The Armenian houses from Gheorgheni stand up because on the ground floor is the shop and up stairs live the owner. Another interesting subject that I focused was the manipulated memory of a place, space. That s why I analyzed two cases, two central squares from Gherla and Sibiu. In Gherla the central square was included in the project and most likely has a Austrian origin. In stead the central square from Sibiu is much older dating from the medieval era. The changes from Gherla had a political motivation and they were visible especially when a new regime came in power. For example after 1918 the Romanian administration transformed the central square into a park, after 1940 the Horthy administration raised an obelisk on the top of which the communists put a soviet star. After 1989 this monument is demolished and another one is built in the memory of nation s heroes. In stead, in Sibiu the changes had a religious background and revealed a struggle between the majority Saxons and the Austrian catholic officials. Therefore, the city and the main square, Piaţa Mare, became the battleground of this two groups. In both cases the central square remained the place where politics, economy and religion changed their symbols and fought for the power. In chapter six I analyzed the special relation that the Armenians have with Armenian Church. For the Armenians the most important institution is the Church. 6 Virgil Pop, Armenopolis-oraş baroc, Ed. Accent, Cluj-Napoca, 2002, p
10 Wherever they are, the Armenians built for the first time their church. The Transylvanian Armenians are a special case inside the Armenian community from Romania because at the end of the seventeenth century they became Catholics. The Church remained for a long time the only institution who preserved the ethnic identity and even for the catholic Transylvanian Armenians the Church is tied in present with the community survival. Nowadays the language used in the holy liturgies is Hungarian and the Latin rite. There are still some prayers and religious songs in Armenian and the Armenian rite and language are used only in the most important liturgies. For this reason the Armenian- Catholic Church from Transylvania contributes and maintains a new identity, the Hungarian-Armenian identity. In the last chapter I analyzed the Armenians migrations, the Armenian genocide and the Armenians names and the stories behind them. The endless migrations, for example, and their memoirs are still present in the collective memory. If we look more carefully at the names we can retrace the road of the Transylvanian Armenians. For example the names with Persian, Arabic, Turkish origin show us the relations and the ties between the Armenians and this people. In present the names of Transylvanian Armenians are Hungarian, and are written according to the Hungarian spelling. But the stories behind those names are far more interesting and captivating, and show us, in a different way, haw the names appeared and what does it meant. Transylvanian Armenians are between history and memory, between a history of discontinuities and a memory of continuities. In their history these discontinuities are present in all the life s aspects: religious, economic, political and identity. Transylvanian Armenians are trapped between history and memory. The Armenian component, the Armenian origin survives trough memory. Therefore those interviews are very important because those who I spoke are the last generation who saw Armenian shops, met Armenian merchants, they know the old city, they are the last who heard they grandparents and parents speak Armenian. 10
BABEŞ-BOLYAI UNIVERSITY CLUJ-NAPOCA FACULTY OF HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY POPULATION AND CONFESSIONALITY IN LOWER ALBA COUNTY, IN THE XVIII-XIX CENTURIES
BABEŞ-BOLYAI UNIVERSITY CLUJ-NAPOCA FACULTY OF HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY POPULATION AND CONFESSIONALITY IN LOWER ALBA COUNTY, IN THE XVIII-XIX CENTURIES PHD THESIS SUMMARY Scientific Advisor, Univ.Prof.Dr.
More informationArmenian Catholic Church Furnishings in Transylvania
Armenian Catholic Church Furnishings in Transylvania Abstract The Armenians that have settled down in Transylvania in the second half of the 17 th century, succeeded in building churches in four settlements:
More informationHidden Treasures Unearthed: Armenian Arts and Culture of Eastern Europe
Hidden Treasures Unearthed: Armenian Arts and Culture of Eastern Europe November 16-18, 2018 UCLA Royce Hall 314 Hidden Treasures Unearthed: Armenian Arts and Culture of Eastern Europe Organized under
More informationaspecte funerare Și interferențe etnoculturale Și religioase la alba iulia În Jurul anului 1000
universitatea babeș-bolyai cluj-napoca institutul de studii doctorale aspecte funerare Și interferențe etnoculturale Și religioase la alba iulia În Jurul anului 1000 teză de abilitare lect. univ. dr. aurel
More informationErdélyi társadalom 5. évfolyam 1. szám
Abstract ózsef Gagyi: That is a holy Committee... The kalugers (orthodox monks ) role in society in a village from Székely Land. The religious-magical practices of orthodox Romanian priests, kalugers (monks)
More informationThe Liturgical heritage of Bălgrad
1 DECEMBRIE 1918 UNIVERSITY OF ALBA IULIA THE FACULTY OF ORTHODOX THEOLOGY The Liturgical heritage of Bălgrad The importance of Alba Iulia printings in the establishment of the Romanian liturgical formulations
More informationOrthodox Church Culture in Transylvania
ROMANIAN ACADEMY GEORGE BARIŢIU INSTITUTE OF HISTORY CLUJ-NAPOCA ABSTRACT PhD THESIS Orthodox Church Culture in Transylvania 1867-1918 PhD Supervisor: Scientifical Researcher I Degree Dr. Dumitru Suciu
More informationBabeş-Bolyai University
Babeş-Bolyai University Faculty of History and Philosophy Doctoral Paper The water Cult in the Northern Provinces of the Roman Empire Scientific coordinator: Prof. Dr. Ioan Piso PhD Candidate: Andrea Cumurciuc
More informationDoctoral Dissertation. Summary
Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca Faculty of History and Philosophi Doctoral Dissertation Summary Scientific advisor: Prof. Univ. dr. Doru Radosav Phd Candidate: Ileana Sauliuc (căs. Zapca) 2014 1 Babeș-Bolyai
More informationThe Pontifical Legations to Transylvania in the 12 th -14 th Centuries
BABEŞ-BOLYAI UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY CLUJ-NAPOCA DOCTORAL DISSERTATION The Pontifical Legations to Transylvania in the 12 th -14 th Centuries - SUMMARY OF THE DOCTORAL DISSERTATION
More informationLearning Goal: Describe the major causes of the Renaissance and the political, intellectual, artistic, economic, and religious effects of the
RENAISSANCE Learning Goal: Describe the major causes of the Renaissance and the political, intellectual, artistic, economic, and religious effects of the Renaissance. What Was the Renaissance? A great
More informationCarpatho-Rusyns and the land of Carpathian Rus' p. 1 Human geography No shortage of names Physical geography A borderland of borders Carpathian Rus'
List of Maps p. xiv List of Tables p. xvi Introduction p. xvii Carpatho-Rusyns and the land of Carpathian Rus' p. 1 Human geography No shortage of names Physical geography A borderland of borders Carpathian
More informationThe Protestant Reformation
The Protestant Reformation By History.com on 01.31.17 Word Count 791 This painting shows Martin Luther posting his 95 theses in 1517. Luther was challenging the Catholic Church with his opinions on Christianity.
More informationProgramme Year Semester Course title
History B History I 1 Ancient History of Romania (I) I 1 Ancient History of Romania (II) I 1 Ancient History 8 I 1 General Pre-history and Archaeology I 1 Introduction to History and Auxilary Sciences
More informationACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. 1 I preferred to use Crimean Tatars, even though that in documents with the
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work has had a long period of germination. My professors at Bucharest University, Faculty of Geography, where I began my work with a study about the Crimean Tatar ethnic minority
More informationPHD THESIS. Natural Disasters and the Romanian Modern Society ( )
PHD THESIS Natural Disasters and the Romanian Modern Society (1800-2000) SUMMARY I. ARGUMENT II. EARTHQUAKES IN ROMANIA 2.1. Earthquake of 10 November 1940 2.2. Earthquake of 04 March 1977 2.3. Actions
More information- CENTRAL HISTORICAL QUESTION(S) HOW & WHY DID THE OTTOMAN-TURKS SCAPEGOAT THE ARMENIANS?
- WORLD HISTORY II UNIT SIX: WORLD WAR I LESSON 7 CW & HW NAME: BLOCK: - CENTRAL HISTORICAL QUESTION(S) HOW & WHY DID THE OTTOMAN-TURKS SCAPEGOAT THE ARMENIANS? WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TOTAL WAR
More informationNorth Dakota Statewide Housing Needs Assessment: Supplement - Priority Needs
North Dakota Statewide Housing Needs Assessment: Issued: December 2004 Prepared for: North Dakota Housing Finance Agency, Bismarck, ND North Dakota Department of Commerce Division of Community Services,
More informationInterview with Paul Martin, Canada s Minister of Finance and Chair of the G20. CTP: Could you tell us a little bit more about what you actually did?
Interview with Paul Martin, Canada s Minister of Finance and Chair of the G20 Conducted by Candida Tamar Paltiel, G8 Research Group Unedited transcript of videotaped interview, November 18, 2001, Ottawa
More informationTEOLOGIA. Dr. Iustin Popovici, The Canonic Law of the Romanian Orthodox Church...
Dr. Iustin Popovici, The Canonic Law of the Romanian Orthodox Church in force and its springs. Critical analysis based on the Holy Canons (Dreptul Canonic al Bisericii Ortodoxe Române în vigoare și izvoarele
More informationWorld History Honors Semester 1 Review Guide
World History Honors Semester 1 Review Guide This review guide is exactly that a review guide. This is neither the questions nor the answers to the exam. The final will have 75 content questions, 5 reading
More informationTHE TERRIBLE JUDGMENT OF GOD. LAST JUDGMENT ICONOGRAPHY IN THE MARAMUREŞ COUNTY (SEVENTEENTH TO NINETEENTH CENTURIES)
BABEŞ-BOLYAI UNIVERSITY CLUJ-NAPOCA FACULTY OF HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITÀ CATTOLICA DEL SACRO CUORE MILANO FACULTY OF EDUCATION SCIENCES Raluca Elena BETEA THE TERRIBLE JUDGMENT OF GOD. LAST JUDGMENT
More informationAriana Guga Babes-Bolyai University, Department of Communication, Public Relations, and Advertising, Cluj, Romania.
ARIANA GUGA THE LIGHT BEYOND THE CLOUDS Ariana Guga Babes-Bolyai University, Department of Communication, Public Relations, and Advertising, Cluj, Romania. Email: ariana.guga@yahoo.com Abstract: Review
More informationPriceasna in the Architectonics of the Ecclesiastical Cult. Pastoral Spiritual Missionary Approach
Universitatea Babeş-Bolyai Cluj-Napoca Facultatea de Teologie Ortodoxă Priceasna in the Architectonics of the Ecclesiastical Cult Pastoral Spiritual Missionary Approach PhD Thesis Abstract COORDONATOR
More informationJEWISH AND ARMENIAN POPULATION AT THE BASE OF IASI COUNTY DEVELOPMENT
CES Working Papers Volume VII, Issue 2 JEWISH AND ARMENIAN POPULATION AT THE BASE OF IASI COUNTY DEVELOPMENT Alexandra Georgiana PARASCA * Abstract: Through this article I try to highlight the importance
More informationThe Early. Middle Ages. The Rise of Christianity Charlemagne Feudalism The Vikings
The Early Middle Ages The Rise of Christianity Charlemagne Feudalism The Vikings Section Focus After Rome fell the world entered into chaos. Time of warfare, violence, and religion. Time period known as
More informationA Discussion Between the German Foreign Office and the Hungarian Ambassador About the Final Solution of the Jewish Problem in Hungary, October 1942
A Discussion Between the German Foreign Office and the Hungarian Ambassador About the Final Solution of the Jewish Problem in Hungary, October 1942 Berlin, October 6, 1942 ST. S. D.-Nr. 6932 (Under secretary
More information1. What key religious event does the map above depict? 2. What region are the arrows emanating from? 3. To what region are 3 of the 4 arrows heading?
Name Due Date: Chapter 10 Reading Guide A New Civilization Emerges in Western Europe The postclassical period in Western Europe, known as the Middle Ages, stretches between the fall of the Roman Empire
More informationINTERNATIONAL STUDIES MIDDLE EAST STUDIES RECOMMENDED COURSE LIST UPDATED - August 3, 2014
AR 420/520 Folk Tales of the Arabs AR 423/523 Modern Arabic Poetry GEOG 364 The Middle East HST 385, 386 The Modern Middle East HST 484/584 Topics in Middle Eastern History HST 485/585 Ottoman World HST
More informationTraditionalism and Change: Gypsies in a Postmodern Society
Dumitrescu: Traditionalism and Change: Gypsies in a Postmodern Society [Inter INTERVIEW Traditionalism and Change: Gypsies in a Postmodern Society Iancu Gabor (IG) is a businessman and TV program host
More informationBuilding a Better Bridge
Building a Better Bridge Ipgrave, Michael Published by Georgetown University Press Ipgrave, Michael. Building a Better Bridge: Muslims, Christians, and the Common Good. Washington: Georgetown University
More informationReformation, Renaissance, and Exploration. Unit Test
Reformation, Renaissance, and Exploration Read the questions below and select the best choice. Unit Test WRITE YOUR ANSWERS IN THE SPACES PROVDED ON YOUR ANSWER SHEET. DO NOT WRITE ON THIS TEST!! 1. The
More informationReformation, Renaissance, and Exploration. Unit Test
Reformation, Renaissance, and Exploration Read the questions below and select the best choice. Unit Test WRITE YOUR ANSWERS IN THE SPACES PROVDED ON YOUR ANSWER SHEET. DO NOT WRITE ON THIS TEST!! 1. Which
More informationA PREDICTION REGARDING THE CONFESSIONAL STRUCTURE IN ROMANIA IN 2012
Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov Series IV: Philology and Cultural Studies Vol. 6 (55) No. 2-2013 A PREDICTION REGARDING THE CONFESSIONAL STRUCTURE IN ROMANIA IN 2012 Mihaela SIMIONESCU
More informationIntroduction to the Byzantine Empire
Introduction to the Byzantine Empire Do Now: What are the advantages of building a major city here? MAP Peninsula Advantages Provided natural safe harbors for ships both merchant and military ships Provided
More informationOsman s Dream : defining the early Ottomans
Osman s Dream : defining the early Ottomans Islam Empire of Faith: the Ottomans (pt. 1) [PBS Documentary, available on DVD and on youtube.com ] Origins of Ottomans: Issues? Ottomans: - nomadic, Turkish
More informationChapter 7: Early Middle Ages ( )
Chapter 7: Early Middle Ages (751-1100) 1. INTRODUCTION The Merovingians were replaced in 751 by the Carolingians,, from the kingdom of Austrasia. Their most famous king was Charles the Great (Charlemagne))
More informationLearning Outcomes for the Jewish Studies Major. Identify and interpret major events, figures, and topics in Jewish history and culture
March 6, 2013 Learning Outcomes for the Jewish Studies Major Students who complete the Jewish Studies major should demonstrate competence in the following academic skills and fields of knowledge: Jewish
More informationTitle of the PhD Thesis: Interdenominational Politics and Catholic Church under Bishop Miklós Kovács ( )
Summary Title of the PhD Thesis: Interdenominational Politics and Catholic Church under Bishop Miklós Kovács (1833-1847) PhD Candidate: István Nemes Scientific conductor: Prof. Dr. József Marton Keywords:
More informationRenaissance. Humanism (2) Medici Family. Perspective (2)
Renaissance Humanism Medici Family Perspective A new age that began in the 1300s and reached its peak around 1500. Marked a transition from medieval times to the early modern world. Literally meaning rebirth,
More informationNatural Disasters in the Ottoman Empire: Plague, Famine, and Other Misfortunes
Yaron Ayalon, Natural Disasters in the Ottoman Empire: Plague, Famine, and Other Misfortunes, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2015, 245 pages, ISBN: 978-110-7072-97-8 Yaron Ayalon s book fits
More informationTorn. an interview wi th. by Jovana
Torn an interview wi th by Jovana TOM BOZIGIAN grew up in the Armenian community in Fresno, California, where he learned the dances and the music of the Armenian immigrants. Tom studied at Fresno State
More informationSociological Report about The Reformed Church in Hungary
Sociological Report about The Reformed Church in Hungary 2014 1 Dr. Márton Csanády Ph.D. 2 On the request of the Reformed Church in Hungary, Károli Gáspár University of the Reformed Church in Hungary started
More informationWestern Europe: The Edge of the Old World
Western Europe: The Edge of the Old World SOCIETY Hierarchy and Authority Kings and nobles in European society had control over the average families. In turn, these families- unlike in the previously explored
More informationQuick Summary on Key Content
Objectives 0 Examine the changes caused by Germanic migrations into the Roman Empire. 0 Identify the cause of the end of the Western Roman Empire. 0 Follow the sequence of Germanic conquests in the western
More informationEurope and American Identity H1007
Europe and American Identity H1007 Activity Introduction Well hullo there. Today I d like to chat with you about the influence of Europe on American Identity. What do I mean exactly? Well there are certain
More informationChapter 12: Crusades and Culture in the Middle Ages, Lesson 2: The Crusades
Chapter 12: Crusades and Culture in the Middle Ages, 1000 1500 Lesson 2: The Crusades World History Bell Ringer #48 1-23-18 1. Born to a wealthy merchant family, Francis of Assisi A. Used his social status
More informationThe Icons on Glass at Sibiel Preface H.E. Laurentiu Streza Postscript Dorin Oancea
Giovanni Ruggeri The Icons on Glass at Sibiel Preface H.E. Laurentiu Streza Postscript Dorin Oancea THE ZOSIM OANCEA MUSEUM CHAPTER ONE 7 Heaven and Earth of Transylvania How the Icons on Glass were born
More informationThe Fate of the Prophets
The Fate of the Prophets Sermon preached by Rev. Robert Balint at the First Unitarian Universalist Congregation of Ann Arbor, Michigan June 6, 2010 I would like to share with you a story. The story of
More informationThe Role of Traditional Values in Europe's Future
Transcript The Role of Traditional Values in Europe's Future Viktor Orbán Prime Minister of Hungary Chair: Professor Lord Alton of Liverpool 9 October 2013 The views expressed in this document are the
More informationArabic sciences between theory of knowledge and history, Review
Reference: Rashed, Rushdi (2002), "Arabic sciences between theory of knowledge and history" in philosophy and current epoch, no.2, Cairo, Pp. 27-39. Arabic sciences between theory of knowledge and history,
More informationLAUDATIO. the 5 th of November
LAUDATIO To his Eminence Cardinal ZENON GROCHOLEWSKI Prefect of the Congregation for Catholic Education of the Holy See, on the occasion of the Doctor Honoris Causa Award Ceremony the 5 th of November
More informationDBQ: The Middle Ages: Dark Ages, Age of Faith, Age of Feudalism, or a Golden Age? Historical Context
DBQ: The Middle Ages: Dark Ages, Age of Faith, Age of Feudalism, or a Golden Age? Historical Context The Middle Ages in Europe, a period of time from approximately 500-1400 C.E., have been referred to
More informationRecord of Conversation between Aleksandr Yakovlev and Zbigniew Brzezinski, October 31, 1989
Record of Conversation between Aleksandr Yakovlev and Zbigniew Brzezinski, October 31, 1989 Brzezinski: I have a very good impression from this visit to your country. As you probably know, I had an opportunity
More informationBoston College Woods College of Advancing Studies HS08115 European Civilization taking a make-up examination.
Boston College Woods College of Advancing Studies HS08115 European Civilization 1500-1789 Instructor: Martin R. Menke, Ph.D. Office Hours: Before and After Class (Usually, I am in the Advancing Studies
More informationReading 1, Level 7. Traditional Hatred of Judaism
Reading 1, Level 7 Traditional Hatred of Judaism Despite the fact that the term antisemitism was coined at the end of the 1870s, hatred for Jews and Judaism is ancient. As far back as the Hellenist-Roman
More informationINTRODUCTION. THE FIRST TIME Tocqueville met with the English economist Nassau Senior has been recorded by Senior s daughter:
THE FIRST TIME Tocqueville met with the English economist Nassau Senior has been recorded by Senior s daughter: One day in the year 1833 a knock was heard at the door of the Chambers in which Mr. Senior
More informationIntroduction. Studia Judaica 19 (2016), nr 1 (37), s. 5 9
Studia Judaica 19 (2016), nr 1 (37), s. 5 9 The articles in this special issue of Studia Judaica are all based on papers written for the conference Czech-Jewish and Polish-Jewish Studies: (Dis) Similarities,
More informationFr. Prof. Dr. Liviu Stan, Biserica şi Dreptul. Studii de Drept Canonic Ortodox, vol. 6 ( The Church and the Law , Studies of Orthodox Canon Law,
Fr. Prof. Dr. Liviu Stan, Biserica şi Dreptul. Studii de Drept Canonic Ortodox, vol. 6 (The Church and the Law, Studies of Orthodox Canon Law, vol.6), Andreiana Publishing House, ASTRA Museum Publishing
More informationThe Jewish Leadership of the South Bukovina Communities in the. Ghettoes in the Mogilev Region in Transnistria, and its Dealings with
1 Abstract The Jewish Leadership of the South Bukovina Communities in the Ghettoes in the Mogilev Region in Transnistria, and its Dealings with the Romanian Regime 1941-1944 Gali Tibon This paper examines
More informationStudying the life and activity of the clerical and secular personalities in the Bihorian region - understood as a larger area than the current Bihor
SUMMARY During this troubled time in the history of Bihor and neighboring lands, the leaders of the cultural emancipation movement were either clergy or laymen, firmly attached to the Church and their
More informationPerformance Task Causation: Spread of Knowledge
Student Edition Challenge Area 4 Building Block B NAME DATE Performance Task Causation: Spread of Knowledge in Eurasia Goal of task Target concept: I can explain why (causes) Muslims adopted Greek learning
More informationJuly 26, 2009 Mt. Liberty CP Church Page 1
ABRAHAM S FAITH (Romans 4:9-25) INTRODUCTION We are justified by faith. This is the message of Romans 3 and 4. Justification by faith has always been the way God has saved people and it always will. Paul
More informationMinutes of the Meeting between Nicolae Ceausescu, and Mikhail S. Gorbachev, Moscow, 4 December 1989
Minutes of the Meeting between Nicolae Ceausescu, and Mikhail S. Gorbachev, Moscow, 4 December 1989 At the meeting were also present comrades Constantin Dascalescu, Prime Minister of the of the Government
More informationDirectory on the Ecclesiastical Exemption from Listed Building Control
1 Directory on the Ecclesiastical Exemption from Listed Building Control BISHOPS CONFERENCE OF ENGLAND AND WALES MARCH 2001 2 Directory on the Ecclesiastical Exemption from Listed Building Control Note
More informationTitle: BOOK REVIEW: Tropical Zion: General Trujillo, FDR, and the Jews of Sosua, by Allen Wells
Peer Reviewed Title: BOOK REVIEW: Tropical Zion: General Trujillo, FDR, and the Jews of Sosua, by Allen Wells Journal Issue: TRANSIT, 5(1) Author: Allweil, Yael, University of California, Berkeley Publication
More informationMANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE TOURISM FACILITIES WITHIN THE ROMANIAN PILGRIMAGES PLACES
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE TOURISM FACILITIES WITHIN THE ROMANIAN PILGRIMAGES PLACES îrca Alexandra-Maria Babe -Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca Faculty of Economics and Business Administration
More informationSarah Aaronsohn s story is one of personal courage and risk
Sarah Aaronsohn 1890 Zikhron Ya akov, Palestine October 9, 1917 Zikhron Ya akov, Palestine Spy Sarah Aaronsohn s story is one of personal courage and risk to further a cause. A Jewish woman who lived in
More informationTrade, Towns and Financial Revolution
Trade, Towns and Financial Revolution Growing food supply-3 field system farming Fairs and trade-the guilds. Urban splendor reborn -medieval towns flourished, despite their unsanitary conditions. Revival
More informationTHE STRATEGY OF COUNTERATTACKING IN ROMANIAN POLITICAL DISCOURSE
Linguistics 249 THE STRATEGY OF COUNTERATTACKING IN ROMANIAN POLITICAL DISCOURSE Antonia ENACHE Abstract The purpose of the present article is to provide an analysis of the Romanian political discourse;
More informationCET Syllabus of Record
Program: CET Prague Course Title: Modern History of the Jews in East Central Europe Course Code: PR/JWST 250 Total Hours: 45 Recommended Credits: 3 Primary Discipline / Suggested Cross Listings: Jewish
More informationUNITARIAN ACADEMY ANNUAL REPORT 2017
UNITARIAN ACADEMY ANNUAL REPORT 2017 CONTENT 1. Evaluation of activities performed and setting short-term goals 1.1. Unitarian academy in its first year of existence 1.2 Outlook for the coming years 2.
More informationEurope in the Middle Ages. Unit 6
Europe in the Middle Ages Unit 6 Unit Standards Part 1 Europe in the Middle Ages 7.32 Identify the physical location and features of Europe including the Alps, the Ural Mountains, the North European Plain
More informationDBQ FOCUS: The Renaissance
NAME: DATE: CLASS: DBQ FOCUS: The Renaissance Document-Based Question Format Directions: The following question is based on the accompanying Documents (The documents have been edited for the purpose of
More informationBurial Christians, Muslims, and Jews usually bury their dead in a specially designated area called a cemetery. After Christianity became legal,
Burial Christians, Muslims, and Jews usually bury their dead in a specially designated area called a cemetery. After Christianity became legal, Christians buried their dead in the yard around the church.
More informationSAT Essay Prompts (October June 2013 )
SAT Essay Prompts (October 2012 - June 2013 ) June 2013 Our cherished notions of what is equal and what is fair frequently conflict. Democracy presumes that we are all created equal; competition proves
More informationDecreased involvement of the Sultan in the affairs of the state
Decline due to?... Decreased involvement of the Sultan in the affairs of the state Prospective Sultans stop participating in the apprentice training that was supposed to prepare them for the throne (military
More informationTHE RELATION OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC AND GREEK CATHOLIC CHURCHES BETWEEN IN TRANSYLVANIA
Summary THE RELATION OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC AND GREEK CATHOLIC CHURCHES BETWEEN 1867 1948 IN TRANSYLVANIA Key words: Rite, Changing the Rite, Roman Catholic rite, Greek Catholic rite, Catholic Church, bishop,
More informationUnited States Holocaust Memorial Museum
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Interview with Carl Hirsch RG-50.030*0441 PREFACE The following oral history testimony is the result of a taped interview with Carl Hirsch, conducted on behalf of
More informationThe Religious Dimension of Poland s Relations with its Eastern Neighbours.
The Religious Dimension of Poland s Relations with its Eastern Neighbours. By Desmond Brennan Abstract Religion has long played a large role in relations between Poland and its eastern neighbours. Stereotypically,
More informationPolitical Zionism. Dr. Azzam Tamimi Markfield,, 22 February 2003
Political Zionism Dr. Azzam Tamimi Markfield,, 22 February 2003 info@ii-pt.com www.ii-pt.com How & Why? Multitude of factors led to success of political Zionism - regional - international Muslims own
More informationUnfit for the Future
Book Review Unfit for the Future by Persson & Savulescu, New York: Oxford University Press, 2012 Laura Crompton laura.crompton@campus.lmu.de In the book Unfit for the Future Persson and Savulescu portray
More informationI.L. Caragiale National College, 163 Calea Dorobanţilor St., Sector 1, , Bucharest, Romania,
Revista Română de Geografie Politică Year XII, no. 2, November 2010, pp. 351-355 ISSN 1454-2749, E-ISSN 2065-1619 Article no. 122113-205 GEODEMOGRAPHIC REMARKS ON THE REFORMED CULT IN TRANSYLVANIA, 1930-2002
More informationErdogan, Joined Untouchables Tyrants Supporting Erdogan will create unprecedented chaos in the region and will create many versions of ISIS
Erdogan, Joined Untouchables Tyrants Supporting Erdogan will create unprecedented chaos in the region and will create many versions of ISIS The Erdogan military aggression against the Kurds in EFRIN is
More informationStr. Emmanuel de Martonne, nr. 1 PROGRAMME
Str. Emmanuel de Martonne, nr. 1 PROGRAMME The conference is co-organized by Volos Academy for Theological Studies, Romanian Institute for Inter-Orthodox, Inter-Confessional and Inter-Religious Studies/INTER
More informationChildhood. Turin. Coming Close to the Edge. The War. Post-War to America
Introduction 7 Childhood 19 Turin 39 Coming Close to the Edge 61 The War 85 Post-War to America 113 Olivetti to Apple 139 Radical Sottsass 165 Memphis 193 Sottsass Associati 209 Epilogue 233 Index 235
More informationUNIVERSITATEA BABEŞ-BOLYAI CLUJ NAPOCA FACULTATEA DE ISTORIE ŞI FILOSOFIE
UNIVERSITATEA BABEŞ-BOLYAI CLUJ NAPOCA FACULTATEA DE ISTORIE ŞI FILOSOFIE TEZĂ DE DOCTORAT Antisemitismul în imaginarul colectiv în România în secolul XX - SUMMARY - Coordnator ştiinţific Prof. Univ. Dr.
More informationŠVĖKŠNA 'SUN' GYMNASIUM. "Destiny of the Jews in Švėkšna"
ŠVĖKŠNA 'SUN' GYMNASIUM project work "Destiny of the Jews in Švėkšna" Delivery WORK AUTHOR: Gabija Kumetytė (IIa kl.) Foreman: Teacher Daiva Vileikienė [Slide 2]: For the first time Švėkšna Jewish man
More informationFrederick Douglass Academy Global Studies
Frederick Douglass Academy Global Studies 1. One impact Gutenberg's printing press had on western Europe was A) the spread of Martin Luther's ideas B) a decrease in the number of universities C) a decline
More informationPeter Lowy Peter S Lowy - Westfield CEO UCLA Anderson 2013 Commencement Address
Peter Lowy Peter S Lowy - Westfield CEO UCLA Anderson 2013 Commencement Address Peter Lowy: 00:14 Thank you. With an introduction like that, even I get tired, it's quite daunting standing up here speaking
More informationWarm up. Title Assignment in spiral Decline of Feudalism in Europe Page
Warm up Historians divide time into different eras or periods. Each era has specific political, economic, geographic and social characteristics. Some time periods start with one major event, like World
More informationEUROPEAN VALUES AND GEORGIA (IN THE LIGHT OF MERAB MAMARDASHVILI S VIEW)
EUROPEAN VALUES AND GEORGIA (IN THE LIGHT OF MERAB MAMARDASHVILI S VIEW) Dodo (Darejan) Labuchidze, Prof. Grigol Robakidze University, Tbilisi, Georgia Abstract The spectrum of the problems analyzed in
More informationWhat was the significance of the WW2 conferences?
What was the significance of the WW2 conferences? Look at the this photograph carefully and analyse the following: Body Language Facial expressions Mood of the conference A New World Order: Following WW2,
More informationEthnic Churches and German Baptist Culture
EBF Theology and Education Division Symposium Baptist Churches and Changing Society: West European Experience 12-13 August 2011, Elstal, Germany Ethnic Churches and German Baptist Culture Michael Kisskalt
More informationWestern Europe Ch
Western Europe Ch 11 600-1450 Western Europe: After the Fall of Rome Middle Ages or medieval times Between the fall of Roman Empire and the European Renaissance Dark Ages? Divide into the Early Middle
More informationOrthodox Identities in Western Europe: Migration, Settlement and Innovation
2 (2015) Book Review 7 : XL-XLVI Orthodox Identities in Western Europe: Migration, Settlement and Innovation Farnham: Ashgate, 2014. 320 pages, 70, ISBN: 978-1-4094-6754-0. MARIA HÄMMERLI AND JEAN-FRANÇOIS
More informationSPECIAL CONDITIONS: None. THE STUDY PLAN: Studying (33) credit Hours as follows:
STUDY PLAN MASTER IN HISTORY (Thesis Track) Plan Number 2009 T I. GENERAL RULES CONDITIONS: 1.This Plan conforms to the regulations of the general frame of the programs of graduate studies. 2. Areas of
More informationTHE SILENCING OF DISSENT IN THE AUSTRALIAN JEWISH COMMUNITY
THE SILENCING OF DISSENT IN THE AUSTRALIAN JEWISH COMMUNITY By Margot F. Salom Bachelor of Arts (Social Work) A thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Philosophy at The University of Queensland in
More informationHISTORY 119: SYLLABUS THE CRUSADES AND THE NEAR EAST,
HISTORY 119: SYLLABUS THE CRUSADES AND THE NEAR EAST, 1095-1291 Winter Quarter 2010 Professor Humphreys The Crusades are world history, in the sense that almost every major event or process in Eurasia
More informationRevival & Crusades AN AGE OF ACCELERATING CONNECTIONS ( )
Revival & Crusades AN AGE OF ACCELERATING CONNECTIONS (600 1450) From the fall of the Roman Empire 476 C.E. to around 1000 C.E. Europe was in the Dark Ages or Medieval Times. Between 1000 1200 a revival
More information