O;ogkjkfu;ekuka O;k[;ka ehekalk&fl¼kurkeuqiz;ksx%

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O;ogkjkfu;ekuka O;k[;ka ehekalk&fl¼kurkeuqiz;ksx% Deepti Kumari, Anita Rani (Research Scholar) Department of Sanskrit University of Delhi vk/qfud s ;nk ehekalk&'kkl=kl; lùkk,o yqirk tkrk rfleu~ le;s

1 O;ogkjkfu;ekuka O;k[;ka ehekalk&fl¼kurkeuqiz;ksx% Deepti Kumari, Anita Rani (Research Scholar) Department of Sanskrit University of Delhi vk/qfud s ;nk ehekalk&'kkl=kl; lùkk,o yqirk tkrk rfleu~ le;s U;k;ewfrZekdZ.Ms;dkV~tw egksn;% üúúù res o"ksz ^fot; ukjk;.k /Ùks* br;fleu~ izdj.ks iqu% ehekalk&fl¼kurl; egùkka izfrikfnroku~ ;r~& The Mimansa principles of interpretation is part of that great intellectual treasury, but it is distressing to note that apart from the reference to these principles in the judgement of Sir John Edge, the then Chief Justice of Allahabad High Court in Beni Prasad vs. Hardai Bibi 1892 ILR 14 All 67 (FB), a hundred years ago and in some judgements of one of us (M. Katju, J.) there has been almost no utilization of these principles even in our own country. U;k;ewfÙkZ ekdz.ms;dkv~tw% izdj.kuke & fot; ukjk;.k /Ùks (üúúù res o"ksz vkwxlrekls &û res fnols),"k fu.kz;% iqujfi /ez'kkl=kl;kuos"k.kl; egùkka izfrikn;fra ;nk ûøÿ reo"kkzuurja Hkkjr&vkÄ~Xykukef/dkj l tkrlrnk fgunqfo/kouqla/kul; uwruks ;qx% izkjhkra rr% Øe'k%] ^fgunw ykw* br;l; {ks=ks ^fu.kz;&fl¼&fof/%* mùk ok 37

2 ^U;k;k/h'k & Ñr& fof/%* br;l; opzloehkor~a vr% ^izkphu&'kkl=ks"kq* dl;ki;o/kueso uklhr~a U;k;ewfÙkZ% dkv~tw% egksn;% 'kkl=kk.kka iqujoyksdul; egùoa izfrikn;fra ehekalk & fl¼kurs/zez'kkl=kh; kkl=kh; lel;kuka & lek/kue~ ehekalk 'kkl=kl; cgwuka fl¼kurkuka iz;ksxa o;a loz=k /ez'kkl=ks izkiuqe% ;Fkk& vuqokn%] vfrns'k%] vuq"käõ%] miy{k.ke~] vfkzokn%] fodyi%] fu;e%] ifjla[;k izhk`r;%a u dsoya ehekalk& fl¼kurkuka ehekalk& U;k;kukefi iz;ksxks /ez'kkl=ks cgwuka iz'ukukeqùkjkfkze~ Hkofr Le ;Fkk& ek"keqn~x&u;k;%] dfi ty&u;k;%] izfrfuf/%& ifjxzgu;k;%] dkdkf{kxksydu;k; br;kn;%a v/quk fueufyf[krs"kq LFkkus"kq ehekalk&fl¼kurkuka iz;ksx% izn';zrs dfka fof/&{ks=ks lel;kuka lek/kua ehekalk&fl¼kurs% fø;r bfra û- fokkus'ojs.k ;kkoyd;l; ü@þ 59 bfr i L; Vhdk;keFkZoknL; iz;ksx% fø;rsa izlax%& ü@þ br;fleu~ i s izlaxks ;a orzrs ;n~ ;fn lh;tuk jkx}s"khk;su /ez'kkl=kfo#¼ekpjfur rfgz rs n.m~;kn~ f}xq.ka n.ma vgzfura 'kadk& ;kkoyd;su jkx}s"khk;su n.ml; O;oLFkk fø;rsa,"kk O;oLFkk losz"kke~ lh;tukuka Ñrs flr u osfr iz'u% leqnsfr ;rksfg xksre&opukuqlkjs.k 60 czkã.k% dnkfi u n.muh;%a v=ks;a 'kadk ;r~ fda jktk czkã.ka n.mf;rqa ukgzfr\ v=k fo/s% fuf'prfo/kukhkkos fof/nwzf"kr%a lek/kuke~& fokkus'ojs.k 'kadk;k% lek/kua LoVhdk;keFkZoknekè;esu fø;rsa fokkus'ojs.kksp;rs ;Uu xksreopua fof/&okd;a fg rr~a dsoya iz'klk&ija okd;efkzokn,osfr ;kor~a jkxkyykshkk ;kn~okfi Le`R;isrkfndkfj.k%A lh;k% i`fkdi`fkxn.môk fooknkn~f}xq.ka nee~aa (;kk- 2@4) 60 jktk lozl;s"vs czkã.kotze~a ¹(xkSre 11&1)] fokkus'oj (;kk- 2@4)º 38

3 fokkus'ojks odrqfepnfr ;n~ czkã.k&lh;ks u lozfkk n.m~;%a vr% izlrqr&izlaxs (ü@þ) lhkktukuka n.mo;olfkk;ka czkã.kks fi ifjxf.kr%a dkj.ke~& fokkus'ojs.k czkã.kl; n.mfo"k;s izkira okd;a vfkzokn br;qp;rsa vl; dkj.ka bna ;r~ l czkã.ksh;ks eqa fo'ks"kkf/dkja u nkrqfepnfr ;rksfg ;fn czkã.kn.mfo/kua lekira Hkosr~ rnk U;k;r=ka Hkz"Va Hkosr~A czkã.kks fi lh;% lu~ jktkuka le;äõeu=kf;rqegzr;soa vr% vko';da orzrs ;r~ czkã.k&lh;% fef;k& U;k;adqoZu dsoya czkã.krosu u eqp;rsa losz% lh;s% le;d~r;k U;k;ekxks uqorzo;k%a vu;fkk rsnz.ma HkksDrqa luu¼shkkzo;e~a ü- fokkus'ojs.k ;kkoyd;l; O;ogkjkè;k;L; ûþú 62 re i L; Vhdk;keqiy& {k.kekè;esu ^lurku&ghu&l=kh.kke~ n;knfu/kzj.ka* fø;rsa izlax& lurku&ghu&l=kh.kka n;knfu/kzj.kl; lanhksz dffkra ;fn rl;k fookgks czkãfn prqfhkz% fof/fhk% tkr% rnk rl;k /ul; vf/dkjh% rl;k% ifrhkzofr ;fn iqulrl;k iq=;llfur rfgz rk,o /ukf/dkfj.;ks HkoUrqA ije~ mdrfo/hufrfjdr fof/uk fookgks tkr rfgz rl;k% L=kh/ua rl;k ekr&firjks izkiuqr%a 'kadk& v=k euq&opua izkira ;=k of.kzra ;r~ larku&ghu&l=kh.kka e`r;wijkura rklke~ fir`nùka /ua czkã.kliru;k% du;k xềkfra 63 euqopus,"kk 'kadk Hkforqa 'kduksfr ;r~ fda ok =k ^czkã.kh* 'kcn% tkfrfo'ks"kek=kl; cks/d%\ lek/kue~& fokkus'ojs.k mijksdr& 'kadk;k% lek/kuke~ miy{k.ksu fø;rsa 61 u p ^jktk lozl;s"vs czkã.kotze~* bfr (11&1) xksre opukuuczkã.kk n.m;k bfr euro;e~] rl; iza'klkfkzrokr~a (fokk- ;kk- 2@4) 62 viztl=kh/ua HkrqZczkZãkfn"kq prq"ozfia nqfgr`.kka izlwrk pspns"ks"kq fir`xkfe rr~aa (;kkñ 2@145) 63 ^fl=k;klrq ; osf}ùka fi=kk nùka dfkapua czkã.kh r¼jsrdu;k rnir;;l; ok Hkosr~AA (euq- 9@198) ¹foKk- (;kk- 2@145)º 39

4 fokkus'ojs.ks;a O;oLFkk Ñrk ;n~ ^czkã.kh* 'kcn% tkfrfo'ks"kek=kl; Ñrs u iz;qt;rs firq ^czkã.k%* 'kcn% mùketkrs#iy{kda HkofrA vr'p vuir;k;k% ghuo.kzfl=k;% e`r;wijkura rl;k /ua mppoxzliruhuka du;k% izkiuqofura rnuqlkjeuir;os';o.kkz;k /ua rl;k e`r;qijkura rl;k% {kf=k;liru;k% du;k izkiuksfra 64 dkj.ke~& fokkus'oj% miy{k.ksuk=k fo'ks"kekfk± x`êkkfra rrdkyhu&lekts {kf=k;s% os';s'p mpprj& Lrj% lef/xr% L;kr~A iwo± ;ks fo'ks"kkf/dkj% dsoya czkã.kl;klhr~ ref/dkj {kf=k;k% os';k'p pkfi izkirour%a ý- fokkus'ojs.k ;kkoyd;l; ü@ûüø 65 bfr i L; Vhdk;ka izfr"ks/l; vuqiz;ksx fø;rsa izlax& izlaxks ;a orzrs ;n~ ;fn viq=k% ;fn Loxq#tukuka vkk;k U;L; iru;ka iq=keqrikn;fr l iq=k% fi.mnkrk /ukf/dkjh% p HkofrA 'kadk& mi;qzdr& fu;ksxo;olfkkizlaxs iz'kalkfk± euquk ù@ÿü 66 ] ù@ÿý 67 vfi'p euquk ù@ÿù&öø 68 i kfu fu;ksxo;olfkk;k% fuunkfkzeqp;rsa i kfu jfprkfu 64 czkã.kxzg.ka p Js;kstkrsjiy{k.ke~A vr'p {kf=k;kfnjfi ifj{kh.kks os';kns% 'kus% 'kusnkzi;ks ;Fkksn;e~A ¹foKk- (;kk- 2@43)º 65 viq=ks.k ij{ks=ks fu;ksxksrikfnr% lqr%a mhk;ksji;lks fjdfkh fi.mnkrk p /ezr%aa (;kk- 2@127) 66 fø;kh;qixekùor}htkfkza chtkfk± ;Riznh;rsA rl;sg HkfxukS n`"vks chth {ksf=kd,o paa ¹(euq- 9@52) fo- ;kk- 2@127º 67 iqya RoufHkla/k; {ksf=k.kka chftuka rfkka izr;{ka {ksf=k.kkefkks± chtk ksfuxzjh;lhaa ¹(euq- 9@52) fo- ;kk- 2@127)º 68 nsojk}k lfi.mk}k fl=k;k le;ä~fu;qdr;ka iztsfilrkf/xuro;k lurkul; ifj{k;saa (euq- 9@59 fo- ;kk- 2@127) fo/ok;ka fu;qdrlrq /`rkdrks okx;rks fuf'ka,deqrikn;sriq=ka u f}rh;a dfkapuaa (euq- 9@60 fo- ;kk- 2@127) uku;flefuo/ok ukjh fu;ksdro;k f}tkfrfhk%a vu;flefug fu;q tkuk /e± gu;q% lukrue~aa (euq- 9@64 fo- ;kk- 2@127) uks}k fgds"kq eu=ks"kq fu;ksx% dhr;zrs Dofpr~A 40

5 v=k 'kadk HkforqegZfr ;r~ euquk fu;ksxo;olfkk;k% Ñrs iz'kalkred&i kfu fuunkredi kfu p jfprkfua fde=k fodyiks fhker%\ lek/kue~& fokkus'ojs.k v=k fodyiks u LohfØ;rsA ;rksfg fodyisu 'kkl=kl; ikf{kdkizkek.k.;ekirfra vr% fokkus'oj% 'kadk;k% lek/kua izfr"ks/su djksfra è;kro;a ;r~ fof/izfr"ks/;ks% lekucykolfkk;ka,o fodyiks Hkofr ije~ Le`fr"kq fu;ksxl; fuunk of.kzrk vfi p L=kh.kka Ñrs ijiq#"kxeuer;ura xfgzra eu;rsa la;el; p Le`fr"kq iz'kalk of.kzrka 69 vr% v=k fo/s% rqyuk;ka fu"ks/%,oa cyoku~ orzrs vr% fu;ksx% fuf"k¼%,oa,rl; opul; lefkzuk; euquk fu;ksxfuunkijkf.k i ku;fi fokkus'oj mn~/jfra dkj.ke~& v=k izfr"ks/&iz;ksxl; dkj.kfena L;kn~ ;r~ lekts fu;ksx&izfkk veku;k l tkrka vr% VhdkdkjL; le{ks lel;k lhn~ ;r~ dfka 'kkl=kksdr fu;ksxl; [k.mua fouk,o,rke~ izfkkeeku;ka dq;kzr~a vr% ijofrz& /ez'kkl=kdkjk%,rka ijeijka dkyczkáka erok u LohdqoZfUrA fokkus'ojs.k fu;ksxizfkka dfkefi u LohfØ;rsA v=ksda egroiw.k± rf;fena ;r~ izk;'k% 'kkl=k&,dokd;rk;k% fl¼kur eu;rs] ijlij& fojks/l; p ifjgkj% fø;rs] fojks/&ifjgkjfk± u fookgfo/koqdra fo/okosnua iqu%aa (euq- 9@65 fo- ;kk- 2@127) v;a f}tsfgz fo}fn~hk% i'kq/eks± foxfgzr%a euq";k.kkef.k izksdrks osus jkt;a iz'kklfraa (euq- 9@66 fo- ;kk- 2@127) l eghef[kyka Hkq tu~ jktf"kzizoj% iqjka o.kkzuka ladja pøs dkeksigrpsru%aa (euq- 9@67 fo- ;kk- 2@127) rr% izhk`fr ;ks eksgkr~ izehrifrdka fl=k;e~a fu;kst;r;ir;kfkza ra foxgzfur lk/o%aa (euq- 9@68 fo- ;kk- 2@127) 69 u p fofgrizfrf"k¼rokf}dyi bfr euro;e~] fu;ksdr`.kka fuunkjo.kkr~] L=kh/esZ"kq O;fHkpkjL; cgqnks"kjo.kkr~] la;el; iz'klrrokppa (fo-;kk- 2@127) 41

6 Dofpr~ rq fodyiks fi LohfØ;rs fdurq izlrqr& izlaxs fokkus'ojs.k uohu% fl¼kur,o fufez;rsa,rsu fl¼kursu ijofrz&fu;esu iwoz&fu;ekn~ cyoùkja HkofrA ;kkoyd;l; res i s fokkus'ojl; fu;ksxfo"k;s izlrqra izfr"ks/&fl¼kara izks-,l-th- eks/s LoiqLrds 'Studies in the Purva-Mimamsa' br;l; 'Vijyaneshvara and Purva-Mimamsa' br;fleu~ ys[ks lfolrja izfrikfnroku~a 70 vk/qfud ifjizs{;s ehekalk&fl¼kurkuka iz;ksxl; egùkk vk/qfud & ifjizs{;s ehekalk& fl¼kurkuka iz;ksxl; egùkka o;esrsu Kkraq 'kduqe ;n kfi ds"kkafpr~ izdj.kkuka lek/kus ehekalk& fl¼kurk vkjh;ursa oknh& ljnkjeksgeen& valkj%] izfroknh& mùkj&izns'k&'kklua bfr izdj.ke~a 71 mùkj&izns'ks buvjehfm,vfo'o&fo ky;s fyfid};a lekufnols,o fu;qdrehkor~a iz'uks orzrs ;r~ fyfid};ks dks ojh;ku~a ;ks ojh;ku~ l,o ofj"bfyfidks Hkosr~A,rfLeu~ izdj.ks fof/ewzd vklhr~a mùkj&izns'k&buvjehfm;sv& f'k{kk & vf/fu;e% rnkfjr; fufezrs"kq fu;es"osrfleu~ fo"k;s fdefi u izki;rsa r=kso f}rh;kè;k;l; fo/kueflr ;n~ ;fn r`rh;s fu;es vè;kid};l; fu;qfdrjsdfleu~ fnol,o Hkofr rfgz ;ks è;kid% o;lk ojh;ku~ L;kr~ l,o ojh;ku~ eu;sra mijksdr&izdj.ks U;k;ewfÙkZ% ekdz.ms;dkv~twegksn;ks ehekalk&'kkl=kl; ^vfrns'k&fl¼kurl;* iz;ksxedjksr~a vr% l fu.kz;a Ñroku~ ;r~ ;ks fu;eks è;kid;ks% fo"k;s izorzrs] l,o fu;eks fyfid;ksfoz"k;s fi izofrz";rsa ;'p o;lk ojh;ku~ L;kr~ l,o ojh;ku~ eu;sra Vijnanesvera points out that since glorificatory passage condemning Niyoga and praising the celibate life are also there, the prohibition is more powerful than the injunction. He, therefore, decides that this is not a fit case of option , Lab IC 1217 (All) 72 I used the atidesh principle of Mimamsa, and held that the same principle which applies for the teachers should also be applied to clerk, and hence the senior in age would be senior. (M. Katju, Mimamsa Rules of Interpretation, Modern law Publications, New Delhi. Allabahad) 42

7 lanhkz xzafk lwph mikè;k;] xaxkizlkn % ehekalk iznhi] (tsfeuh o`qr ^iwoz&ehekalk* xzufk dk vkykspukred vè;;u)] izdk'kd & VªsDV fohkkx] vk;z lekt pksd] bykgkckn] 1961 mikè;k;] okplifr % ehekalk n'kzu foe'kz] Hkkjrh; fo k izdk'ku] ubz fnyyh] 1976] nkl] MkW- jke izdk'k % ehekalk izes;] lqo`qfr izdk'ku (e;kzfnr)] ubz fnyyh usus] lkseukfk % ehekalk&n'kzu&foe'kz] izfrek izdk'ku] fnyyh] izfke laldj.k] 2008 'kkl=kh] e.mu fej % ehekalk n'kzu (egf"kz tsfeuh izofrzr fopkj 'kkl=k dk lekykspukred vè;;u)] izdk'kd& jes'k cqd fmiks] t;iqja ehekalk n'kzu n laca/h lanhkz xzufk (vaxzst+h) Jha, Ganga Nath : Purva Mimamsa and Dharmashastra, Research Institute Vol. 47, Katju Markandey : Mimamsa Rules of Interpretation, Year of Pub Moghe, S.G. Natraja Ayyar A.S. Sarkar K.L. : Studies in Applied Purva Mimamsa, Ajanta Publications, New Delhi, : Mimamsa Jurisprudence (The Source of Hindu Law), Ganganath Jha Research Institute, Allahabad, : Mimamsa Rules of Interpretation (Collection of Tagore Law Lectures),

8 Shastri, Pashupatinath : Introduction to the Purva Mimamsa, Published by : Ashok Nath Bhattacharya, 41, Bag Bazar Street, Calcutta, Shastri Pashupatinath : Introduction to the Purva Mimamsa, Publisher & Place Chowkhamba Oriental, Varanasi, /ez'kkl=k laca/h lanhkz xzufk (fgunh) flag ';ke ukjk;.k % izkphu Hkkjr esa O;ogkj fof/] Lokfr ifcyds'kul] izfke laldj.k] /ez'kkl=k laca/h lanhkz xzufk (vaxzst+h) Chaube, B.N. Davis Donald R. Derrett, J.D.M. : Principles of Dharamashastra, Allahabad, Law Journal Press, Allahabad, : The Spirit of Hindu Law, Cambridge : Cambridge, University Press, : Essay in Classical and Modern Hindu Law, Vol.- I, E.J. Brill, Leiden, Derrett, J.D.M. : History of Indian Law, E.J. Brill, Lieden, Derrett, J.D.M. Diwan Paras and : Religion, Law and State in India, Faber and Faber, London, 1968 : Modern Hindu Law, 9 th edition, Allahabad Law Diwan Piyushee Agency, Allahabad, 1988 Ghosha, V.N. Ghoshal, V.N. Gupta, V.K. : A History of Indian Political Ideas, Oxford University Press, London, 1959 (reprint) : Hindu Political Theories, Oxford University Press, London, 1927 : Kautiliyan Jurisprundence, B.D. Gupta, Gali Arya Samaj, Bazar Sita Ram, Delhi, 1987 Jha, Ganganath : Hindu Law in its Sources, Indian Press, Allahabad, 1933 Jolly, Julies : History of Hindu Law, W. Thacker and Company, Calcutta,

9 Kane, P.V. : History of Dharamashastra, Vol. III, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona, Lariviere, Richard W. : (Ed.) Studies in Dharmashastras, Firma K.L.M., Calcutta, Lingat, Robert : The Classical Law of India (translated by J.D.M. Derrett) 1 st Indian edition, Thomson Press, New Delhi, 1973 Mani, B.N. : Laws of the Dharmashastra, Navrang, New Delhi,

dkuwu dh O;k[;k esa ehekalk fl¼karksa dk vuqiz;ksx

dkuwu dh O;k[;k esa ehekalk fl¼karksa dk vuqiz;ksx Deepti Kumari dkuwu dh O;k[;k esa ehekalk fl¼kurksa dk vksfpr;,oa egùo blh ckr ls tkuk tk ldrk gs fd 200 esa Hkkjr dh lokszpp U;k;ky; dh,d [k.mihb us