Historical network analysis can be used to construct a social network of 19th- century evolu9onists

Transcription

1 Historical network analysis can be used to construct a social network of 19th- century evolu9onists Ma#his Krischel (1), Heiner Fangerau (2) Ins8tute of the History, Philosophy and Ethics of Medicine (1) RWTH Aachen University, (2) Ulm University

2 Historical network analysis can be used to construct a social network of 19th- century evolu9onists 1. Introduc8on: Evolu8on and Classifica8on in 19th- century Linguis8cs and Biology 2. Data Acquisi8on and Construc8on of the Network: Actors, Sources, Methodological Challenges and Classifica8on of Rela8onships 3. A Social Network of 19th- century Evolu8onists 4. Conclusion

3

4 Augus8n Augier: Arbre Botanique, 1801 Felix Gallet, ca. 1800

5 August Schleicher ( ) Ernst Haeckel ( ) Wilhelm Bleek ( )

6 Charles Darwin [W]e know nothing about the origin or history Of this of any volume, of our only domes8c here and breeds. there But, a short in fact, chapter a breed, has been like a preserved, dialect of a and language, of each page, can only hardly here be and said there to have a few had lines. a definite Each word of the origin. slowly- changing language, more or less different Charles in the Darwin: successive Origin chapters, of Species, may ch. represent 1 the forms of life, which are entombed in our Rudimentary organs may be compared consecu8ve forma8ons, and which falsely appear with the le#ers in a word, s8ll retained in to have been abruptly introduced. On this view the spelling, but become useless in the difficul8es above discussed are greatly pronuncia8on, but which serve as a clue diminished or even disappear. in seeking for its deriva8on. Charles Darwin: Origin of Species, ch. 10 Charles Darwin: Origin of Species, ch. 13

7 Friedrich Max Müller As Max Müller has well remarked: "A struggle for life is constantly going on amongst the words and gramma8cal forms in each language. The be#er, the shorter, the easier forms are constantly gaining the upper hand, and they owe their success to their own inherent virtue." To these more important causes of the survival of certain words, mere novelty may, I think, be added; for there is in the mind of man a strong love for slight changes in all things. The survival or preserva8on of certain favoured words in the struggle for existence is natural selec8on. Charles Darwin: Descent of Man, p. 60

8

9

10 Actors/Nodes (n=28) Anthropologists Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, Francis Galton, Herbert Spencer, Rudolf Virchow, Adolf Bas8an, Franz Boas, Lewis Henry Morgan Biologists Jean Bap8ste de Lamarck, Charles Darwin, Alexander von Humboldt, Ernst Haeckel, Thomas Henry Huxley, Georg Foster, Julius Victor Carus, Alfred Russel Wallace, Clémence Royer Linguists William Jones, Wilhelm Immanuel Bleek, August Schleicher, Jacob Grimm, Wilhelm von Humboldt, Friedrich Max Müller, Franz Bopp, Wilhelm Grimm, Rasmus Rask, Edward Sapir Other Thomas Malthus, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

11

12 Types and Number of Rela9onships between Actors (n=223) 1. Correspondence (e.g. Le#er from Darwin to Haeckel): Type K (n=33) 2. Cita8on (e.g. Darwin cites Müller): Type Z (n=61) 3. Common Membership (e.g. Schleicher and Haeckel were both faculty members at the University of Jena): Type M (n=54) 4. Personal Rela8onship (e.g. Bleek was Haeckel s son- in- law): Type P (n=34) 5. Intellectual Reference (e.g. Huxley men8ons Virchow in a le#er to Darwin): Type I (n=41)

13 Types of sources 1. Biographical Compendia (Hirsch, DSB, New DSB) 2. Secondary Historical Literature, Biographies 3. Le#ers (Darwin Correspondence Project, Kaliope) 4. Publica8ons by Actors

14

15

16

17

18 Type K (n=33)

19 Type Z (n=61)

20 Type M (n=54)

21 Type P (n=34)

22 Type I (n=41)

23 Type K +M+Z (n=148)

24

25 Cluster

26

27

28 Further Reading M Krischel, H Fangerau (2013) Historical Network Analysis can be used to construct a Social Network of 19th- century Evolu8onists. In: H Fangerau, H Geisler, T Halling, W Mar8n (Eds) Evolu8on and Classifica8on in Biology, Linguis8cs and the History of Science. Steiner, Stu#gart (in print) Ma#his Krischel (mkrischel@ukaachen.de) Heiner Fangerau (heiner.fangerau@uni- ulm.de)