1/23/2017. Rise of the Byzantine Empire. Trier, Germany. Begins with Division of Roman Empire -- Diocletian AD*

Transcription

1 Rise of the Byzantine Empire Begins with Division of Roman Empire -- Diocletian AD* Germanic Invasions Frontiers Not Secure *Note: Majority of invasions are in the Western part of the Roman Empire 1 *Note: Diocletian begins last (and worst) persecution of Christians Tetrarchy Created (rule by the four) Western Roman Empire Capital Milan (Augustus) Trier (Caesar) (Constantine) Eastern Roman Empire Capital Nicomedia (Augustus) (Diocletian) Thessalonica (Caesar) 2 Trier, Germany Seamless Robe of Christ Documented from 12 th Century St Helena? Trier Cathedral (Dom) Reliquary of the Robe 3 1

2 Constantine Comes to Power 306AD (Mother is St. Helena) Defeats Maxentius at Battle of Milvian Bridge -312 AD Hoc signo vince (By this sign win your victory) Edict of Milan 313 AD = Christianity is a LEGAL religion 4 Constantine Becomes sole emperor by 324 AD Decides to build new capital in the east (escape invasions) Byzantium Greek trading colony New capital is opened 330 AD = Constantinople ( Constantinpolis ) 5 Constantinople develops *East / West Crossroads by land *North / South Crossroads by sea Trade! 6 2

3 7 Constantine s original walls, reinforced by Theodosius double walls in 5 th century Length was 13 miles with 50 towers 8 Western Roman Empire Collapses in 476 Christian Church (Pope/ papa ) remains in Rome Accepts leadership role in west Retains Latin Roman Catholicism develops St. Peter s Basilica From Constantine Eastern Roman Empire continues Still Known as Roman Empire (Consider themselves to be Roman) Since 16 th Century known as Byzantine Empire Cultural Blend of Greek, Roman (Latin) and Persian Cultures Greek eventually becomes the dominant language Distinctive form of Christianity develops Eastern Orthodox 9 3

4 Byzantium and the West Western Roman Empire now ruled by barbarian successor states. Many adopted Christianity (Orthodox / Arian) Gaul occupied by the Franks -- Clovis Ostragoths (Ost = East) occupy Italy Ravenna is their capital. Ruled by Theodoric Arian Christian Theodoric s Sarcophagus and Tomb (Ravenna) Vandals occupy North Africa Early 6 th century Byzantium attempts to reclaim parts of the west 10 Justinian Humble origins (Balkans) Uncle Emperor Justin I Marries Theodora (19 years younger) actress / beautiful / smart Ultimate dynamic power couple of Byzantine age shared power saved Justinian in 532 during the Nika revolt Justinian Humble origins (Balkans) Uncle Emperor Justin I Marries Theodora (19 years younger) actress / beautiful / smart Ultimate dynamic power couple of Byzantine age shared power Basilica of St. Vitale +548 A.D. saved Justinian in 532 during the Nika revolt Each supports the other both have their own courts regal lifestyle Where have you seen this picture? Ravenna Justinian Theodora 12 4

5 Ravenna = Best Preserved Byzantine Mosaics in the World Constantinople s Mosaics destroyed by war Greek and Roman Mosaics were usually built/placed into the floor. Byzantine Mosaics were usually built/placed into the wall th Century Byzantine Mosaics 11 th Century Byzantine Mosaics 13 th Century Byzantine Mosaics 14 Basilica of St. Vitale +548 A.D. 15 5

6 St. Apollinare in Classe +549 A.D Basilica of St. Vitale = 548 A.D. Byzantine Architecture (Greek & Roman) 18 6

7 National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception Washington, D.C. Byzantine Architecture 19 Under Justinian Byzantines attempt to regain parts of the old Western Roman Empire General Belisarius Regains parts of North Africa Carthage 533 Regains Italy Ravenna capital* Regains part of Spain 554 Maintain control of portions of these areas for 200+ years. Greatest Extent of Byzantine Empire *Ravenna Mosaics best preserved of all Byzantine art. 20 Constantinople is considered to be one of the most beautiful cities in the world Considered to be the center of knowledge inherited from the Greeks and the Romans 21 7

8 Justinian Dies in 565 Gains in the West begin to be lost 22 Greek Fire 23 Justinian s Code of Laws Roman law codes accumulated for 1,000 years Never organized into a useful system Under Tribonian updated legal system Corpus of Civil Law Justinian Code Become the basis for the majority of European legal codes What one State in the United States uses a form of the Justinian Code as a basis for their laws? Answer: Louisiana 24 8

9 Justinian and the Church Construction of the Church of Hagia Sophia ( Holy Wisdom ) (5 years to build!) Largest Christian / Catholic church for 1,000 years! Western Europe Abbey of Cluny was the largest Catholic church. St. Peter s Basilica became the largest church in the 17 th century. Became a mosque! Today it is a museum! 25 Byzantine Emperors and the Church Heavily involved in church affairs. Appoint the Patriarch (Bishop) of Constantinople Majority of the people are involved in religion Dispute over Icons (Images) Images = God, Jesus, Saints Bible = Do not worship Images vs. Icons = Symbols of God & Saints Iconoclast ( Image Breaker ) Controversy (726 A.D.) Emperor Leo III Removal of Icons from churches Pope Gregory II Supported the use of Icons in churches Conflict between east and west Council of Nicaea 787 A.D. icons were allowed no statues. 26 Byzantine Emperor in Conflict with Roman Pope Early Christian Church Five Patriarchs (Bishops) Rome, Jerusalem, Constantinople, Antioch, Alexandria Originally the local people appoint the Bishop Rome and Constantinople most powerful / influential Byzantine Emperor influences (appoints) the Patriarch of Constantinople Tries to influence the Pope give protection No ruler in west to direct Pope (He does as he feels necessary) 27 9

10 Byzantine Emperor in Conflict with Roman Pope (con t) Lombards invade Italy in 700 s A.D. Byzantine Emperor cannot protect Pope Pope turns to Franks for help / protection Frankish kings come to Italy Subdue Lombards Crown Charlemagne Emperor Difference increase politically and spiritually 28 Great Schism (Split) 1054 Eastern Catholic (Orthodox / Greek) Church splits from Western (Roman / Latin) Church No longer recognizes authority of the Pope 29 Byzantine Economy Trade / Crossroads / Central location River networks / Seaways Northern goods furs / wood products Eastern goods spices / silks / precious goods Silk Industry develops in Constantinople Education Universities develop 850 A.D. Study for church and government jobs Religious and classical subjects Preserve ancient works of the early Greeks and Romans 30 10

11 Monasteries St Catherine s Monastery (Begun 527A.D.) One of the World s earliest Mt. Sinai, Egypt Seek Isolation from the world Get closer to God Preserve Knowledge Influence development of Western monasticism Illuminated Manuscripts 31 St. Simon Stylites the Elder A.D. (39 years on a platform at the top of a pillar) Monastery in Syria St. Simon Stylites the Younger A.D. (68 years on a platform at the top of a pillar) Monastery in Antakya, Turkey 32 Spread of Christianity Missionaries St. Cyril & St. Methodius Apostles to the Slavs Cyrillic Alphabet Development of monasticism Mono = One/Alone 33 11

12 Major Events Hasten the Decline of the Byzantine Empire Islamic Arab attacks beginning 630 s A.D. Norman Seizure of Southern Italy 1071 Battle of Manzikert 1071 Byzantines vs. Seljuk Turks Byzantine Army decisively defeated Capture of Constantinople th Crusade Venetians Trade Rivals Latin Kingdom ( ) 34 Seljuk Turks From area north of Turkey, Aral & Caspian Seas Enter service of the Abbasid Caliphs Begin to encroach on Byzantines in the east Nomadic horse archers 35 Seljuk leader Alp Arslan captures the Byzantine Emperor Romanus IV Alp Arslan: "What would you do if I were brought before you as a prisoner?" Romanus: "Perhaps I'd kill you, or exhibit you in the streets of Constantinople." Alp Arslan: "My punishment is far heavier. I forgive you, and set you free." 36 12

13 37 Ottoman Turks Siege of Constantinople 1453 Sultan Mahmet II Spared the Hagia Sophia 39 13

14 Development of other Bordering Kingdoms Attacked by Herds of? Armenia: First officially Christian Country in the world Will establish independent kingdom during the Crusades Georgia: Middle of the Silk Road Short period of independence during the crusades Bulgaria: Influenced by Byzantines Occupied by Ottoman Turks Serbia: Develop in the Balkans Adopt Eastern Orthodox Christianity Battle of Kosovo 1389 Under Ottoman control 500 years Battle of Hungary Development of the Slavic East and Russia Dnieper River (North South Commerce Route) Steppes Vast Plains (Short Agriculture Season) Heavily Wooded Forests in Parts Little Urbanization Poor Transportation Network Three Slavic Groups West Slavs (Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia) Latin/Western South Slavs (Balkans = Serbs, Croats, Slovenes) Latin/West & Orthodox/East East Slavs Largest (Russians, Ukraine, Byelorussians) Orthodox/East Harsh Life / Brutal Winters / great use of Wood / Live off the Land 41 Primary Chronicle Documents the early history of Russia Begins in the north Novgorod Seeks order and protection Invites (for a second time) the Varangians (Scandinavians) Viking leader Rurik = Slavs called them the Rus Novgorod important for northern trade Novgorod controlled by assemblies of the people Primary Chronicle Written 1100 A.D

15 Early Novgorod Oleg of Novgorod conquers Kiev to the south Dnieper River Location important for trade Kiev = Mother of Eastern Slavic Cities The Kievian Rus are ruled by Grand Princes Raid Constantinople Treaty 911 A.D. Kiev becomes a collection of city-states Wealthy merchants and nobles / Boyars The First Russian State = Kiev 45 15

16 Olga and the Drevlianians; 945 A.D. 46 Christianity arrives in Russia Olga First to Accept Christianity (Eastern) Grandson Vladimir Grand Prince of Kiev Kievan ruler who accepts Christianity for the Slavic people Impact: Russians adopt Orthodox faith and Byzantine Practices Kiev / Russia becomes more isolated from the West 47 Vladimir Expands the Borders of Kievan Rus 48 16

17 Golden Age of Kiev After Vladimir s reign, his son Yaroslav comes to power Kiev enters what is called the Golden Age of Kiev Culture develops that follows example of Byzantines Library Legal system Political marriages daughters Trade flourishes After Yaroslav s death No clear line of succession Internal fighting Begins to decline Trade declines problems in Constantinople (Latin s) 49 Mongols Arrive at Europe s Doorstep

18 Mongols Sack and Destroy Kiev 1240 Kiev looses importance for many decades 52 Mongols Sack and Destroy Baghdad; Home of the Islamic Abbasid Dynasty 53 Mongols never conquer Novgorod in North Mongol Rule of Russia Lasts for approximately 200 years Mongol culture does not contribute to Russia All advances of the Kievan society were erased Use many Russians to work for them collect taxes Some Russian city-states begin to rise in power/status Moscow of note Many from Kiev and other city-states under Mongol control move to Novgorod Novgorod becomes independent Builds trade network Comes into conflict with West Walls of Novgorod 54 18

19 Invasions of Early Russia Teutonic Knights Roman Catholicism vs. Eastern Orthodox Economic? Nazi Germany 55 Alexander, Prince of Novgorod Prince of Novgorod in early 13 th century Defeats Swedes at Neva River in 1240 Becomes known as Alexander Nevsky (of the Neva ) Defeats German Teutonic Knights in 1242 Ensures prosperity for Novgorod Alexander Nevsky becomes client ruler for Mongols Son Daniel moves to Moscow, becomes ruler Daniel is client ruler for Mongols

20 Alexander Nevsky recaptures Crusader castle and town of Koporye in Second great battle between west and Novgorod Teutonic Knights vs. Russian city-state of Novgorod under Alexander Nevsky Teutonic Knights emerged during the Crusades in the Holy Land Teutonic Knights will later serve as the model for Nazi Germany in the 1930 s 59 Battle begins at the territorial frontiers 60 20

21 Crusaders Nevsky s Forces 61 Nevsky uses Turko - Mongol mercenaries Horse archers to defeat Crusaders

22 Bishop Hermann of Tartu Commander of the Crusader forces Majority of Crusader forces managed to escape Result: No further invasions from Europeans Novgorod develops a strong trade network and becomes the major city-state in the North of Russia Joins the Hanseatic League with access to Western markets 64 Emergence of Moscow as Successor to Kiev Daniel Nevsky early ruler Moscow is under Mongol oversight Ivan I emerges as leader (son of Daniel Nevsky) Moscow s princes collect taxes, support the Mongol policies, known as Money Bag Ivan s control of area expands In 1380 Mongols begin to suffer defeats By 1480 Mongols rule / presence is ended Rise of Ivan III (the Great) Expands the borders of Moscow Brings Novgorod under Moscow s control 65 The City of Moscow / The Third Rome After the fall of Constantinople (1453) center of the Eastern Orthodox Church Ivan III marries a Byzantine princess successor of the Roman s Symbol of Russia = Double Headed Eagle Rulers adopt the title Czar (Caesar) City Plan of Moscow Greek and Latin (Byzantine) influences are found in Moscow However, a unique Russian culture emerges that is reflected in the Slavic language, buildings, religion, arts (icons) Russian Orthodox religion stresses obedience to the Czar as God s representative on earth