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1 ก Orientalism ก Orientalism 1 ก 1978 ก ก ก ก ก ก ( ก?) ก ก ก Orientalism ก ก กก Postmodernism ก ก Orientalism ก ก ก กก Orientalism ก ก ก ก ก - Orientalism ก ก Orientalism ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (Being white, priviledged, insensitive and complicit Orientalism ก ก ก ก (Colonized Subject) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (Methodology) ( Epistemological ) ( ) ก ก Orientalism ก ก ก ก 1 Edward Said, Orientalism : Western Conceptions of the Orient, Penquin Books, 1995.

2 ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ( School of Oriental and African Studies SOAS) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก กก ก ก ( Post-Colonial Studies, Postcolonial discourse, Colonial discourse analysis) ก ก ก ก (Postcolonial criticism) ก (Postcolonial works) ก ก ก ก Orientalism ก ก กก ก ก Orientalism ก ก Orientalism ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก Orientalism ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ( ) ก ก Orientalism ก ก ก กก ก ก Orientalism ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก Orientalism ก ก ก กก ก ก ก ก ก (Partisan, engaged and militant) ก ก ก ก Orientalism ก ก ก ( to reduce the effects of imperialist shackles on thought and human relations.)

3 ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (Oriental Studies) ก ก กก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก Orientalism ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ( ก ก ) ก กก ก ก กก ก ก (I) Orientalism Orientalism Orientalism ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (The Orient) ก ก ก ก (The Orientalists) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (Oriental Studies) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก Orientalism ก ก ก (stereotype) ก ก (oriental psyche) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก

4 ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (Representation) ก ก ก ก ก ก กก ก (Discourse) ก ก ก (Orientalism) ก ก ก Orientalism 2 ก ก ก ก (dominating) (restructuring) ก ก ก Orientalism ก ก ก ก กก ก ก ก ก กก ก ก กก ก ก ก ก Orientalism Orientalism ก ก (Orientalism) ก ก ก Orientalism ( ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก : repetitive (a mise-en-abyme) repetition effect ) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก 2 J.M. MacKenzie (1995) Orientalism ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก Dennis Porter, Orientalism and Its Problem in P. Williams et L. Chrisman (eds.) (1994 : ).

5 ก Orientalism ก Orientalism ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก Orientalism ก ก (1) ก ก ก ก ก Orientalism ก ก ก ก ก ก กก ก ก ก ก ก (2) ก Orientalism ก ก ( Other, Otherness ) ก (3) Orientalism ก ก ก ก ก (Area Studies) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก กก ก ก (4) Orientalism ก ก ก ก (Falsification) ก ก ก ก ก Orientalism ก ก ก ก ก (Foucault) ก (5) Orientalism ก ก (Signified) ก ก ก ( Subtext ) ก ก ก ก ก Orientalism ก ก ก ( The Signifier ) ก ก ก ( The Signified ) ก Orientalism ก Self Signification (6) Orientalism ก ( Representation ) ก ก ก ก

6 ( Misrepresentation ) กก ก ก ก (II) To Disorientalize Orientalism To orientalize ก ก Orientalism ก ก ก Orientalism ก ก 2 ก ก (1) กก ก ก ก ก (Foucault) ก (Discourse) Archaeology of Knowledge Discipline and Punish Archaeology of Knowledge ก ก ก ก ก ก (Madness and Civilization) ก Orientalism ก ก ก ก ก กก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก กก ก กก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก

7 ( ก ก ) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก กก ก ก ก ( ) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก กก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก กก ก ก ก ก Orientalism ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก Orientalism

8 ก กก ก ก ก ก ก ก ( ก ก ก ) ก ก ก ก ก Orientalism ก Orientalism ก ก ( ) ก กก ก ก ก ก Orientalism ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก Orientalism ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก Orientalism ก ก ก ก ก ก (on empirical ground) The Orient ก ก ก ก ก The Orient ก ( Discourse 3 ก ) ก (Representations) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก กก กก ก ( ก ก ก ก ก ) ก ก The Orient ก ก ( My analysis of the Orientalist text therefore places emphasis on the evidence for such representations as representations, not as natural depictions of the Orient. ) 3 ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (Edgar et Sedgwick (eds.), (1999 : 117) (discourse as a system of representation) ก ก Stuart Hall. Foucault : Power, Knowledge and Discourse in M. Wetherell et al (eds.) (2001 : 72-81) Paul A. Bove, Discourse in Frank Lentricchia et Thomas McLaughlin (eds.), (1990 : 50-65).

9 ก ก ก ก ก ก ก Representations ก ( The exteriority ) (truths) representations ก ก ก ก ก Orientalism ก ก ก ก ก ก (The Orientalists) ก ก ก กก ก ก ก Mohammedan ก ก ก ก กก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (Stereotype) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก กก ก Karma Cola Gita Mehta ก ก ( ) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก กก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก 5,000 ก (IT s how I always dreamed India would be 4 4 ก The upmarket Indian hoteliers didn t try to make India a home away from home. They set out to show that India was Infinitely ore glamorous than anything at home. In an explosion of invention, they invited the tour experts for a day in the country, a slice of the real India. Air-conditioned coaches transported the delegates from their five-star hotels to a huge farm on the outskirts of Delhi. The guests were received at the gates of the farm by two men mounted on camels and dressed in the regimental uniform of the Camel Corps of India. As the delegates entered the

10 ก ก ก ก ก ก Orientalized India ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก Orientalism ก ก ก ก ก The Orient ก ก The Orient ( Orientalism) ก ก ก Orientalism Orientalism ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (Discourse v.s. Discourse) (Objectivism) ก ก ก ก ก ก ( ) (Postmodernism) ก ก ก Orientalism ก ก ก ก ก Orientalism ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (i) (Truth) Truth ก T t (ii) ก (Grand Narrative) (iii) ก (Emanoipation) (Enlightenment) ก gates, they were greeted in the traditional manner by Indian women in colorful costumes, who splashed the visitors with rose water and pressed caste marks onto their foreheads. Beyond the women stood elephants, with howdahs swaying on their backs. Behind the elephants were snake charmers, jugglers, puppeteers, and at every turn the five thousands international hoteliers and tour organizers were met by folk dancers from different parts of India, doing boisterous dances to the music of traveling musicians. If anyone was bored by the splendor of the reception, the hospitable host consoled them with a choice of the finest cuisines and stimulants of three continents. (.16)

11 ก ก (Privileged position (iv) ก ก ก ก 4 ก Orientalism ก (i) (ii) ก (iii) ก ก ก (iv) Orientalism ก ก (i) (ii) ก (iv) ก (iii) (2) ก ก (ก) ก ก Orientalism ก ก ก (The Orient) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ( ก ก ก กก ก ก ก) กก ก ก (Orientalists) ก ก (a unified whole) ก กก ก ก ( ก ก ก ก 5 ) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (Metamorphosis) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (T.E. Lawrence) (Orwell) (Sacy) (Flaubert) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก 5 ก ก (Postcolonialism) ก

12 ก ก ก IsIam and Capitalism Mohammed Maxime Rodinson ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (represent) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (Oriental Studies) ก Oreintalism ก ก (Homeogeneous) (misrepresent) ก ก ก (misrepresent) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (Generalization) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก Orientalism ก ก ก ก ( ก ) ก ก ก ( ก ก ก ) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (Dichotomy) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก กก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ( ) ก ก ก ก Orientalism ก ก ก Orientalism ก ก Orientalism Orientalism ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก Orientalism (A Construct) Orientalism ก ก ก กก ก ก ก ก ( ก

13 ก ก ก ก ) ก ก ก ( ก ก ก ก ก ) ( ) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (Mansfield Park) (Jane Austen) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก 6 ก ( ก ) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (Author s Intention) ก ก (Reader s Response) ก Orientalism ก ( ก ) ( ก ) ก Orientalism has become several different books. ก 6 Having read Mansfield park as part of the structure of an expanding imperialist venture, one cannot simply restore to the canon of breat literary masterpicces and leave it at that. Rather, I think, the novel steadily, if unobtrusively, opens up a broad expanse of domestic imperialist culture without which Britain s subsequent acquisition of territory would not have been possible. Edward Said (1994 : 114) ก ก Having read Mansfield Park to illustrate a type of analysis infrequently encountered in mainstream interpretations, or for that matter in readings rigorously based in one or another of the advanced theoretical schools. Yet only in the global perspective implied by Jane Austin and her characters can the novel s quite astonishing general position be made clear it bears stressing that (because) Mansfield Park connects the actualities of British power overseas to the domestic imbroglio within the Bertram extate, in reading it carefully, we can sense how ideas about dependent races and territories were held both by foreign-office executives, colonial bureaucrats, and military strategists and by intelligent novel-readers

14 ก ก ก ก ก ก Orientalism ก discourse paradigm code ก ก 7 ก ( ก ก ) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก กก ( Double Standard ) ก ก 1 ก 2 (1) : Author s Intention (Orientalists) ก : Reader s Response (Said) (2) : Author s Intention (Said) ก : Reader s Response (Readers/Translators/Gritics of Orientalism) (1) (2) (1) ก ก ก (1) (2) (2) ก (1) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก 7 It was possible to show that just as one could advance an epistemological critique from within the Western tradition, so too could one do it from within the Arabic tradition

15 ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ( ก ) ก ก ก ก ( ) ก ก ก ( ก ) ก ก ก ก Mansfield Park ก Pride and Prejudice Sense and Sensibility ก ก ก ก Mansfield Park ก ก ก ก (Sub-plot) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก Jane Austin and Empire ก ก ก 7 ก ก ก (2) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (George Eliot) (Reina Lewis) 8 ก Orientalism ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (Charles Dickens) ก ก ก ก ก ก ( ก ) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ( ก ก ก ) ก DNA ก Discourse ก ก ก ก ก ก กก ก ก 8 Reina Lewis, Gendering Orientalism, Routledge, London, 1996.

16 (III) Post-Said Proposal ก ก Orientalism ก ก ก Postcolonialism ก ก ก ก 25 ก ก ก ก ก ก 2 (1) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (Eurocentrism) ก ก ก ก ก ก (Bangkok-centrism) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก กก ก ก ( ก ก ) ก ก ก (Chiangmai-centrism) ก ก ก (Phitsunulok-centrism) ก ก ก ( ) ก? ก ก ก ก (Feminism) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (De-Centering) - ก ก ก ก ก ก (Samir Amin) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ( ก ก ) ก ก

17 ก ก ก (Eurocentricism) ก ก ก 9 (2) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก hybrid and heterogeneous (Said : 348) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก 4 ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (Aldous Huxley) (William Butler Yeats) 19 ก ก ก ก ก ก 10 9 It is necessary to pursue debate and not to avoid it on the grounds that the views that anyone forms about others are and always be false : that the French will never understand the Chinese (and vice versa), that men will never understand women, etc; or, in other words, that there is no human species, but only people. Instead, the claim is made that only Europeans can truly understand Europe, Chinese China, Chiristians Christianity, and Moslems IsIam; the Eurocentricism of one group is completed by the inverted Eurocentricm of others. Quoted in Sandra Harding (1991). 10 ก (Gita Mehta) Karma Cola ก ก ก ก ก ก Earlier in the century the Brahmins of Western intwllectual thought had paved the way. Aldous Huxley had struggled with Vedanta and dared to expand his mind. William Butler Yeats, while collaborating on a translation of The Upanishads had found in that East something ancestral in ourselves, something we must bring into the light. These were the thoughts of the highest caste, the scholar, deliberating on laguage, meaning and despair. (.67)

18 ก ก ก ก ก Acculturation ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก กก Orientalism ก ก ก ก Orientalism ก ก ก ก ก ก Orientalism ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก Orientalism Orientalism ก ก ก ก ก ก J.M. MacKenzie (1995) A.L.Macfie (2002) ก ก ก ก Orientalism ก ก ก Orientalism ก ก ก ก ( ) ก

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