Critiquing the Western Account of India Studies within a Comparative Science of Cultures
|
|
- Felicia May
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Critiquing the Western Account of India Studies within a Comparative Science of Cultures Shah, P The final publication is available at Springer via For additional information about this publication click this link. Information about this research object was correct at the time of download; we occasionally make corrections to records, please therefore check the published record when citing. For more information contact scholarlycommunications@qmul.ac.uk
2 S.N. Balagangadhara, The Heathen in his Blindness: Asia, the West and the Dynamic of Religion. 2 nd ed. New Delhi: Manohar, 2005 (1994). xii pages. S.N. Balagangadhara, Reconceptualizing India Studies. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, pages. Much of The Heathen and Reconceptualizing are devoted to uncovering how the West produces knowledge of the world in general and about India in particular. Balagangadhara argues that it is necessary to dissect how the West experiences the world in order to clear the ground before the contribution of Indian culture can be assessed. For a few hundred years, academic contexts have been dominated by questions Europe has asked. This way of asking questions means that it has not asked questions in other ways. Whether adopted by Western intellectuals or non-western intellectuals, who parasitically formulate problems according to it, that way is tied to Western culture. Only by understanding this can we discover how Indians could ask different questions, and what contribution Indian culture can make. Balagangadhara s work establishes how little we understand Western culture. Speaking a Western language does not mean we understand what it is. Balagangadhara s research programme is centred on founding a comparative science of cultures. For him, a culture is how a particular social group, as it goes about in the world, generates a process of learning as well as a process of learning to learn (meta-learning). What distinguishes and gives shape to a culture are the ways of learning and meta-learning that dominate and crystallise, structuring its way of going about. These learning processes dovetail into teaching processes so that they can be transmitted to future generations. The structuring of such processes stabilizes over a period of centuries, and cultural differences are tied to these configurations of learning. As The Heathen discusses, for the West, religion lends structure to its way of going about in the world. Religion generates the dominance of theoretical knowledge and creates a way of going-about predominantly guided by knowingabout. For Indian culture, ritual lends identity to its configuration of learning, this culture imparts practical knowledge, and performative knowledge dominates there. In Reconceptualizing, Balagangadhara elaborates what it means to be cultural, showing how this adjectival use allows us to individuate culture when considering how a person uses the resources of his socialization. The difference between individuals is a cultural difference if it entails a specific way of using the resources of socialization. This allows distinguishing what is a cultural as opposed to a psychological or social difference. In Reconceptualizing, this is the opening for Balagangadhara to embark on a series of case studies evaluating how the encounter between Western and Indian culture tells us something important about both. Produced nearly two decades earlier, The Heathen meditates on the same question through the problem of religion and, specifically, the claim that religion is a cultural universal. In The Heathen, Balagangadhara furnishes a major set of insights, identifying key components of Western culture through his study of religion, and demonstrating their importance in structuring the Western experience. He persuasively shows that there is a discontinuity of epistemology between Western and the pagan cultures of Greece, Rome and India. It is the kind of epistemological discontinuity that depends on very different configurations of learning. The key is religion. Religion is an explanatory intelligible account of itself and the cosmos. As such religion fuses a causal and an intentional account. The reason why the universe came about is because God intended it to be so. God s intention is also the reason why religion came about. Judaism, Christianity and Islam share such a claim, which is why they are the only instances of religion we have. They are also the best instance of what a worldview is; it seems that only religions have worldviews. Those who have religion think 1
3 that other cultures have rival religions, whether or not they have religion at all. As the West explored, colonized and expanded, religions were found elsewhere. This did not depend on empirical investigation; Westerners found what they already expected to. The dominant configuration of learning meant that no society was permitted to be without religion, although different kinds of religion could be admitted. The heathenism Christian theology spoke of Indians practising was later developed into the different religions of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. If religions were thus constructed in India and other parts of the pagan world, what is the ontological status of such constructions? If members of one culture consistently claim that another culture has religion, does that give rise to the existence of religions in that culture? Prior to contact with the Semitic religions, Indian culture possesses neither explanatory intelligible accounts nor worldviews. The multiplicity and inconsistency of stories of creation in Indian culture is testament to that. While the West must experience other cultures as having religion, it does not follow that those cultures are endowed with it. Those who proclaim the existence of Hinduism require that the imagination of one culture have the effect of constituting religion in another. Many Indians, including those in the diaspora today, talk as though Hinduism exists and is a religion, but they do not know what this means to Westerners. Constructing religions in Asia is merely a part of what Orientalism is. As Reconceptualizing shows, Orientalism is the structuring in the experience of one culture, the West, of the Orient, which is the experiential entity. As such, it tells us something about how the Western culture structures its experience. This is how Balagangadhara offers a re-reading of Said s Orientalism. Orientalism does not provide factual descriptions of Oriental societies and cultures, but reveals how the West brings together certain phenomena, according to how it structures its experience of the world. Just as Western accounts put together unrelated items to constitute Hinduism, so it was with other dimensions of knowledge. Differing from Said, however, Balagangadhara argues that the current practice of social sciences cannot correct Orientalism as they are tied to Orientalism. It cannot be corrected by adducing factual evidence because the basis of its structuring enterprise lies elsewhere. Doing better studies of Hinduism will not disrupt it but merely decorate it. The structuring process takes us back to Christianity. It lends identity to the Western culture and acts as its root model of order. The explanatory intelligible account which religion is acts as the model of learning, teaching that humans are intentional beings and that beliefs lie behind human practices. In The Heathen, Balagangadhara locates this manoeuvre in Christianity s early encounter with the Roman pagan milieu, when it had to defend itself against pagan criticism. Christianity, it was said, was novel, and not like the ancestral practices of the pagan traditions, which went back to the ancient past. Christians responded by claiming that their doctrines were ancient. In so defending themselves, Christians completely transformed the pagan question regarding tradition. The pagans argued on the basis of the antiquity of their practices. Christians took a stand on the antiquity of their doctrines. The reference for religio, which for pagans was traditio, was thereby transformed by Christians. Belief and doctrine dominates, explains and justifies practices, a way of knowing about human beings that became rooted as Christianity did. Religion thus requires practices to be justified, founded and defended by reference to doctrines. The ancient pagan and the Indian traditions that Christians encountered did not justify or ground practices in that way. Behind their traditions lay ancestral practices, passed on from generation to generation, changing in the process. When cultures that have religion speak of human practices they refer to something different from those which do not have religion. The Heathen shows that when Christians encountered India, they sought foundations for Indian practices in their doctrines, and the content of Indian beliefs in their scriptures. 2
4 Different religions sprang out of the earlier framework that had merely told of the heathenism and idolatry of the Indians. Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism became distinct, albeit false religions. Hinduism became identified as the false religion of India. Brahmins got identified as the priests of this religion. Christian theology had said that all peoples were given the revelation; the Vedas were the Indian version. Brahmins corrupted it by fooling people into following idolatrous practices, worshipping the false gods of Hinduism. Brahmins were also identified as preventing people from converting to Christianity. The caste system, believed to have been instituted by the Brahmins, served to underline the corruption of Indian society and culture. As Reconceptualizing indicates, it remains a mystery what made the caste system into a system and what kept it in place, but yet believed that such an evil exists, underlining the corrupt social structure of Indian society, and making obligatory the immoral practice of caste discrimination. From this framework sprang explanations of Buddhism as a protest against Hinduism and its caste system. The Heathen shows that this does not square with how caste was presupposed in dialogues attributed to the Buddha. Still the protest version of Buddhism is the frame according to which it is widely understood. So with various bhakti movements, viewed as protest movements against Brahmanism. The Christian-Orientalist story about non-western cultures on its own was never actually convincing on cognitive grounds. The Heathen and Reconceptualizing both show how Christian accounts of Indian society were resisted by Indian interlocutors who argued, from within their framework, that it was not necessary for them to accept the Christian story or to convert. That religion suited Westerners just as the Indian traditions suited Indians. At some point, the Christian-Orientalist account became acceptable to Indian intellectuals. How can we explain this? Balagangadhara deploys the concept of colonial consciousness in Reconceptualizing. He shows that whatever else colonialism is, it is also an educational project, forcing the colonized to accept the Western experience of his culture as his own. The Western experience is made acceptable to the colonized by force or violence, thereby making it an immoral project. To the colonized, neither his own experience nor that of the colonizer is truly accessible. Indian and Western culture are both alien to him. Balagangadhara exhorts Indians to first accept the fact of being colonized in this sense. Indians have to mount a critique of colonial consciousness. Simply mimicking the West, as post-colonials might argue for, is also immoral because it accepts, justifies and celebrates what the colonizer story that the colonized is untrustworthy. The asymmetrical relationship between the Indian and Western cultures is concretized further in Reconceptualizing through a series of studies of contemporary descriptions of Indian culture. These accounts also refer to dialogues in the context of asymmetry and violence, exemplified in the psychoanalytical interpretations given in books by American academics, Courtright on Ganesha and Kripal on Ramakrishna. Balagangadhara explains why the kind of dialogical moves Courtright and Kripal engage in silence Hindus even as they are provoked into outrage. He shows that the argumentation involves a certain moves that also prove why the burden on the Hindus is asymmetrical. In such situations, dialogues may not be antidotes to violence; they may provoke it. There is much more in both books which cannot be discussed in a short review. The Heathen told us how a comparative science of cultures would look like by plotting the differences between the Western and an Asian culture, the Indian. Reconceptualizing takes that project further by recasting a number of contemporary problems as part of a larger comparative science of cultures. The promise of the first is partly fulfilled in the second, but much more remains to be done. The books under review should constitute a serious challenge, but they are also an inspiration. There are good grounds for thinking that it is among Asian scholars that his challenge will primarily be taken up. 3
5 Prakash Shah GLOCUL: Centre for Culture and Law, Queen Mary, University of London London, United Kingdom 4
Alongside various other course offerings, the Religious Studies Program has three fields of concentration:
RELIGIOUS STUDIES Chair: Ivette Vargas-O Bryan Faculty: Jeremy Posadas Emeritus and Adjunct: Henry Bucher Emeriti: Thomas Nuckols, James Ware The religious studies program offers an array of courses that
More informationRELIGIOUS STUDIES. Time Allowed 2 hours
EXAMINATION FOR ENTRANCE SCHOLARSHIPS AND EXHIBITIONS FEBRUARY 2012 RELIGIOUS STUDIES Time Allowed 2 hours Candidates should answer three questions, no more than two from any One Section. The use of a
More informationDepartment of. Religion FALL 2014 COURSE GUIDE
Department of Religion FALL 2014 COURSE GUIDE Why Study Religion at Tufts? To study religion in an academic setting is to learn how to think about religion from a critical vantage point. As a critical
More informationAn Invitation to the Study of World Religions "Religion" and the Study of World Religions Defining "Religion" What Religions Do Religious Questions
An Invitation to the Study of World Religions "Religion" and the Study of World Religions Defining "Religion" What Religions Do Religious Questions and Challenges Basic Components of Religions Teachings
More informationDEPARTMENT OF RELIGION
DEPARTMENT OF RELIGION s p r i n g 2 0 1 1 c o u r s e g u i d e S p r i n g 2 0 1 1 C o u r s e s REL 6 Philosophy of Religion Elizabeth Lemons F+ TR 12:00-1:15 PM REL 10-16 Religion and Film Elizabeth
More informationOrientalism : A Perspective
Orientalism : A Perspective M. Phil., Research Scholar, Deptt. of Philosophy, University of Delhi, Delhi Abstract This paper discusses Orientalism framework. In the first part of this paper, I talked about
More informationReclaiming Human Spirituality
Reclaiming Human Spirituality William Shakespeare Hell is empty and all the devils are here. William Shakespeare, The Tempest "Lord, what fools these mortals be!" William Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night's
More informationHe believes that religion and its ethics leave a deep dimensions of the society.
Religion Max Weber Max Weber s theory of religion is one of the most important works he carried out in his life time. There are two reasons for this: First, he tries to understand religion in terms of
More informationHistory of World Religions. The Axial Age. History 145. Jason Suárez History Department El Camino College
History of World Religions The Axial Age History 145 Jason Suárez History Department El Camino College The rise of new civilizations The civilizations that developed between c. 1000-500 B.C.E. built upon
More informationREL 101: Introduction to Religion Callender Online Course
REL 101: Introduction to Religion Callender Online Course This course gives students an introductory exposure to various religions of the world as seen from the perspective of the academic study of religion.
More informationDOWNLOAD OR READ : CHRISTIANITY VS BUDDHISM PDF EBOOK EPUB MOBI
DOWNLOAD OR READ : CHRISTIANITY VS BUDDHISM PDF EBOOK EPUB MOBI Page 1 Page 2 christianity vs buddhism christianity vs buddhism pdf christianity vs buddhism What's the difference between Buddhism and Christianity?
More informationArgumentation and Positioning: Empirical insights and arguments for argumentation analysis
Argumentation and Positioning: Empirical insights and arguments for argumentation analysis Luke Joseph Buhagiar & Gordon Sammut University of Malta luke.buhagiar@um.edu.mt Abstract Argumentation refers
More information2016, IX, 275 S., X, 265 S.,
214 Book Reviews Alon Goshen-Gottstein: The Jewish Encounter with Hinduism: Wisdom, Spirituality, Identity (Interreligious Studies in Theory and Practice series), New York: Palgrave, Macmillan 2016, IX,
More informationWorld Religions. Section 3 - Hinduism and Buddhism. Welcome, Rob Reiter. My Account Feedback and Support Sign Out. Choose Another Program
Welcome, Rob Reiter My Account Feedback and Support Sign Out Choose Another Program Home Select a Lesson Program Resources My Classes 3 - World Religions This is what your students see when they are signed
More informationFirst Course in Religious Studies
saintmarys.edu/departments/religious-studies NOTE: All RLST 101 courses meet the Religious Traditions I requirement in the Sophia Program. First Course in Religious Studies RLST 101.01, 02 Introducing
More informationDEPARTMENT OF RELIGIOUS STUDIES FALL 2012 COURSE DESCRIPTIONS
DEPARTMENT OF RELIGIOUS STUDIES FALL 2012 COURSE DESCRIPTIONS REL 101.01 Instructor: Bennett Ramsey Intro to Religious Studies Time & Day: TR: 9-9:50 Course Description: This course is an introduction
More informationDepartment of Philosophy
Department of Philosophy Phone: (512) 245-2285 Office: Psychology Building 110 Fax: (512) 245-8335 Web: http://www.txstate.edu/philosophy/ Degree Program Offered BA, major in Philosophy Minors Offered
More informationRELIGIOUS STUDIES. Religious Studies - Undergraduate Study. Religious Studies, B.A. Religious Studies 1
Religious Studies 1 RELIGIOUS STUDIES Religious Studies - Undergraduate Study Religious studies gives students the opportunity to investigate and reflect on the world's religions in an objective, critical,
More informationPHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT FALL SEMESTER 2009 COURSE OFFERINGS
PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT FALL SEMESTER 2009 COURSE OFFERINGS INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY (PHIL 100W) MIND BODY PROBLEM (PHIL 101) LOGIC AND CRITICAL THINKING (PHIL 110) INTRODUCTION TO ETHICS (PHIL 120) CULTURE
More informationREVIEW THE DOOR TO SELLARS
Metascience (2007) 16:555 559 Ó Springer 2007 DOI 10.1007/s11016-007-9141-6 REVIEW THE DOOR TO SELLARS Willem A. de Vries, Wilfrid Sellars. Chesham: Acumen, 2005. Pp. xiv + 338. 16.99 PB. By Andreas Karitzis
More informationNB#30 Chapter 24 India s History and Culture
NB#30 Chapter 24 India s History and Culture History Background 1. During the time of Ancient India, hundreds of towns existed in the Indus River Valley History: The Aryan people 2. The Aryans moved into
More informationIs the concept of religion universalisable?
Is the concept of religion universalisable? Prakash Shah Paper presented for AHRC/ESRC Religion and Society Workshop on Religion, Discrimination and Accommodation: the Role of the State in a Multi-Faith
More informationRELIGIOUS STUDIES (REL)
Religious Studies (REL) 1 RELIGIOUS STUDIES (REL) REL 160. *QUESTS FOR MEANING: WORLD RELIGIONS. (4 A survey and analysis of the search for meaning and life fulfillment represented in major religious traditions
More informationUnit 2.3 Classical Civilization of Asia. The Eastern World -- Religion and Philosophy =)
Unit 2.3 Classical Civilization of Asia The Eastern World -- Religion and Philosophy =) You will oftentimes hear people, including your awesome history teacher, use terms like the Eastern World, and the
More informationMonday, November I can explain how the major beliefs of Brahmanism evolved into Hinduism.
Monday, November 16 6.25 I can explain how the major beliefs of Brahmanism evolved into Hinduism. Religions of Ancient India Chapter 6.2 Origins of Hinduism One of the world s oldest 3 rd largest religion
More informationThe Difference that Religion Makes: Transplanting Legal Ideas from the West to Japan and India
The Difference that Religion Makes: Transplanting Legal Ideas from the West to Japan and India SHAH, P National University of Singapore For additional information about this publication click this link.
More informationDEPARTMENT OF RELIGIOUS STUDIES
DEPARTMENT OF RELIGIOUS STUDIES COURSE DESCRIPTIONS Fall 2012 RLST 1620-010 Religious Dimension in Human Experience Professor Loriliai Biernacki Humanities 250 on T & R from 2:00-3:15 p.m. Approved for
More informationSOC135: SURVEY OF WORLD RELIGION THIS COURSE HAS A FINAL EXAM IN WEEK 6 NO PROCTOR IS NEEDED SYLLABUS READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS NOW!
1.) YOUR ASSIGNMENTS ARE ON YOUR SYLLABUS SO a.) Download & Save it b.) Read it SOC135: SURVEY OF WORLD RELIGION THIS COURSE HAS A FINAL EXAM IN WEEK 6 NO PROCTOR IS NEEDED SYLLABUS READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS
More informationClick to read caption
3. Hinduism and Buddhism Ancient India gave birth to two major world religions, Hinduism and Buddhism. Both had common roots in the Vedas, a collection of religious hymns, poems, and prayers composed in
More informationLearning Outcomes. Skills Outcomes (1) Communication and presentational (oral and written) skill.
Course Title CURE 2225 Introduction to Indian Religions First Term: 2018 Lecture and Tutorial: Thursday 10.30am 1.15pm Venue: WMY 408 & 502 Lecturer: Steven Matthews (Chandra) chandra08@hotmail.com TA:
More informationKey Concept 2.1. Define DIASPORIC COMMUNITY.
Key Concept 2.1 As states and empires increased in size and contacts between regions intensified, human communities transformed their religious and ideological beliefs and practices. I. Codifications and
More informationContemporary World Religions
Course Description Contemporary World Religions REL 2306, CRN 80449 Robert John Beeson, Ph.D. Fall 2017 Tuesday and Thursday: 12:00 p.m. 1:15 p.m. Edwards Hall 112 Office: Reed Hall 108-D E-mail: rbeeson@fgcu.edu
More informationStudies of Religion II
2008 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION Studies of Religion II Total marks 100 Section I Pages 2 11 30 marks This section has two parts, Part A and Part B Allow about 50 minutes for this section Part
More informationCEDAR CREST COLLEGE Religion Hinduism in America SYLLABUS
1 Dr. E. Allen Richardson Curtis Hall, Room 237, #3320 arichard@cedarcrest.edu Office Hours T/R 9:30-11:00 a.m. and by appointment CEDAR CREST COLLEGE Religion 226 90 Hinduism in America SYLLABUS January
More informationRSOC 10: Asian Religious Traditions Fall 2016 TTh 8:30 AM- 10:10 AM
Instructor: Thao Nguyen, S.J; Ph.D. Office: Kenna 300F Phone: X2390 Email: T2nguyen@scu.edu Office Hour: Wed 10:30am- 12:30pm RSOC 10: Asian Religious Traditions Fall 2016 TTh 8:30 AM- 10:10 AM COURSE
More informationReligion. Fall 2016 Course Guide
Religion Fall 2016 Course Guide Why Study Religion at Tufts? To study religion in an academic setting is to learn how to think about religion from a critical vantage point. As a critical and comparative
More informationUrsuline College Accelerated Program
Ursuline College Accelerated Program CRITICAL INFORMATION! DO NOT SKIP THIS LINK BELOW... BEFORE PROCEEDING TO READ THE UCAP MODULE, YOU ARE EXPECTED TO READ AND ADHERE TO ALL UCAP POLICY INFORMATION CONTAINED
More informationPresuppositional Apologetics
by John M. Frame [, for IVP Dictionary of Apologetics.] 1. Presupposing God in Apologetic Argument Presuppositional apologetics may be understood in the light of a distinction common in epistemology, or
More informationHINDUISM REL W61
HINDUISM REL 3333-0W61 Dr. Ann Gleig Office: PSY 226 (the Philosophy Department is on the second floor of the Psychology Building) Office Hours: Tuesday 2-3pm (or by appointment) Email: Ann.Gleig@ucf.edu
More informationClassical Civilizations. World History Honors Unit 2
Classical Civilizations World History Honors Unit 2 Unit 2 India China Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Hinduism One of the oldest religions on earth today Probably created by combining traditions from Vedic
More informationDepartment of Religious Studies. FALL 2016 Course Schedule
Department of Religious Studies FALL 2016 Course Schedule REL: 101 Introduction to Religion Mr. Garcia Tuesdays 5:00 7:40p.m. A survey of the major world religions and their perspectives concerning ultimate
More informationFall 2015 Course Guide
Religion Fall 2015 Course Guide Why Study Religion at Tufts? To study religion in an academic setting is to learn how to think about religion from a critical vantage point. As a critical and comparative
More informationCosmopolitan Theory and the Daily Pluralism of Life
Chapter 8 Cosmopolitan Theory and the Daily Pluralism of Life Tariq Ramadan D rawing on my own experience, I will try to connect the world of philosophy and academia with the world in which people live
More informationIntroduction. World Religions Unit
Introduction World Religions Unit Why Study Religions? Religion plays a key role in our world today Religion is a major component of the human experience Knowledge of people s religions helps us understand
More informationThe Ontological Argument
Running Head: THE ONTOLOGICAL ARGUMENT 1 The Ontological Argument By Andy Caldwell Salt Lake Community College Philosophy of Religion 2350 THE ONTOLOGICAL ARGUMENT 2 Abstract This paper will reproduce,
More informationAsia. Cultural Geography
Asia Cultural Geography Religion v Some religions that are found in Asia are: A. Buddhism B. Hinduism C. Confucianism E. Shintoism F. Islam G. Christianity D. Taoism Hinduism v Hinduism is an ethnic religion
More informationChrist-Centered Critical Thinking. Lesson 1: Worldview
Christ-Centered Critical Thinking Lesson 1: Worldview Student Learning Outcomes In this lesson, we will: 1.Define worldview using the SEE-I (state, elaborate, exemplify, and illustrate) method of understanding
More informationFrom Mahavira to Mahatma Gandhi: The Jain People and Cultures of Non-Violence
Course Syllabus From Mahavira to Mahatma Gandhi: The Jain People and Cultures of Non-Violence FALL 2011 PHIL 4960-002, ANTH4701.019 Course Description Jainism is one of the most ancient philosophical traditions
More informationCambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level 9014 Hinduism November 2016 Principal Examiner Report for Teachers
HINDUISM Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level Paper 9014/01 Paper 1 General comments Some candidates were able to demonstrate thoughtful and well-informed responses. Those who
More informationGeography of Religion. Unit 3: Chapter 7 pages Day 10
Geography of Religion Unit 3: Chapter 7 pages Day 10 Religion A set of beliefs existence of a higher power, spirits or god an explanation of the origins and purpose of humans and their role on earth Which
More informationAS I ENTER THINK ABOUT IT
AS I ENTER THINK ABOUT IT How did all these religions diffuse? What type of diffusion did the major Universalizing and Ethnic religions experience? What were each of the Cultural Hearths? Agenda Overview
More informationPolitical Philosophy SYED SAYEED
Semester Political Philosophy APH 235 I and III 05 SYED SAYEED The course aims to enable a clearer understanding of the theoretical, conceptual issues relating to the domain of the political, questions
More informationDOWNLOAD OR READ : CHRISTIANITY MADE IN INDIA FROM APOSTLE THOMAS TO MOTHER TERESA SOUTH ASIAN THEOLOGY PDF EBOOK EPUB MOBI
DOWNLOAD OR READ : CHRISTIANITY MADE IN INDIA FROM APOSTLE THOMAS TO MOTHER TERESA SOUTH ASIAN THEOLOGY PDF EBOOK EPUB MOBI Page 1 Page 2 christianity made in india from apostle thomas to mother teresa
More informationAS-LEVEL RELIGIOUS STUDIES
AS-LEVEL RELIGIOUS STUDIES RSS09 World Religions 1: Buddhism OR Hinduism OR Sikhism Report on the Examination 2060 June 2015 Version: 0.1 Further copies of this Report are available from aqa.org.uk Copyright
More informationNATURALISED JURISPRUDENCE
NATURALISED JURISPRUDENCE NATURALISM a philosophical view according to which philosophy is not a distinct mode of inquiry with its own problems and its own special body of (possible) knowledge philosophy
More information1 Hans Jonas, The Imperative of Responsibility: In Search of an Ethics for the Technological Age (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), 1-10.
Introduction This book seeks to provide a metaethical analysis of the responsibility ethics of two of its prominent defenders: H. Richard Niebuhr and Emmanuel Levinas. In any ethical writings, some use
More informationAS Religious Studies. 7061/2C Hinduism Mark scheme June Version: 1.0 Final
AS Religious Studies 7061/2C Hinduism Mark scheme 7061 June 2017 Version: 1.0 Final Mark schemes are prepared by the Lead Assessment Writer and considered, together with the relevant questions, by a panel
More informationReligious Studies (RELS)
Religious Studies (RELS) 1 Religious Studies (RELS) Courses RELS 100B. Introduction to Biblical Literature. 1 Unit. A study of the contents and development of the Hebrew Scriptures, the Apocrypha, and
More informationLANGUAGE IN INDIA Strength for Today and Bright Hope for Tomorrow Volume 7 : 2 February 2007
LANGUAGE IN INDIA Strength for Today and Bright Hope for Tomorrow Volume 7 : 2 February 2007 Managing Editor: M. S. Thirumalai, Ph.D. Editors: B. Mallikarjun, Ph.D. Sam Mohanlal, Ph.D. B. A. Sharada, Ph.D.
More informationReligion (RELI) Religion (RELI) Courses College of Humanities Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences
Religion (RELI) Religion (RELI) Courses College of Humanities Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences RELI 1010 [1.0 credit] Elementary Language Tutorial Elementary study of the language required for studying
More informationRELIGION Spring 2017 Course Guide
RELIGION Spring 2017 Course Guide Why Study Religion at Tufts? To study religion in an academic setting is to learn how to think about religion from a critical vantage point. As a critical and comparative
More informationEDUCATION EDUCATION AND RELIGION STRUCTURAL PROCESSES FORMAL INFORMAL THE MOST POWERFUL STRUCTURAL FORCES FOR PROCESSES OF SOCIALIZATION
EDUCATION AND RELIGION THE MOST POWERFUL STRUCTURAL FORCES FOR PROCESSES OF SOCIALIZATION STRUCTURAL PROCESSES FORMAL AGENCY SPONSORED BUREAUCRATIZED SYSTEMATIC INTENT INFORMAL SPONTANEOUS INTERACTION
More informationPart I: The Structure of Philosophy
Revised, 8/30/08 Part I: The Structure of Philosophy Philosophy as the love of wisdom The basic questions and branches of philosophy The branches of the branches and the many philosophical questions that
More informationReligion (RELI) Religion (RELI) Courses College of Humanities Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences
Religion (RELI) Religion (RELI) Courses College of Humanities Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences Language courses RELI 1010 [1.0] Elementary Language Tutorial, RELI 2010 [1.0] Intermediate Language Tutorial
More informationWorld History (Survey) Chapter 1: People and Ideas on the Move, 3500 B.C. 259 B.C.
World History (Survey) Chapter 1: People and Ideas on the Move, 3500 B.C. 259 B.C. Section 1: Indo-European Migrations While some peoples built civilizations in the great river valleys, others lived on
More informationWorld Religions. These subject guidelines should be read in conjunction with the Introduction, Outline and Details all essays sections of this guide.
World Religions These subject guidelines should be read in conjunction with the Introduction, Outline and Details all essays sections of this guide. Overview Extended essays in world religions provide
More informationReview of The Monk and the Philosopher
Journal of Buddhist Ethics ISSN 1076-9005 Review of The Monk and the Philosopher The Monk and the Philosopher: East Meets West in a Father-Son Dialogue By Jean-Francois Revel and Matthieu Ricard. Translated
More informationTHE RELIGIOUS NATURE OF SCIENTOLOGY. Geoffrey Parrinder, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus Comparative Study of Religions University of London England
THE RELIGIOUS NATURE OF SCIENTOLOGY Geoffrey Parrinder, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus Comparative Study of Religions University of London England FREEDOM PUBLISHING THE RELIGIOUS NATURE OF SCIENTOLOGY Geoffrey
More informationLonergan on General Transcendent Knowledge. In General Transcendent Knowledge, Chapter 19 of Insight, Lonergan does several things:
Lonergan on General Transcendent Knowledge In General Transcendent Knowledge, Chapter 19 of Insight, Lonergan does several things: 1-3--He provides a radical reinterpretation of the meaning of transcendence
More informationHinduism and tribal religions encyclopedia of indian religions.pdf. Hinduism and tribal religions encyclopedia of indian religions.pdf.
Hinduism and tribal religions encyclopedia of indian religions.pdf Hinduism and tribal religions encyclopedia of indian religions.pdf.zip The construction of a chronological chart of religion in India
More informationMailbox: Baker Hall 135. I check my mailbox each day in case you want to drop something off for me to read.
Religions of the World (640:024:04): Fall 2010 Instructor: Dr. Kenneth Atkinson Dates: MWF Office: Baker 154 Time: 11:00-12:00 p.m. Office Phone: 273-6990 Location: Lang Hall 211 Office Hours: I maintain
More informationSubmission details and instructions for authors:
The Apollonian A Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies Open-access Peer-reviewed Vol 4, Issues 1&2 (March-June 2017) Submission details and instructions for authors: http://theapollonian.in/index.php/submissionguidelines/
More informationFALL 2010 COURSES. Courses Co-Listed with Religion
Fall 2010 Course Booklet DEPARTMENT OF RELIGION FALL 2010 COURSES REL 1 Introduction to Religion David O Leary 11 T 6:30-9:00 PM REL 21 Introduction to Hebrew Bible Peggy Hutaff F+ TR 12:00-1:15 PM REL
More informationReview of McGraw Hill California Social Studies Textbook Drafts
Review of McGraw Hill California Social Studies Textbook 1 Review of McGraw Hill California Social Studies Textbook Drafts Hindu Education Foundation USA (HEF) July, 2017 Review of McGraw Hill California
More informationGrade 8 English Language Arts
What should good student writing at this grade level look like? The answer lies in the writing itself. The Writing Standards in Action Project uses high quality student writing samples to illustrate what
More informationWhy we re covering this
India s Religions Why we re covering this As the world became more united under the imperialist movement, interactions between cultures caused an increasing number of internal and social clashes The primary
More informationChapter 1. Introduction
Chapter 1 Introduction How perfectible is human nature as understood in Eastern* and Western philosophy, psychology, and religion? For me this question goes back to early childhood experiences. I remember
More informationStudies of Religion I
2008 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION Studies of Religion I Total marks 50 Section I Pages 2 5 General Instructions Reading time 5 minutes Working time 1 1 hours 2 Write using black or blue pen Write
More informationWelcome to Bachelor of Arts in Leadership and Ministry!
Welcome to Bachelor of Arts in Leadership and Ministry! Kansas Christian College is proud to offer online degree programs to accommodate the educational needs of busy adults. With KCC Online, you can get
More informationRevised February, 2007 Religion 100; Fall, 2006 Page 1 Changes may be made prior to the start of classes.
ARTS & SCIENCE DIVISION RELI 100 FALL 2006 CREDIT COURSE INTRODUCTION TO WORLD RELIGIONS I00: EASTERN INSTRUCTOR: OFFICE HOURS: OFFICE LOCATION: Marjorie W. Hayes-Rogers Reg. N; B. Sc. N (Ed); M. Sc. N
More informationTowards Guidelines on International Standards of Quality in Theological Education A WCC/ETE-Project
1 Towards Guidelines on International Standards of Quality in Theological Education A WCC/ETE-Project 2010-2011 Date: June 2010 In many different contexts there is a new debate on quality of theological
More informationHistory 145 History of World Religions Fall 2012
History 145 History of World Religions Fall 2012 3 units; 3 hours lecture Recommended Preparation: eligibility for English 1A Credit, degree applicable Transfer CSU, UC Section #2401 M. and W. 11:15-12:40
More informationThe emergence of South Asian Civilization. September 26, 2013
The emergence of South Asian Civilization. September 26, 2013 Review What was the relationship of Han China to Vietnam, and to Korea? Who were the Xiongnu? (What is a barbarian?) What was the Silk Road?
More informationOrigins of Hinduism. Indian Society Divides
SECTION 2 Origins of Hinduism What You Will Learn Main Ideas 1. Indian society divided into distinct groups under the Aryans. 2. The Aryans practiced a religion known as Brahmanism. 3. Hinduism developed
More informationTHE ORIENTAL ISSUES AND POSTCOLONIAL THEORY. Pathan Wajed Khan. R. Khan
THE ORIENTAL ISSUES AND POSTCOLONIAL THEORY Pathan Wajed Khan R. Khan Edward Said s most arguable and influential book Orientalism was published in 1978 and has inspired countless appropriations and confutation
More informationDepartment of Religious Studies Florida International University STUDIES IN WORLD RELIGIONS REL 3308
Department of Religious Studies Florida International University STUDIES IN WORLD RELIGIONS REL 3308 Instructor: Raymond K. Awadzi Semester: Spring 2017 Time: MWF 1:00PM-1:50PM Venue: GC279A Office Hour:
More informationAre You A Religious Naturalist Without Knowing It? We humans are narrative beings. We are storytellers. Communication between beings
Are You A Religious Naturalist Without Knowing It? We humans are narrative beings. We are storytellers. Communication between beings is everywhere, but we are unique in that we communicate with symbolic
More informationIndian Identity. Sanskrit promoted as language of educated (minimal)
Chapter 3 India Indian Identity More culturally diverse due to geography makes political unity difficult The developing religion doesn t foster unity but individuality Encouraged patriarchal control, tight-knit
More informationPHILOSOPHY-PHIL (PHIL)
Philosophy-PHIL (PHIL) 1 PHILOSOPHY-PHIL (PHIL) Courses PHIL 100 Appreciation of Philosophy (GT-AH3) Credits: 3 (3-0-0) Basic issues in philosophy including theories of knowledge, metaphysics, ethics,
More informationWhat you will learn in this unit...
Belief Systems What you will learn in this unit... What are the characteristics of major religions? How are they similar and different? How have major religions affected culture? How have belief systems
More informationWORLD RELIGIONS (ANTH 3401) SYLLABUS
Page 1 of 8 Syllabus v. 5.8.2012 Course Title: World Religions (ANTH 3401) Credits: 3 WORLD RELIGIONS (ANTH 3401) SYLLABUS Instructor: Professor Jocelyn Linnekin Jocelyn.Linnekin@uconn.edu (or, preferably,
More informationTILLICH ON IDOLATRY. beyond the God of theism... the ground of being and meaning" (RS, p. 114). AUL TILLICH'S concept of idolatry, WILLIAM P.
P TILLICH ON IDOLATRY WILLIAM P. ALSTON* AUL TILLICH'S concept of idolatry, although it seems clear enough at first sight, presents on closer analysis some puzzling problems. Since this concept is quite
More informationChapter 2 (Part II) Early Psychological Knowledge. PSK301-History of Psychology Assoc. Prof. Okan Cem Çırakoğlu
Chapter 2 (Part II) Early Psychological Knowledge PSK301-History of Psychology Assoc. Prof. Okan Cem Çırakoğlu okanc@baskent.edu.tr Indian and Chinese Ancient Traditions Hinduism and Buddhism as worldviews
More informationCourse Outline:
Course Outline: 2016-17 Religious Studies 2130 Location: HUC, W12 Day(s): W Time: 7-8:50 pm. Instructor(s): Dr. Bill Acres Contact info: wacres@uwo.ca Course Assistant: Jane Meng Course Outcomes: The purpose
More informationHURON UNIVERSITY COLLEGE COURSE OUTLINE Acres RELIGIOUS STUDIES 2130 (550) An Introduction to the Living Religions of the World
Instructor: Dr. Bill Acres HURON UNIVERSITY COLLEGE COURSE OUTLINE 2018-19 Acres RELIGIOUS STUDIES 2130 (550) An Introduction to the Living Religions of the World Office: Acres, Room V134, Watson TBA (second
More informationHHS-World Studies World Religion Review: Belief Systems
HHS-World Studies World Religion Review: Belief Systems Name Date Period Essential Questions -What are the characteristics of major religions? -How are they similar and different? -How have major religions
More informationIndia Studies Program BestSemester
India s Religious Landscape (3 semester credits) Dr.Beulah Jeyaseeli. M.A., M.Ed., M.Sc( Edin)., M.Litt., M.Th (Oxon)., Ph.D Beuleeuk@yahoo.co.uk. Contact no. 9443143891 Course Description This course
More informationReligion (RELI) Religion (RELI) Courses
Religion (RELI) Religion (RELI) Courses Language courses RELI 1010 [1.0] Elementary Language Tutorial, RELI 2010 [1.0] Intermediate Language Tutorial and RELI 3010 [1.0] Advanced Language Tutorial are
More information1. subcontinent: South Asia is called a subcontinent because it is a large region supported by water from other land areas. (p.
Name Period Chapter 5 Vocabulary: Ancient India and Persia DIRECTIONS: Use your glossary to write the definition on the line next to each vocabulary term. Then draw a picture or symbol in the box that
More informationTHE DIALOGUE DECALOGUE: GROUND RULES FOR INTER-RELIGIOUS, INTER-IDEOLOGICAL DIALOGUE
THE DIALOGUE DECALOGUE: GROUND RULES FOR INTER-RELIGIOUS, INTER-IDEOLOGICAL DIALOGUE Leonard Swidler Reprinted with permission from Journal of Ecumenical Studies 20-1, Winter 1983 (September, 1984 revision).
More information