Perception of the Host Community and Tourists towards Infrastructural Problems of Tourism in Haridwar District, Uttarakhand

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1 Perception of the Host Community and Tourists towards Infrastructural Problems of Tourism in Haridwar District, Uttarakhand Manju Devi* PhD Research Scholar, Dept. of Geography H.N.B. Garhwal University Srinagar, Uttarakhand, India Corresponding author* Dr. K.C. Purohit Professor, Dept. of Geography, H.N.B. Garhwal University (A Central University) Paudi Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India Abstract Tourism is not only important, but of vital importance for many countries especially for the under-developed and developing economies. There are a large number of pilgrimage sites in India and individuals who go to these spots, go to relax and gain virtue. Haridwar district is the most prominent religious and spiritual centre of Uttarakhand state. On a yearly average 80 lac tourists visit Haridwar city and this is affecting the socioeconomic environment of the district in a positive direction. To attract the tourists towards a tourist place the infrastructure plays an important role. An endeavor has been made in this research paper to study the perception of the host community (i.e. business community) and tourists towards the tourism s infrastructural problems. For the assessment of infrastructural problems of tourism at selected tourist sites(har-ki-paudi, Kankhal, Piran Kaliyar, Shantikunj, Mansa Devi) the following parameters have been taken into account i.e. road conditions, traffic management, parking spaces, power supply, the drinking water facility, the medical facility, and general safety and security, the ATM/Bank facility, sewage and drainage system, garbage disposal and cleanliness. Both primary and secondary data were used for this purpose. With the help of SPSS, a T-test has been applied on the selected data to ascertain the difference between the host community and tourists perceptions. The results show that there is no significant difference between their perceptions as they relate to infrastructural issues. Keywords: Tourism, infrastructure, host community, problems, perception, Haridwar. Introduction Uttarakhand is situated in the northern portion of India. It is alluded to as the Devbhumi (actually Place where there are the Divine beings ) because of the numerous Hindu temples and pilgrim centres found throughout the state. Haridwar is one of the many districts in the territory of Uttarakhand, India. The district appeared in December 1988, and it was previously a portion of Saharanpur before its inclusion in the newly formed state of Uttarakhand. Haridwar district is encompassed by Saharanpur in the west, Dehradun in the north and Pauri Garhwal in the east, and the Muzzaffarnagar and Bijnor districts in the south. A paradise for nature lovers and one of the seven holiest places of Hinduism, Haridwar presents a kaleidoscope of Indian culture and high civilization. The district of Haridwar covers an area of 2360 km 2.The latitudinal and longitudinal extent of district is north and east separately. The district is situated at meters height from the msl. (Govt. of India msme report 2007). 1

2 Haridwar, the gateway to Gods, is situated on the bank of river Ganges. It has been an adored centre for pilgrimage and is mentioned in the Puranas as Mayapuri. Haridwar is an excellent place settling at the foot of Shivalik mountain range where Ganga rises in all its force. It is said that Haridwar has been sanctified by the presence of three Gods, Brahma, Vishnu and Mahesh. Lord Vishnu is said to have left his footprint on a stone that is set in the upper wall of Har-ki-Pauri where holy Ganga touches it all the time. (Statistical Diary of Haridwar 2016). Haridwar has developed as a major commercial hub because of its astounding street network with the neighboring states. The major tourist centre of Haridwar is well connected by trains to almost all major cities in India. The closest airport is the Jolly Grant in Dehradun (58.2km). There are 8 million pilgrims visit in Haridwar every year (Nikhil Monga, et. al. 2016). Some of the important places in and around Haridwar are Har-ki-pauri, Mata Mansa Devi Temple, Chandi Devi Temple, Dakshparjapati Temple, Piran Kaliyar, Bhimgoda Tank, Bharat Mata Mandir, Shantikunj etc. Haridwar also hosts several religious festivals throughout the year, and most popular among them are the Kanwar Mela, Somwati Amavasya Mela, Ganga Dashara, Gughal Mela, in which around lac (2-2.5 million) people take part. Apart from these, there is a mammoth Kumbh and Ardh Kumbh fair (Iqbal sultan 2015). No tourism can ever be created unless a wellbeing base and suitable infrastructure is created. The infrastructural prerequisite of the travel business is airplane terminals, streets, power, water supply and other open utilities. (Shaikh, 2012). In the perspective of tourists as well as the host community, infrastructural facilities are not well developed at tourist spots, and are facing many problems. Review of literature Blei (2003) studied the pilgrimage tourism in central Himalayas with the help of Manakamana temple in Nepal. He highlighted that traditional ways of pilgrimage contributed to a strong religious belief towards any religious site, as these interconnect persons, places and time very deeply. However, the present scenario of pilgrimage tourism has been changing due to the frequent use of modern mechanical transport. Blei (2003) has also evaluated local people s perceptions about the socio-cultural, economic and environmental risks associated with modern mechanical transport. He viewed that social dimensions must be considered while replacing modern means of transport with traditional paths. The study suggested that pilgrimage tourism must build on principles of sustainable tourism so as to overcome the cultural, developmental, conservational and commercial risk associated with it. Woodward (2004) made an attempt to represent religious sites as an important source of income for many countries. He opined that the income generated by religious sites could be used for repair and maintenance of those particular sites and other religious sites. The study highlighted that most of the world famous religious sites were not able to accommodate large numbers of visitors at one time which leads to several cases of accidental damage, noise pollution, overcrowding, theft incidents, littering and parking problems. He suggested several remedies like charging for vehicle access and entry fees to religious sites so as to overcome the above mentioned problems. He felt that there was need for separate planning for those who visit for religious purposes and those who visit only as sightseers. Md. Iqbal Sultan (2015) studied the current tourism infrastructure (i.e. transport, communication, inns and eatery) economic importance of pilgrim tourism and spotlighted ecological issues related to the tourism development of Haridwar city. A SWOT analysis was used in his study. He described in his study that INTACH has attempted Cultural Resource Mapping of Haridwar District. 2

3 The list includes 164 cultural resources in Haridwar, 78 in Kankhal and 32 in Jwalapur. These distinguished resources are further categorized as Mandir, Ashrams, Dharamshalas, Havelies, Ghats, Water bodies, Gurudwaras, Trees and others. He suggested that in Haridwar, tourist infrastructure is not able to support the annula sudden influx of tourists and there is also a lack of civic service for the visitors and sanitation facilities are very poor, and thus prone to cause health issues. Sharma et. al., (2013) studied the impact of Kanwar Mela (during 2009) on human health and socio-economic quality of surrounding conditions within Haridwar city. They noticed during their survey during various festive occasions that there was poor municipal sanitary management and a huge ascent in the amount of patients, chiefly experiencing water borne illnesssses, and they suggested that there should be a solid administration which is urgently required amid these kinds of religio-touristic activities throughout the year. Karar (2010) attempted to evaluate the significance of Haridwar not only as a religious icon, but at the same time to see how the tourism industry has grown centering on Haridwar as a religious spot and as a potential spot for drawing in more visitors to the state. He additionally analysed the authentic and mythical aspects related to Haridwar, and the reason why the place is considered as a holy city. Sharma and Joshi (2014) studied the current status and potentiality of pilgrim tourism in Haridwar city during Kanwar mela A SWOT analysis was used to analyze the religio-tourist activity. They suggested during Kanwar Mela, that the Pilgrimage tourism industry is the key source of economic benefit to the city and locals, but it also shows negative impacts on the environment and socio-cultural aspects such as crime, road accidents, water-borne illnesses, natural contamination, and a high pricing on products. Thus it is required that tourism should be promoted sustainably and the reserachers emphasized pilgrimage tourism should be established as ecopilgrimage in the study area. Monga et. al., (2016) studied the determinants of pilgrimage tourism and the satisfaction levels of tourists and the problems faced by tourists in Haridwar district. The sample size of this research was 100 respondents and a convenience sampling method was used. For analyzing the data a simple percentage and chi square test were used. This study suggested and supported the idea that the economic importance of pilgrim tourism ought not be abandoned, and that serious attention should be given by the tourism department of the state to the issues as is done in other states which promote spiritual tourism spots like Ganga Ghat, Bharat Mata Temple and occasions like Kumbh Mela in Haridwar district. Infrastructural facilities such as availability of transportation, cleanliness and state owned stay-facilities were found to be insufficient at the pilgrim tourism spots of the Haridwar district and the absence of tidiness and increasing numbers of beggars were the other most essential issues. The reserachers stated that the administration s experts should give careful consideration to these inconveniences and create awareness programmes on cleanliness, spitting near the devotional area, throwing of garbage, dumping of solid waste, unreligious activities and the promotion of a clean Ganga mission should be spread by the government. Phukan (2014) studied some of the important logistic features in the two important spiritual cities of Uttarakhand- Haridwar and Rishikesh and tourism marketing practices currently being followed in India as a whole and the state of Uttarakhand, in particular. A questionnaire based survey was conducted to collect data from the important respondents- inter-alia the tourists and hoteliers, and the travel agents. A cross-sectional multiple research design methodology was adopted in order to collect primary data and in the research 500 samples were collected. Phukan suggested that 3

4 the picture of Uttarakhand in the universal market is hopeless and consequently far more appropriate promotion strategies are to be embraced in order to put Uttarakhand on the tourism map of the world. A case study based investigation was proposed to help in the formulating of effective tourism management strategies. Vijayanand (2012) studied religious tourism and its problems and potentiality and its sociocultural and economic advancement through religious tourism and the essential issues in religious destinations with special reference to Tamilnadu. Mainly secondary data was been used in this research. The study uncovered different problems and emphasized the sustainable development of religious tourism and suggested some recommendations for improving infrastructural problems at amenities at tourist spots, such as rest shed restrooms, dress changing rooms, defensive rings around pools, inns and lighting facilities. Tomer (2011) studied the pilgrimage tourism in north India covering Haridwar in Uttarakhand and five other sites. The primary data was collected from 500 pilgrims. The pilgrims behaviour and view of pilgrims regarding the essential amenities available at the selected pilgrimage sites were studied. With reference to Haridwar, the study suggested that tourists face many problems due to overcrowding, and the demand for the basic tourism infrastructure facilities is far greater than their availability. So to increase the growth of tourism at these places more facilities related to food, accommodation, drinking water, parking, sanitation, transportation, medical facilities and shelters needed to be provided. Jeyakumar and Rajaram (2016) studied the tourists perceptions regarding pilgrimage tours in Tamilnadu. For the purpose of that study, 1100 sample tourists (800 domestic and 300 foreign)and ten pilgrimage tourist place were selected based on a convenience sample. The study took 60 days for the researcher to complete the surveys of the tourists in the pilgrimage areas of Tamil Nadu. They concluded that the majority of the domestic tourists purpose of visit was the religious /pilgrimage aspect and for foreign tourists the purpose of visits was for a vacation, leisure and recreation and for their personal reasons and interests which were important motivations to visit the pilgrimage sites. The majority of the touristss gave their opinions about rating of pilgrimage tours as excellent and as fulfilling all their expectations. Altaf (2014) evaluated the perception of stakeholders about pilgrimage tourism and the areas of weakness required to be taken care of for the overall development of pilgrim tourism and for the promotion of pilgrim tourism in the state so as to make it feasible in the Jammu and Kashmir State. For the purpose of that study five point Likert scale was used and a sample size of 100 respondents was used. The study concluded that religious tourism as a key part of the tourism industry of the valley, has hugely prompted the advancement of the economy of the state and he suggested that endeavors must be made to reestablish peace in the state so as to further promote a greater inflow of tourists from wiyhin and from outside the state. Altaf (2014) said there should also be greater development and exploration of more tourism destinations, and more investments needed to be made in order to promote Jammu and Kashmir as a desirable tourism destination. Pai and Nayak et.al., (2016) analysed the visitors perceptions and satisfaction for the different facilities(lodging, transportation, communication, banking facilities), Murudeshwara a Shiva temple in Karnatka well known for its religious importance and cultural legacy has been used as a case study. The sample size of 94 respondents was taken up and to measure the satisfaction of tourists, a six point Likert scale was used. The study suggested that Murudeshwara is extremely popular for its religious tourism, and it can be a decent wellspring of pay for the local population and henceforth it requires a great deal of consideration from the local authorities and government to improve the facilities and infrastructure to satisfy tourist needs. 4

5 Objective 1. To study the perception of the host community and tourists towards Infrastructural problems in Haridwar district, India. Hypothesis 1. There is a significant difference between the perception of the host community and tourists on infrastructural problems. Methodology The sample population for this study was domestic tourists (who have stayed for at least one night in Haridwar) and the host community. The data was collected from April 2016 to September This period covers the Chardham Yatra season (Pilgrimage of four main centres in Uttarakhand i.e. Badrinath, Kedarnath, Gangotri and Yamunotri) and at this time Haridwar receives a great influx of tourists. A total of 200 respondents (100 tourists and 100 hosts) from 5 tourist destinations viz. Har-ki-paudi (60), Kankhal (40), Piran Kaliyar (40), Shantikunj (30) and Mansa Devi (30) were randomly selected. The survey was conducted face to face using a self-administered questionnaire. The researcher went to many hotels, and dharmshalas around the selected tourist spots to fill in the questionnaire. The questionnaires were been personally handed over to the respondents who were willing to fill it in after ethical issues were discussed to their satisfaction. The survey questionnaire consisted of two sections: Demographical profile of respondents and their perception with infrastructural problems. To measure the overall perception of the respondents a five point Likert scale was used where 5: very satisfied and 1: very dissatisfied. This research article is based on primary and secondary data. Different sources were used for collecting the secondary data, i.e. the Tourist Office of Haridwar, the government and published available data, theses, books and scholarly articles. The data was systematically arranged, tabulated and analyzed using IBM SPSS Version 20. Data analysis Demographical Profile The demographic characteristics of the respondents who were interviewed as shown in Table 1 reveals that 80% were female and 20% were male tourists who were interviewed at Har-ki-pauri. 60% were male and 40% female at Kankhal, while 90% were male and 10% were female at Piran Kaliyar % were male and % were female at Shantikunj, and 53.30% were male and 46.70% were female at Mansa Devi temple. As regards the hosts these were 100% only males at all five destinations, and no females were engaged in any type of business activity. As regards the educational background, at Har-ki-pauri destination 3.30% tourists and 10% of the hosts had below matriculation qualifications. 10% of the tourists and 40% of the hosts were undergraduates while 35% of hosts and 10% of tourists had graduate degrees. At Kankhal 50% of hosts and 10% of tourists were matriculants and undergraduates, 60% of tourists and 30% of hosts were graduates, 20% of tourists and 20% of hosts were postgraduates. Only 10% of tourists had obtained a professional degree, while at Piran Kaliyar 15% of tourists and 10% of hosts were below matriculation level. Some 20% of tourists and 60% of hosts were matriculated and undergraduates, and 35% of tourists and 30% of hosts were graduates. A figure of 30% of the tourists were postgraduates, at Shantikunj 80% of hosts and13.3% tourists were matriculatants and undergraduates, and 46.7% of tourists and 20% of hosts were graduates. 20% of tourists 5

6 were postgraduates and 20% in total had a professional degree. AAt Mansa devi 40% of the hosts were below matriculation level, while 6.70% were matriculants and undergraduates wand 60% of hosts and of 13.3% tourists were graduates. A larget percent namely 66.70% of tourists were postgraduates, and 13.3% of tourists had obtained a professional degree. Table 1- Demographical Profile of tourists and hosts (2016) Study area Education Tourist Host Study area Age Tourist Host <20 Below maticulation 3.30% 10% years 3.30% Matriculate and undergraduate 10% 40% % 65% Har-ki-pauri Kankhal Piran kaliyar Shantikunj Graduate 10% 35% Har-ki-pauri % Postgraduate 63.30% 15% % 100% Professional 13.30% Kankhal % Matriculate and <20 undergraduate 10% 50% years 5% Graduate 60% 30% % 50% Postgraduate 20% 20% % 50% Professional 10% Piran kaliyar >60 years 20% Below maticulation 15% 10% % 40% Matriculate and undergraduate 20% 60% Shantikunj % 60% Graduate 35% 30% % 60% Postgraduate 30% Mansa Devi % 40% Matriculate and undergraduate Tourists Graduate Host Postgraduate 20 Study area Male Female Male Professional 20 Har-ki-pauri 20% 80% 100% Below maticulation 40% Kankhal 60% 40% 100% Matriculate and Piran undergraduate 6.70% kaliyar 90% 10% 100% Graduate 13.30% 60% Shantikunj 46.70% 53.30% 100% Postgraduate 66.70% Mansa Devi 53.30% 46.70% 100% Mansa Devi Professional 13.30% (Source: Field Study) Besides it at har-ki-pauri 3.30% tourists were from the age group of less than 20 years, 96.70% tourists and 65% hosts were from years of age. 35% of hosts were from years, while at Kankhal 100% of the hosts and 65% of tourists were found under the age group of years, while 35% tourists were from years. At Piran Kaliyar only 5% tourists were found to be less than 20 years old, 65% tourists and 50% of hosts were from years of age, 50% of hosts and 10% of tourists were from years. 20% of tourists were above 60 years of age, at Shantikunj and 66.70% of tourists and 40% of hosts were in the years bracket, 33.30% of tourists and 60% of hosts were from the years. At Mansa devi 93.30% of tourists 60% of hosts were in the years age group, while 6.70% of tourists and 40% of hosts were in the years grouping. 6

7 Table 2: Perception of Host community towards Infrastructural Problems at Tourist Sites of Haridwar (2016) Harkipaudi Piran Kaliyar Kankhal Shantikunj Mansa Devi Tourist places Haridwar Mean Road condition Traffic Management Parking Space Power Supply Drinking water Medical Safety security ATM/Bank facility Sewage &drainage system Garbage system & Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Cleanliness (Source: Field study) 5-Very satisfied, 4- satisfied, 3- neutral, 2- dissatisfied, 1- very dissatisfied It can be observed from the table that the host community is satisfied with the power supply, drinking water facility, safety and security and ATM/Bank facility at the above mentioned study sites, because the noted mean value is higher than the average standard score. The respondent s opinion towards road condition, traffic management, parking spaces and medical facilities is distributed more towards the lower side i.e. neutral to very dissatisfied. The analyses concluded that respondents are not satisfied with these factors and there is great need to improve these factors. What is required is a careful attention towards these services and amenities for effective and sustainable tourism development. As the table shows the road condition is good at Har-kipaudi when compared to other sites and there are two different routes i.e. a ropeway and a pedestrian path to reach the Mansa Devi so there is no traffic problem at Mansa Devi and parking space is also good, and respondents are satisfied with these two amenities (traffic and parking 7

8 Mean African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, Volume 7 (3) - (2018) ISSN: X space) at Mansa Devi and Kankhal sites while in other sites the mean value is distributed towards lower side. Perception of host community Har-ki-paudi Kankhal Piran Kaliyar Shantikunj Mansa Devi Infrastructural Problems Figure-1 Source: Author s Own Regarding the power supply and drinking water facility a large number of respondents are inclined towards higher side at these five study sites, because the mean value is higher at five point scale, while a majority of host community towards medical facility at Piran Kaliyar is satisfied in comparison to other sites this facility needs more attention, and respondent perceptions towards ATM and Bank facilities except at the Shantikunj and Mansa Devi site is distributed towards the higher side at other sites. When it comes to sewage, garbage systems and cleanliness issues, the host community s perception is satisfied at Piran Kaliyar in comparison to the other sites. Table 3: Tourists Perception towards Infrastructural Problems at Tourist sites of Haridwar (2016) Tourist sites Har-kipaudi Kankhal Piran Kaliyar Shantikunj Mansa Devi Haridwar Road Condition Traffic Management Mean Mean Parking Spaces Mean

9 drinking water Medical facility Power Supply safety& security ATM/Bank facility Sewage &drainage system Garbage system Cleanliness (Source: Field study) Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean As the table shows tourists perception regarding road condition, traffic management and parking spaces at these five study sites is distributed towards higher side, the noted mean value is higher than average standard score. While the other amenities like drinking water facility, medical facility, power supply, safety and security and ATM/Bank facility are also distributed towards higher side. Most of the tourists have positive perception towards these amenities, while the other amenities like sewage and drainage, garbage system and cleanliness are distributed towards lower side i.e. neutral to very dissatisfied, so these amenities should be improved. 9

10 Mean African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, Volume 7 (3) - (2018) ISSN: X Perception of tourists Infrasructural Problems Har-ki-paudi Kankhal Piran Kaliyar Shantikunj Mansa Devi Figure 2. Source: Author s Calculation Table 4: Group Statistics Respondents N Mean Perception of Host Community Deviation Error Mean Perception of Tourists As per the above table 4 and 5, a statistical significance difference of (95% C.I to 0.18) t(20) = , p=.275. The p value given by significance (two- tailed) is greater than the significant value, which is So, the hypothesis is rejected and it can be concluded that there is no significant difference between the perception of stakeholders and tourists towards infrastructural problems. Both are having same perception. The mean value of host community perception is distributed towards low side (3.09 to 0.48) than the tourist s perception (3.30 to 0.38). So the finding shows The tourist and host community is neither fully satisfied and nor fully dissatisfied. Table 5: Independence Sample Test t-test of Means Perception Difference Equal assumed Discussion variances t df Sig. (2- tailed) Mean Difference Error Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper The development and improvement of tourist infrastructure is an essential aspect for confronting competition from other, similarly popular destinations. The selected five destinations have a historical and religious importance for pilgrims. It was observed in the survey that many tourists 10

11 came to Haridwar with high expectations, but left these tourist spots with varying levels of satisfaction as well as a host community that is not satisfied with infrastructural facilities and facing many problems. The road condition, traffic management and parking space is not in good condition, and host perceptions are distributed towards dissatisfied to neutral over these facilities while tourists perceptions are distributed towards neutral to satisfied. During festival time there is a far worse situation of traffic on the roads at Har-ki-Pauri and Piran kaliyar, and it is very difficult to cross roads during peak season since Shantikunj is situated on the highway. There is also a need for proper parking space and effective traffic management. Generally, a substantial effort must be put into action for improving road conditions, traffic management and parking space allocation. Regarding the drinking water facilities and power supply, most tourists and hosts are satisfied to very satisfied. Both these amenities are in good condition at the tourist spots. With regards to medical facilities, the tourist and host perception is distributed towards the lower side i.e. neutral to very dissatisfied, so medical facilities should be improved at these five destinations. The host and tourists perceptions are distributed towards higher levels when it comes to safety and security and ATM/Bank facilities. Regarding sewage and drainage systems, the garbage system and cleanliness issues, their perception is inclined towards lower side i.e. neutral to very dissatisfied, so the local community and government should put greater efforts into improving these amenities at tourist spots. Conclusion On the basis of the obtained data from these selected sites may be concluded that both respondent groups have the same perception towards infrastructural problems in tourism. Their perception is not distributed towards the higher side on five point Likert scale, and they are neither fully dissatisfied nor fully satisfied. Haridwar s tourism sector should improve the following infrastructural facilities to promote tourist friendly environment i.e. road conditions, traffic management, parking spaces, medical, ATM/Bank, cleanliness, garbage and disposal system. The level or lack of infrastructure affects tourist s experiences and that tourism infrastructure is an important predictor. Har-ki-paudi is a major tourist place in Haridwar, and the tourist influx increases during Yatra and other religious festivals. Usually pedestrian traffic and encroachment on roads also leads to major traffic congestion. Every Thursday tourists go to Piran Kaliyar Sufi shrine and during URS festival, the local residents of that particular area face the problem of severe traffic congestion. The Mansa Devi Mandir is an old temple that is situated on a hill adjacent to the main city of Haridwar, there is a road, but medical facilities and the ATM are not in good condition. Authorities should pay attention towards the inadequate width of road, the encroachment of street hawkers and pedestrian traffic. The government experts particularly the local experts should give careful consideration to all these inconveniences and make the needed arrangements to correct the situation. There should be a pedestrian bridge at the Har-ki-Pauri area. There is also no proper space for movement at the Mansa Devi temple. The government should pay attention so as to recover tourists by concentrating on the related problems. Traffic management and parking space is major problem at these five destinations, so government should think about building parking spaces to resolve the problems. Considering the issues will certainly help the government to boost the economy by means of the tourism sector. There should be awareness programs on cleanliness, construction of general toilets at every 100m near tourist spots, prohibition on spitting near the devotional area, throwing of garbage, and a ban on dumping of harmful solid wastes imposed by the government. 11

12 References Altaf, N. (2014). Perception of stakeholders towards pilgrim tourism in Jammu and Kashmir. Abhinav National Monthly Refereed Journal of Research in Commerce and Management, 3(8), Bleie, T.(2003). Pilgrimage tourism in central Himalayas: The case of manakamana temple in Gorkha Nepal. Mountain Research and Development, 23(2), Govt. of India, Micro Small & Medium Enterprises Development Institute Uttarakhand, Brief Industrial Profile of District Haridwar, Retreived from dcmsme.gov.in/dips/dipsr%20-% Haridwar.pdf,2007. Jeyakumar,S. & Rajaram,S. (2016). Perception of the tourist regarding pilgrimage tour in Tamilnadu. Research Journal of Social Science & Management,5(10), Karar, A. (2010). Impact of pilgrim tourism at Haridwar. Anthropologist, 12(2), Monga,N., Kaplash, S., Bhalla, M. (2016), Critical Analysis of Economic Impact of Spiritual Tourism in Haridwar, International Journal of Research Management, Economics and Commerce, 6(5), Phukan,H. (2014). A study on tourism logistics in the spiritual sites of Haridwar and Rishikesh in Uttarakhand. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, 4(9), Pai, A.., Nayak,N. & Badlani, J. (2016). Expectations & satisfaction of pilgrims at holy destinations- A case of Murudeshwara. Proceedings of 7 th asia-pacific conference on Global business,economics,finance and social sciences, Malaysia, Shaikh, Z. Y. (2012). Problems & prospects of adventure tourism in Goa, thesis, Shivaji University Kolhapur, Dept. of Commerce & Management. Sultan, I. (2015). Tourism economy and environmental problems of a religious town: A case study on Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India. International journal of humanities and social science invention, 4(2), Sharma,V. & Joshi,B.D. (2014). A swot analysis of pilgrimage tourism in Haridwar city with special reference to kanwar mela. New York Science journal, 7(10),1-3. Statistical diary of Haridwar Tomer, P.(2011). Pilgrimage tourism in north india- an evaluation. Doctoral thesis, Punjabi university Patiala, Dept. of commerce. Vijayanand,S. (2012). Pilgrimage tourism management issues and challenges with references to Tamilnadu. Asian Journal of Multidimensional Research, 1(2), Woodward, S.C. (2004). Faith and tourism: planning tourism in relation to places of worship. Tourism and Hospitality Planning and Development, 1(2),

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