CHAPTER IV MANIDIPIKA

Transcription

1 CHAPTER IV MANIDIPIKA ~a~idi~ika of A.R. is a work on Sanskrit Grammar written in Malayalam language. The whole of Sanskrit gram- mar is dealt with conscisely described in MD. The work consisting of four parts named Siksakandam, Par~ntsth>kandam, Niruktakzndarn and AkankGkGndam along with an appendix parisistam added at theend. C~rcumstance of the composition of ~anidi~ika In this preface to '~anidi~ika', A.R. statesthat while he was writing, '~~rala~i?int~am' a work on Malayalam Grammar, he had the intention to compose an appendix to ~t, giving the succinct of Sanskrit Grammar. It is really very difficult for one to appreciate the prominent poetic works in Malayalam language if one does not have a gen- eral knowledge of Sanskrit Language and its grammar. 'This is because almost all the prominent Malayalam works are written in the ~anipravala type of Malayalam language The works of renowned poets like Ezhuthachan,

2 d?naylvsi~er, Mahisamangalam, poonam etc. are written 11 Ma?ipravSla language. Though modern poets try to avoid fully Sanskrit words and compose poems employing pure Malayalam words, it has to be admitted that the works of the great poets mentioned earlier surpass the latter com- rrsitions, in poetic beauty. Sanskrit is a necessary requi- site to the learners of Malayalam languages not only in this respect, but also in the respect of the formation of new words to denote new ideas and connotations. Further, in orderto give a general description of any thing in Malayalam, one has to borrow words from Sanskrit language. Hence a knowledge of the general rules of Sanskrit grammar is inevitable to supplement the grammar of Malayalam lan- guage. A.R. says that these factors persuaded him to give a glimpse of Sanskrit grammar in his work 1terala~5~i~~am on Malayalam grammar. How ever he had to set aside the attempt to introduce Sanskrit grammar within the scope of ~Erala~iqiG~am, which has already became enormous in size on account of the rules relating to Malayalam Grammar. However, aftertwelve years since the composition of ~Grala~aniG~am he was forced to en- gage himself in this task when the Text Book Committee appointed by the Travancore Government entrusted him 5 1

3 ~ith!he duty of creating a work on Sanskrit grammar foi the help of the learners of Malayalam language. ~anidi~ika was the outcome of this attempt of A.R. Aim and Scope of the work The aim and scope of the work is explicitly men- tioned by the author himself in his preface to the work. The author has fervently felt the need forwriting a concise work on Sanskrit Grammar, while he was engaged in the task of writing his 'Magnam-opus' ~t?rala~inini~am. As a result he composed ~ a~idi~ika with a view to through light on the grammar of Sanskrit forthe purpose of those who are ~nterested in the study of Sanskrit for getting profi- ciency in Malayalam language which abound in Sanskrit *NO~~S. Significance of the titile A.R. has given a significant title to his work 'Manidipika'. The work is an exposition on the 'Mani' com- prised in the expression "Ma~ipravala". In the expression '~a?ipravala' the term 'Ma@' denotes Sanskrit words and 'Pravala' denotes Malayalam language. The compound word ~arjidi~ika can be explained as the '~i~ika' of Mapi

4 : e 2 :.I;IIT: 6'++?nfin,~.meaning that which enlightens 'Mani'. i he purpose behind the composition of '~a?idtpika' is to give the knowledge of grammar of Sanskrit language for those who desire to understand and appreciate the Ma~ipravala language and the great literature embedded in it. Hence the work is titled '~anidipika. The concluding verses of MD, highlights the significance of the tilen abmlinjw32~lfo8 W ~ ~ S S ~ ~ S J O ~ biature And Contents mami3 dlmi3csoa3 mmnln9dl~nc8&ao (~16ml0 ldw320 d CU?~lm~w~~~)~o. ~anidipika consists of four parts namely, ~iksaksndam, ~arinisth2ksndam, ~iruktakandam and AkanksakGdam with an accessory called pariiistam added at the end. The Parisista consists of dh?itup5tharn, pddavyavastha, avyayasamgraham, ganapstham and a list of examples for the operation of satva, titled as '~atvaviies6dihara?appatti ka. 54

5 In MD., A.R. deals with Sanskrit grammar in the same way as he has dealt with the grammar of Malayalam language in his Magnum opus '~~rala~~nini~am'. The grammatical facts are described in Anustup verses within which we meet with concise formulas on various aspects of grammar. These formulas are numbered by him and it is noteworthy that though these are comprised in verses, no numbering of such verses is seen in MD. The contents of the four parts of MD. as well as of its accessory called parkistam is now being examined. Siksikinda is the first one among the four parts of MD1. It consists of 58 rules narrated in anustup verses. It 1s subdivided into three sections namely Samj65prakara?am, Sabdavibhsgam and Sandhiprakaranam. Various types of Samjfia-s division of Sadba-s Svarasandhi, ~~azjanasandhi and Visargasandhi have been described in this Kanda. Before dealing with 71 samjna -s in samjaprakarava, A.R. gives a table of letters.. in which the alphabets of the language are shown as clas- sified on the basis of their place of articulation and the terms given to them2.

6 Samjnaprakaranam is the first subsection of Sik~akanda.~ It consists of nine rules wherein the author deals with samjna-s like vikari, sandhyaksara, madhyama, usrnan, khara, atikhara, mrdu, ghosa, drdha and sithila. The term vikari and sandhyaksara relate to the vowels, and other samjna-s are concerned with the consonants. The letters of the language are divided into svara-s and vyahjana-s. Among the svara-s 'a' comes first but it is not given any specific name. i,u,[and!are termed vikari, e, o, ai, and au are named sandhyaksara. The names of the five members of the each varga are khara, atikhara, mrdu, gh+a and anunkika respectively. ya, ra, la and va are termed sithila. $a, $a and sa are termed isman. In the grammar of Pacini 'h' is also treated as Clsman (' ~ala hsmar~ah')~ In the MD the author separates 'ha' from isrnan, and it is termed as drdha.. rr? initial four letters of each varga, are also termed drdt-r.

7 ~abdavibha~a is the seconr: sub division of - - Sik~akandarn. This prakarana consists of nine rules. Here A.R. describes the four types of Pada-s namely naman, akhyata, upasarga and nipata. According to Panini, pada- s are of a two fold nature, namely subanta and tirianta fnaman and akhyata) Upasarga and nipata belong to the group of suban naman). A word with vibhakti at the end s called namaj dda and a word with a lak5ra at the end is akhyata. Namaprakrti is known as ~Gtipadika and 5kb jataprakrti iscalled dhztu. Pra, para etc. are upasarga and ca, vai, tu, hi etc. are nip%ta. &bdavibh~gam is a small section of.iikhik5nda5. While dealing with the various types of sabda-s A.R. takes into consideration, the corresponding similar types of s'abda-s found in the grammar of Malayalam lang~age.~ He also adds a schedule in which the division of sabda-s in Sanskrit is shown in relation to the same in Malayalam Lang~age.~ However he is not content with it and hence gives another schedule wherein Sanskrit words are classi- fied in accordance with the grammar of ~inini.~ In this section he also deals with the terms like ~Gti~adika and dhztu.

8 Sandhiprakaranam - - The third subdivision of &ksakanda of MD is sandhiprakaranam. Here the author has treated the svarasandhi, vygjanasandhi and visargasandhi in a simple method. This prakarana consists of thirty nine rules. He deals with the svarasandhi in a simple method, citing ex- amples. The idea of the rule "lk6yanaci" (6-1-77) is given in the following manner. "Svarattin mun viksrikku madhyamam muraycay varum". For the clarity of the ideas of the statement he does not resort to paribhas: rules. While dealing with svarasandhi he given thirteen rules. Sixteen rules have been made in vy$janasandhi and ten rules are gives in visargasandhi with examples. iik+k~ndam ends with visargasandhi. The author de- scribes the sandhis in a threefold manner as padantasandhi, padamadhyasandhi and ubhayasandhi. ~arini~thtksnda is the second one among the four parts of ~a~tdipika.~ It is based on fipanispatti and deals with the formation of. 3rd~ classified into subanta and tihanta. This part consist5 3f 41 5 rules. Here the various types of riipa-s are derived from pgtipadika and dh21tu which undergo modification. This kznda ends with a de-

9 scrption of sitras necessary for grasping the meaning of vibhakt~. In this kznda the author has dealt with the vari- ous topics of grammar namely lihga, vibhakti, lakira, bh%a etc. under the subsections namely namadhik;iram, dh:tvadhikaram, etc. (I) Narnadhikara akhy?+aorakarapam and padavyavastha Narnadhikara is a subsection of Parinisthzk'anda. In this section A..R. deals with 1 :hange of Naman or ~ratipadika based on gender and caso. Lirigaprakara~a and vibhaktiprakarana are hence included in this section. from dhatu-s ~h:tvadhik%ra deals with the formation of pada-s In Aky5taprakarana dh>tukpa-s are dealt with. Niruktakznda is the third section of ~a~idt~ika. It consists of 96 rules. This part deals with the formation of stems. First of all nouns which are generated from roots

10 are dealtwith here. Krtprakarana and Taddhita prakarana are the main subjects dealt with in this section. (i) Krtprakarana:- The Krts are divided in a twofold man- *.. ner as Kiirakakrt and krtikrt.,. ~arakakrt:- The subsection titled kgrakakrt consists of 12 rules which deal with the suffixes 'tr' and 'aka' which are known as 'kgrakakrt'..... Eg: kr + tr - kartr and kr + aka - ksraka... krtikrt :- The subsection titled krtikrt consists of nine rules. It refers to the sense of bhava and the suffixes denoting them. U PASARGA-S The subsection titled 'Upasargabhal' deals with the use and number of upasarga-s. It consists of five rules. Taddhitaprakarana :- The thaddhitaprakarana consists of 69 rules which deal with the thaddhitapratyaya-s. Which are classified under five headings viz. ~idesyataddhita... and Vibhaktitaddhita, avyayataddhita, visesanataddhita svarthikaladdhita.

11 Akansakanda is the fourth and last section of Fvlanidipika. It consists of 133 rules which deal with the relation between the fully formed words and the various samasas are dealt with here. Vibhaktyarthaprakaranag lakarirthaprakaranam, samasaprakaranam, samasznta and pu~apadakgtya are the five subsections coming un- der this section. MANIL~PIK&PARI.$ISTAM This is a group offive appendices, viz Dhatupatham, Padavyavastha, Avyayasamgraham, Ganapstham and Satvaviies6diharar)app&ika. In Dh3tupZtham which is appended first, we get a tablewherein roots are listed along with gana ( viz bhvadi or adadi or juhotyadi etc.), padam (atmanepada or parasmaipada or both of them), idvyavastha ( i.e the speci- fication whetherthe ardhadhatuka suffix, added to the root, gets the augment it permanently or optionally or is devoid of it) and lun samskara~a ( the particular suffix which a root entertains in its aoristform). Thus for example, one can understand from this table that the root 'ahka' belongs to curadigana, entertains both theatmanepada and parasmaipada terminations gets the augument it perma-

12 nently for itsardhadhatuka suffixand has two entirely dif- ferent derivative forms in Aorist based on the suffix 'a' and 'S'. h The second appendix Padavyavasta. has two small sub- sections. The first section gives a list of upasarga-s pre- fixed with which certain rules get both the atmanepada and parasmaipada terminations or either of them. In the second section short list of roots which, in the specified sense, get the atmanepada terminations. Certain roots which entertain parasmaipada, when prefixed with spe- cific upasarga-s, are also included here. The third appendix, Avyayasamagraham gives the list of indeclinables in their alphabetical order and along with their meaning. Gana~tham, the fourth appendix enumerates the works comprehened in the gana-s - which are mentioned in the nrles of MD. Satvavi6esijd5hara?appattika enlists instance of operation of satva - for certain roots when prefixed with specific upasarga-s and gives the specific ideas conveyed thereby. It deserves mention here that there five appendices are very useful to an inquisile leader since they provide him with the necessary details in a quite simple and intelli- gible manner.

13 REFERENCES 1. Vide. A. R. Rajaraja Varrna, Manidipika, Edited by Dr. K. Vijayan, First Academy Edition, pp 2. Vide. M. D. p Vide M. D. pp. 23 to Vide Bhatt6ji.. ~';,k~ita, Siddhanta kournudi Edited by Sri Giridhara ~arrnand Pararnesvarananda S'arma. Under the rule vvh Vide M D. pp. 26 to Vide M D. pp Vide M D. pp Vide M D. pp Vide M D. pp. 49 to Vide M D. pp. 229 to 268