Year 11 Religious Studies

Transcription

1 Year 11 Religious Studies GCSE REVISION BOOKLET Exams: Paper 1 Paper 2 14 th May 16 th May 1 hour 45 mins 1 hour 45 mins Section A: Christianity Beliefs and Teachings Practices Section B: Buddhism Beliefs and Teachings Practices Theme A: Relationships and families Theme B: Religion and Life Theme D: Religion, Peace and Conflict Theme E: Religion, Crime and Punishment

2 How to answer the GCSE Exam Questions NEVER WRITE OUT THE QUESTION Number of marks Command word Structure Number of minutes 1 Which one of Circle / tick or write the correct word 2 Name two Give two NO sentence required. Keep it as brief as possible 4 Explain influences Explain similar contrasting (Could ask for main religious tradition of Great Britain = CHRISTIANITY) Number your points: 1.Point Explain / develop 2.Point Explain / develop 5 Explain. Refer to sources of wisdom or authority in your answer 1.Point Explain / develop 2.Point Explain / develop Include a religious teaching 4min 12 Evaluate For (including religious views) Evaluate Against (including religious views) Evaluate Conclusion (based on the for and against information) 12 mark question key words / phrases Furthermore In addition Convincingly A strong argument is A weaker argument is This means that This evidence is convincing because Consequently Similarly In contrast Despite this Of less importance Most importantly As can be seen by Finally Themes for 4 mark main religious tradition of Great Britain questions Religion and families Religion and life Religion, crime and punishment Religion, peace and conflict Contraception, sex before marriage, homosexual relationships Abortion, euthanasia, animal experimentation Corporal punishment, death penalty, forgiveness (Violence, weapons of mass destruction, pacifism) Follow all quotes with- this means that / this shows that. Therefore (go back to the question)

3 Paper 1. Religions I can explain and describe Red Amber Green The nature of God including the belief that God is omnipotent, loving and just The problem of evil and suffering. The Christian belief in the Oneness of God and the Trinity: Father, Son and Holy Spirit Different Christian Beliefs about creation, including beliefs about the Word and Spirit from Genesis 1:1-3 and John 1:1-3 Different Christian beliefs about the afterlife and their importance - resurrection and life after death. Different Christian beliefs about the afterlife and their importance - including Judgement. Different Christian beliefs about the afterlife and their importance - heaven and hell. Christian beliefs and teachings about the incarnation and Jesus as Son of God. Christian beliefs and teachings about the crucifixion of Jesus. Christian beliefs and teachings about the resurrection of Jesus. Christian beliefs and teachings about the ascension of Jesus. Christian beliefs and teachings about sin, including original sin. Christian beliefs and teachings about the means of salvation, including by law, grace and spirit. Christian beliefs and teachings about the role of Jesus in salvation. Christian beliefs and teachings about the idea of atonement.

4 Key Vocab Afterlife: Ascension: Atonement Awe: Benevolent Blasphemy Creation: Crucifixion: Denomination Dominion: Environment: God: Grace Holy Spirit Incarnation: Justice Mass Messiah: Omnipotent Purgatory Resurrection: Revelation: Salvation: Sin Soul: Symbolism: The Word Trinity: The belief that there is life after death, e.g. Christians believe that their soul joins God in heaven Jesus ascends bodily into Heaven 40 days after the resurrection Showing grace and mercy and pardoning someone for what they have done wrong Completely overwhelmed by a sense of God's presence, e.g. having a religious experience of God by looking at the wonder of nature All-loving, all-good A religious offence which includes claiming to be God Christians believe that God created the universe /world and everything in it A Roman method of execution and the death of Jesus on the cross on Good Friday A group within the Christian church eg Catholic, Church of England Being in charge of the world for God. God gave humans the responsibility to look after the world on God's behalf The natural world around us. Christians believe that humans should manage the animals and plants, etc, with respect because God made the world and everything in it. Ultimate being, creator and sustainer of the world, e.g. Christians believe that God made the world in 6 days or periods of time A quality of God which he shows to humans by provided love and support which they do not need to earn. The 3 rd person of the Trinity and the presence of God in the world God made human. For Christians, Jesus was the Son of God in human form Bringing about what is right and fair Ceremony (also called Eucharist) in which the death and resurrection of Jesus is celebrated using bread and wine Saviour. For Christians, Jesus was the Messiah. Almighty, having unlimited power The intermediate state where souls are cleansed in order to get into heaven a Catholic belief. Jesus rising from the dead on Easter day. The central belief of Christianity. An act of God; a miracle Something revealed or shown that was previously hidden, e.g. Jesus was God's greatest revelation Being saved from sin through Jesus Christ Behaviour which is against God s laws or the principles of morality The part of humans that lives on after the body has died. Christians believe that the soul goes to be with God in heaven. Something that points to or explains something else, e.g. the cross represents how Jesus died and was resurrected for our sins Term used in John s gospel to refer to god the Son (Jesus) God, Son and Holy Spirit. Three elements of God, yet one God.

5 Key teachings You shall have no other Gods before me (Exodus) Nothing is impossible with God (Luke) God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life (John) In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth (Genesis) In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God (John) The Word became flesh and made his dwelling among us (John) Jesus called out with a loud voice Father, into your hands I commit my spirit. When he had said this he breathed his last (Luke) Surely this man was the Son of God! (Mark) I am the way and the truth and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me (John) For the wages of sin is death, but the gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord (Romans) The Sheep and the Goats 31 When the Son of Man comes in his glory, and all the angels with him, he will sit on his glorious throne. 32 All the nations will be gathered before him, and he will separate the people one from another as a shepherd separates the sheep from the goats. 33 He will put the sheep on his right and the goats on his left. 34 Then the King will say to those on his right, Come, you who are blessed by my Father; take your inheritance, the kingdom prepared for you since the creation of the world. 35 For I was hungry and you gave me something to eat, I was thirsty and you gave me something to drink, I was a stranger and you invited me in, 36 I needed clothes and you clothed me, I was sick and you looked after me, I was in prison and you came to visit me (Matthew) Adam and Eve the Fall. (Genesis) The LORD God took the man and put him in the Garden of Eden to work it and take care of it. 16 And the LORD God commanded the man, You are free to eat from any tree in the garden; 17 but you must not eat from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, for when you eat from it you will certainly die. When the woman saw that the fruit of the tree was good for food and pleasing to the eye, and also desirable for gaining wisdom, she took some and ate it. She also gave some to her husband, who was with her, and he ate it. 7 Then the eyes of both of them were opened

6 2 Mark Exam Questions a) Give two characteristics of God. b) Name two persons of the Trinity. c) Give two reasons why Jesus had to die. d) Name two types of salvation. e) State two things that Christians believe about judgement. f) Give two beliefs about the afterlife. g) Name two interpretations of the creation story. 4 Mark Exam Questions a) Explain two ways in which belief in the resurrection influences Christians today. b) Explain two ways in which belief in the Trinity influences Christians today. c) Explain two ways in which belief that God is omnipotent influences Christians today. d) Explain two ways in which belief about sin might influence Christians today. e) Explain two ways in which beliefs about the creation of the world might influence Christians today. f) Explain two ways in which learning about the crucifixion might influence Christians today. g) Explain two ways in which learning about the incarnation might influence Christians today. h) Explain two ways in which learning about the ascension might influence Christians today. i) Explain two ways in which learning about salvation might influence Christians today. j) Explain two ways in which believing that God is all-loving might influence Christians today. k) Explain two different Christian beliefs about stories in the Bible. l) Explain two ways in which learning about Grace might influence Christians today. m) Explain two ways in which believing in Judgement Day might influence Christians today. n) Explain two ways in which beliefs about the afterlife might influence Christians today. 5 Mark Exam Questions a) Explain two Christian teachings about the nature of God. Refer to sacred writings or another source of Christian belief and teaching in your answer. b) Explain two Christian teachings about the crucifixion. Refer to sacred writings or another source of Christian belief and teaching in your answer. c) Explain two Christian teachings about the Trinity. Refer to sacred writings or another source of Christian belief and teaching in your answer. d) Explain two Christian teachings about the resurrection. Refer to sacred writings or another source of Christian belief and teaching in your answer. e) Explain two Christian teachings about life after death. Refer to sacred writings or another source of Christian belief and teaching in your answer.

7 f) Explain two Christian teachings about the ascension. Refer to sacred writings or another source of Christian belief and teaching in your answer. g) Explain two Christian teachings about salvation. Refer to sacred writings or another source of Christian belief and teaching in your answer. h) Explain two Christian teachings about God s omnipotence. Refer to sacred writings or another source of Christian belief and teaching in your answer. i) Explain two Christian teachings about sin. Refer to sacred writings or another source of Christian belief and teaching in your answer. j) Explain two Christian teachings about creation. Refer to sacred writings or another source of Christian belief and teaching in your answer. k) Explain two Christian teachings about the incarnation. Refer to sacred writings or another source of Christian belief and teaching in your answer. Evaluate this statement. In your answer you should: 12 Mark Exam Questions refer to Christian teaching give reasoned arguments to support this a) For a Christian, believing that God is all-powerful is not statement important. give reasoned arguments to support a different point of view b) Christians believe in three Gods not one reach a justified conclusion. c) The Trinity is the most important belief in Christianity [12 marks] [+ 3 SPaG marks] d) It does not matter if the Creation story is not true e) If God were truly loving, there would be no suffering. f) The creation story is just a myth. g) The existence of Hell does not fit with a belief in an all-loving God h) All suffering can be used to show God s love i) Belief in the resurrection is the most important Christian belief. j) Belief in life after death makes no sense k) It is easy to believe the story of the Virgin Birth l) The ascension is just a made-up story to show Jesus was special m) Jesus resurrection is a lie n) God s nature can never be known. o) No one is to blame for the death of Jesus

8 Key vocab. Christianity practices I can explain and describe Red Amber Green The meaning and importance of worship for Christians The differences between liturgical, informal and private worship and the importance of each The nature and use of prayer, including the Lord s Prayer, set prayers and informal prayer and the significance of these for individuals, community and society The meaning and role of sacraments for some Christians and why other Christians do not have sacraments The different forms of baptism, including infant baptism and believer s baptism. The reasons for different views about infant baptism and why some Christians do not consider it essential. The sacrament of Holy Communion, its importance for Christians and different interpretations of its meaning and be able to refer to 1 Corinthians The ways in which Holy Communion is celebrated in different Christian churches. The rite and importance of Christian pilgrimage, including the examples of Lourdes and Iona The role and importance of festivals, including how and why Christmas and Easter are celebrated. What is meant by the Church How and why the Church helps local communities, including food banks and Street Pastors I can explain the role and importance of mission and evangelism in the Church. I can explain where and how Christianity is spreading worldwide and the strategies use to promote Church growth. I can explain the importance of the worldwide Church, including its role in working for reconciliation. I can explain how Christian Churches respond to persecution. I can explain why the Church responds to world poverty, including the work of one Christian charity.

9 Key Vocab Agape Believers baptism Christmas Church Easter Eucharist Evangelism Forgiveness Infant baptism Informal prayer Informal worship Liturgical The Lord s Prayer Lourdes Mission Peace Persecution Pilgrimage Prayer Private worship Reconciliation Sacraments Set prayers Street pastors Worship Selfless, unconditional love initiation into the Church, by immersion in water, of people old enough to understand the ceremony and willing to live a Christian life the day commemorating the incarnation and birth of Jesus (25 December) 1. The holy people of God, also called the Body of Christ, among whom Christ is present and active; 2. (church) A building in which Christians worship the religious season celebrating the resurrection of Jesus from the dead; starts on Easter Day and finishes with the feast of Pentecost a service of thanksgiving in which the sacrificial death and resurrection of Jesus are celebrated, using bread and wine; also called Holy Communion, Mass, the Lord s Supper spreading the Christian gospel showing mercy and pardoning someone for what they have done wrong the sacrament through which babies and young children become members of the Church, where promises are taken on their behalf by adults prayer that is made up by an individual using his or her own words a service that does not follow a set text or ritual; this type of worship is sometimes spontaneous or charismatic in nature worship a church service which follows a set structure or ritual the prayer taught to the disciples by Jesus A place of pilgrimage dedicated to Mary mother of Jesus. In 1858 Bernadette had visions of Mary there. A place of healing. the calling of a religious organisation or individual to go out into the world and spread the faith an absence of conflict, which leads to happiness and harmony hostility and ill-treatment, especially because of race, or political or religious beliefs a journey by a believer to a holy site for religious reasons; an act of worship and devotion communicating with God, either silently or through words of praise, thanksgiving or confession, or requests for God s help or guidance when a believer praises or honours God on his or her own a sacrament in the Catholic Church; also, the restoring of harmony after relationships have broken down rituals through which the believers receives the Holy Spirit prayers that have been written down and said more than once by more than one person, for example the Lord s Prayer Christian volunteers patrol the streets to help and care for vulnerable people. acts or religious praise, honour or devotion Christ for all nations Christian Aid Corrymeela Community Iona Started in 1974 by evangelist Reinhard Bonnke and organisation which holds evangelical missions throughout the world over 1 a millionattended a meeting in Nigeria. Works to help the world s poorest (any religion etc). Encourage sustainable development, stop poverty and provide emergency relief. We believe in life before death Begun in 1965 by Ray Davey seeks to promote harmony and reconciliation Place of Christian pilgrimage off the coast of Scotland. Remote pilgrims feel it is a place which God s power and presence are felt.

10 The Alpha Course The Great Commission Trussell Trust Pastor Baber George Christian Solidarity Worldwide An introduction for those interested in Christianity Jesus instruction to his followers that they should spread his teachings to all nations of the world. Based on Christian principles of ending poverty they have food banks to provide emergency food supplies to people in need. Converted to Christianity and then had a fatwa issued against him by radical Muslims. A Christian humans rights group that campaigns for religious freedom for all. Key teachings Our Father, Who art in heaven, hallowed be Thy Name; Thy kingdom come, thy will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread, and forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive those who trespass against us; and lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. For the kingdom, the power and the glory are yours now and for ever. Amen (The Lord s Prayer) And when you pray, do not be like the hypocrites, for they love to pray standing in the synagogues and on the street corners to be seen by others. Truly I tell you, they have received their reward in full. 6 But when you pray, go into your room, close the door and pray to your Father, who is unseen. (Matthew) Therefore go and make disciples of all nations, baptising them in the name of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit (Matthew) This is my body, which is for you; do this in remembrance of me (1 Corinthians) For I was hungry and you gave me something to eat, I was thirsty and you gave me something to drink, I was a stranger and you invited me in (Sheep and the goats) Faith by itself, if it is not accompanied by an action, is dead (James) Blessed are those who are persecuted because of righteousness, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven (Matthew) Christian Aid: We believe in life before death they work to help the world s poorest (any religion etc). Encourage sustainable development, stop poverty and provide emergency relief.

11 2 Mark Exam Questions a) Give two examples of Christian charities. b) Give two types of worship. c) Give two forms of prayer. d) Explain the term street pastor. e) Give two alternatives for the term Last Supper. f) Explain why someone might have a believers baptism. g) Give two reasons why Holy Week is important to Christians. h) Give two reasons why some Christians disagree with pilgrimage. i) Give two effects of giving to charity. j) Name two Christian Charities. 4 Mark Exam Questions a) Explain two contrasting Christian views about the importance of pilgrimage. b) Explain two contrasting Christian views about the importance of reconciliation. c) Explain two contrasting ways a Christian might perform Baptism. d) Explain two contrasting ways in which Christians respond to persecution. e) Explain two contrasting ways in which Christians respond to poverty. f) Explain two contrasting ways in which Christian charities respond to need. g) Explain two contrasting ways in which Christians celebrate the Eucharist. h) Explain two contrasting ways in which Christians celebrate the Christmas. i) Explain two contrasting ways in which Christians celebrate the Easter. j) Explain two contrasting ways Christians play a role in the local community. k) Explain two contrasting ways Christians play a role in the global community. l) Explain two contrasting ways a Christian might worship. m) Explain two contrasting ways in which a believer may enter God s family. n) Explain two contrasting Christian views about the importance of the sacraments. 5 Mark Exam Questions a) Explain two ways in which Christians think worship is important. Refer to sacred writings or another source of Christian belief and teaching in your answer. b) Explain two ways in which Christians celebrate Easter. Refer to sacred writings or another source of Christian belief and teaching in your answer. c) Explain two ways in which Christians celebrate Christmas. Refer to sacred writings or another source of Christian belief and teaching in your answer. d) Explain two ways in which Christians respond to the word poverty. Refer to sacred writings or another source of Christian belief and teaching in your answer. e) Explain two ways in which Christians evangelise. Refer to sacred writings or another source of Christian belief and teaching in your answer. f) Explain two ways in which Christians support their communities. Refer to sacred writings or another source of Christian belief and teaching in your answer. g) Explain two ways in which Christians pray. Refer to sacred writings or another source of Christian belief and teaching in your answer.

12 h) Explain two ways in which Christians put their faith in action. Refer to sacred writings or another source of Christian belief and teaching in your answer. i) Explain two ways in which Christians think worship is important. Refer to sacred writings or another source of Christian belief and teaching in your answer. j) Explain two ways in which Christians respond to persecution. Refer to sacred writings or another source of Christian belief and teaching in your answer. k) Explain two ways in which Christians think baptism is important. Refer to sacred writings or another source of Christian belief and teaching in your answer. l) Explain two ways in which Christians think Christmas is important. Refer to sacred writings or another source of Christian belief and teaching in your answer. m) Explain two ways in which Christians think reconciliation is important. Refer to sacred writings or another source of Christian belief and teaching in your answer. 12 Mark Exam Questions a) No child should be baptised. b) Pilgrimage is a waste of money. c) Christmas is the most important Christian festival. d) It is more important to help the poor than to worship in a church. e) Charities should focus more on helping the poor in Britain. f) Helping others is the best form of worship. g) It does not matter how worship is done h) Private worship is more important than group worship i) God already knows our needs, so praying is not needed j) The most important sacrament is that of baptism k) All Christians should be baptised l) The Eucharist is the most important part of Christian living m) All Christians should make a pilgrimage to a holy place n) Christmas is only important as it shows Jesus as special o) Christmas is too commercialised p) Easter should be the happiest time of the year for Christians Evaluate this statement. In your answer you should: refer to Christian teaching give reasoned arguments to support this statement give reasoned arguments to support a different point of view reach a justified conclusion. [12 marks] [+ 3 SPaG marks] q) Christians should focus on their religion and their family, not interfere with other people s lives r) Religion is not relevant in the modern world s) Helping those in need abroad is the most important part of Christian mission t) Christians in the UK must focus on the UK if they want their religion to continue u) True faith is shown through helping the persecuted v) The world would be a far better place if everyone was willing to reconcile w) All Christians should donate money to Christian Aid x) Helping one person out of poverty makes no difference

13 Buddhism Beliefs and teachings I can explain and describe Red Amber Green The Buddha s life and its significance : The birth of the Buddha and his life of luxury. The Four Sights, illness, old age, death, holy man (Jataka 75). The Buddha s ascetic life. The Buddha s Enlightenment. The Four Noble Truths The First Noble Truth: suffering (dukkha) including different types of suffering. The Second Noble Truth: the causes of suffering (samudaya); the Three Poisons: ignorance, greed and hate. The Third Noble Truth: the end of craving (tanha) interpretations of nibbana (nirvana) and enlightenment. The Fourth Noble Truth: the Eightfold Path (magga) to nibbana/nirvana; the path as the Threefold Way: ethics (sila), meditation (samadhi) and wisdom (panna). The Fourth Noble Truth: the Eightfold Path Dhammapada The Concept of Dhamma (Dharma) The Concept of dependent arising - Paticcasamupada. The Three Marks of Existence Impermanence (anicca) No fixed self (anatta) Unsatisfactoriness of life, suffering (dukkha). The human personality: In the Theravadan tradition, the Five Aggregates (skandhas) of form, sensation, perception, mental formations, consciousness. In the Mahayana tradition, sunyata, the possibility of attaining Buddhahood and Buddha-nature.

14 Human destiny - A perfected person (Arhat) and Bodhisattva ideals, Buddhahood and the Pure Land. Buddhahood and its relation to Pure Land Buddhism. Key Vocab anatta anicca Arhat ascetic Bodhisattva Buddha Buddhahood Buddha-nature dependent arising Dhamma (dharma) Dhammapada dukkha the Eightfold Path Enlightenment the Five Aggregates the five moral precepts form the Four Noble Truths the Four Sights greed hate No fixed self, no soul; the Universal Truth that the soul is insubstantial; that people change in the course of their lives; denial of a real or permanent self. Impermanence, instability, not permanent. A perfected person. In Theravada Buddhism this is a term for a person who has attained nibbana A life free from worldly pleasures (especially sexual activity and consumption of alcohol), often with the aim of pursuing religious and spiritual goals. A concept in Mahayana Buddhism. A being destined for enlightenment, who postpones final attainment of Buddhahood in order to help living beings. 1. Historically the Buddha - the enlightened one. 2. An awakened or enlightened person. Enlightenment In Mahayana Buddhism, this refers to the fundamental nature of all beings, which means that all beings can attain Buddhahood Paticcasamupada. The belief that everything in existence is because other things are. The idea that everything is interconnected and that everyone affects everyone else Universal law; ultimate truth; the teachings of Buddha. Spelt in Sanskrit as dharma A sacred text of the Pali tradition with 426 verses Suffering; ill; everything leads to suffering; unsatisfactoriness. The fourth Noble Truth. Magga. The Middle Way. The way to wisdom; mental training and the way of morality. Eight stages to be practised simultaneously. Wisdom or understanding enabling clarity of perception; this allows a Buddhist to be freed from the cycle of rebirth The five skandhas of form, sensation, perception, mental formation, consciousness. The idea that one s being is composed of these five factors. To not kill any living being, refrain from stealing, refrain from wrongful sexual activity, refrain from lying, refrain from taking drugs and alcohol that cloud the mind. The first of the Five Aggregates. It refers to matter, to the sense organs and the objects of their experience Dukkha, Samudaya, Nirodha, Magga (suffering, the cause of suffering, the end of suffering, the path to the end of suffering). Gautama s four encounters with illness, old age, death and a holy man One of the Three Poisons, it is the attachment to material things, sensual desire One of the Three Poisons, it is about wishing others harm, anger, hostility etc.

15 ignorance Jataka Kamma (Karma) karuna Mahayana metta Nibbana (Nirvana) perception Pure Land Samudaya sensation skandhas sunyata tanha Theravada the Threefold Way the Three Marks of Existence the Three Poisons the Three Refuges One of the Three Poisons, it is the inability to see things as they really are The Jataka Tales are stories about the previous lives of the Buddha Literally 'action'. Deliberate actions that affect the believer's circumstances in this and future lives; cause and effect. Compassion or pity. Part of the spiritual path. A form of Buddhism which includes both the lay and monastic communities. Literally Greater Vehicle, it focuses on achieving enlightenment for the sake of all beings. It is the Buddhism of China, Tibet and Japan. Loving kindness. A pure love, which is not possessive and which does not seek to gain. Literally blowing out. To reach a state of perfect peace where the individual experiences liberation from the cycle of birth, death and rebirth. The third of the Five Aggregates. The ability to distinguish between different objects that we experience through our senses. It enables memory This is the dominant form of Buddhism in Japan and focuses on chanting the name of Amitabha Buddha The causes of suffering (the Second Noble Truth). The second of the Five Aggregates. It is about the feelings that arise from our sense organs making contact with their objects The Five Aggregates of form, sensation, perception, mental formation, consciousness. The idea that a person consists of these five factors. Literally emptiness. In Mahayana Buddhism, it refers to the absence of an intrinsic nature (or identity) in all phenomena Craving / desire, which causes suffering. The attempt to grasp at the things we enjoy. The kind of Buddhism found in Sri Lanka and Thailand. It came before Mahayana A term that refers to three divisions of the Eightfold Path into ethics, meditation and wisdom Sometimes known as the Three Universal Truths: dukkha, anicca, anatta (unsatisfactoriness, impermanence, no self). Ignorance, greed and hate Buddha, Dhamma, Sangha Key Teachings Dharma /nibbana One who abides in Dhamma, who delights in Dhamma, who contemplates Dhamma, who memorises Dhamma does not lose the way Dhammapada Just as the water of river plunges into the ocean and merges with the ocean, so the spiritual path, the Noble Eightfold Path, plunges into Nibbana and merges with nibbana Buddha

16 Three Marks of Existence Pleasure is the binding force in the world. Rolling thought processes are its ever-changing base. With the complete eradication of craving, The state called nibbana is attained Buddha All conditioned things are impermanent. All conditioned things are inherently lacking. All realities are devoid of an abiding self Dhammapada Four Noble Truths Suffering I teach, and the way out of it Buddha He who has gone for refuge to the Buddha, the teaching and his Order, penetrates the transcendental wisdom of the Four Noble Truths suffering, the cessation of suffering, and the Noble Eightfold Path leading to the cessation of suffering Dhammapada Noble Eightfold Path The Noble Eightfold Path is the most honourable way Dhammapada 273 If you walk the path, you will arrive at the end of suffering Buddha. Human Destiny Arhat Disciples of the Buddha are fully awake dwelling both day and night in contemplation of the Awakened One of reality of the true nature of the body taking delight in compassion in cultivating the heart Dhammapada You yourselves should make the effort; the enlightened ones are only teachers Dhammapada 276 Human Destiny Bodhisattva Pure Land Just as all the previous Sugatas, the Buddhas So will I too, for the sake of all beings, Generate the mind of enlightenment And accomplish all the stages Of the Bodhisattva trainin Bodhisttva Vow Namu Amida Butsu (I return to Amitabha Buddha) Pure Land Buddhist mantra Human Personality 5 Skandhas The skandhas are also related to blockages of different types spiritual ones, material ones, and emotional ones Chogyam Trungpa Rinpoche Avalokiteshvara while practicing deeply with the Insight that Brings Us to the Other Shore, suddenly discovered that all of the five Skandhas are equally empty, and with this realisation he overcame all Ill-being Heart Sutra Human Personality Sunyata Buddha nature We and all sentient beings fundamentally have the Buddha-nature as our innermost essence Sogyal Rinpoche If you want to find Buddha-nature, love someone and care for them Dainin Katagiri

17 Paticcasamuppada One who sees paticcasamuppada sees the Dhamma. One who sees the Dhamma sees paticca samuppada Buddha When this is, that is; This arising, that arises; When this is not, that is not; This ceasing, that ceases Majjhima Nikaya The Buddha Birth and life of Luxury I am chief of the world, Eldest am I in the world, Foremost am I in the world. This is the last birth. There is now no more coming to be Siddarttha Gotama s words when born I was very spoiled I had a palace for the winter, one for the summer and one for the rainy season Buddha The Buddha 4 Sights Jataka 075 describes Siddhattha Gotama seeing the Four Sights Thus, he realised the triviality of the mundane life, which is bound to crumble, because if one is born one would undergo the process of ageing, sickness, death and all kinds of suffering The ascetic s resolution to renounce the worldly life in quest of the truth infused greater happiness in his heart and inspired him to lead the life of an ascetic. The Buddha Ascetic Life I will perform the uttermost penance. He brought himself to live on one seed, or one grain of rice, and even to fast. By this fasting, however, he became as thin as a skeleton ; the colour of his body, once fair as gold, became dark ; and the thirty-two signs of a great man disappeared Jataka Tales He perceived that penance was not the way to enlightenment Jataka Tales The Buddha Enlightenment and Teaching If today I shall become a Buddha, let this pot go up the stream; if not, let it go down the stream -Siddhartha Gotama before enlightenment (it went up stream against the current) May skin, indeed, and sinews, and bones wilt away, may flesh and blood in my body dry up, but till I attain to complete enlightenment this seat I will not leave! the Buddha s vow to become enlightened To Nirvana my mind has gone, I have arrived at the extinction of evil desire Buddha on enlightenment

18 Buddhism Sample Questions & Answers Which one of the following is the book which contains stories from the life of the Buddha?(1) A) Jataka Tales B) Dhammapada C) Tipitaka D) Pali Canon Give two reasons why Buddha rejected his life of wealth. (2) One mark for each of two correct points Students may include some of the following points, but all other relevant points must be credited: He saw the Four Sights / the prophecy was fulfilled / he wanted to find a solution to suffering / he was disillusioned with his own life of luxury / etc. Explain two ways in which learning about the life of the Buddha influences Buddhists today. (4) 2 reasons only simple explanation of a relevant and accurate influence - 1 mark detailed explanation of a relevant and accurate influence - 2 marks The Buddha is the blueprint for enlightenment - Buddhist monks follow his example to reach enlightenment themselves e.g. leave their families, follow the middle way between greed and self-denial. The Buddha proved humans could be enlightened - this gives Buddhists confidence that they can be enlightened; gives them a reason to follow the path. The Buddha s experiences help people to make sense out of experiences today: the Four Sights show that old age sickness and death are part of life and Buddhists should always be mindful of them, and the Buddha s life showed that wealth cannot bring happiness Buddhists look for fulfilment and happiness in mental attitude rather than possessions. Explain two Buddhist teachings about nibbana / nirvana. Refer to scripture or sacred writings in your answer. (5) AS Above plus Relevant and accurate reference to scripture /or sacred writing - 1 mark The goal of Buddhist faith: This is the end of all cravings, of greed, hate and ignorance, and the end of rebirth. Buddha s first sermon. Can be reached in this life or after death: Buddha reached Nirvana at enlightenment but then lived for 45 years teaching others how to find the way; Nirvana is peace of mind those who have reached it experience life as all others do but do not respond to it in the same way. Life of the Buddha. Cannot be described: All the words people could use come from their experience of this life, but Nirvana is not part of this material world. Questions of King Milinda For Buddhists, impermanence (anicca) is the most important of the Three Marks of Existence. (12) Evaluate this statement. In your answer you should: refer to Buddhist teaching give developed arguments to support this statement

19 give developed arguments to support a different point of view reach a justified conclusion. Arguments in support: Impermanence is a fundamental principle of the Buddhist faith/ it is the principle of life that everything changes/ humans have no control over birth, growth and decay and so need to come to terms with this. Impermanence causes suffering and the Buddhist faith addresses this, impermanence operates on all levels of life and even in inanimate things so it is a constant reminder of powerlessness. An understanding of impermanence motivates Buddhists to do something to improve the quality of life to achieve enlightenment, etc. Arguments in support of other views: Dukkha is a more important mark of existence- unless people understand that life is unsatisfactory, they are not likely to search for a solution/ everyone suffers and it is a basic feature of life/ the entire doctrine of the Buddhist faith rests on principles which will eliminate suffering/it is the issue which began the Buddha s quest for enlightenment (the four sights) /human nature involves attachment and craving this is basic to all humans and leads directly to suffering. No fixed self (anatta) is arguably the most important because it addresses the issue of the identity of the person and the illusion of self as the main barrier to enlightenment. All three are equally important because they are parts of a whole view of the meaning of life and without any one of these, the underlying principles which Buddhism addresses are incomplete etc. Buddhist practices I can explain and describe Red Amber Green The nature, use and importance of Buddhist places of worship Temples, shrines, monasteries (viharas), halls for meditation or learning (gompas) and their key features including Buddha rupa, artefacts and offerings The significance and role of puja/devotional ritual, including chanting, mantra recitation, use of malas. Meditation, the different aims, significance and methods of meditation Samatha (concentration and tranquillity) including mindfulness of breathing. Vipassana (insight) including zazen. The visualisation of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas The practice and significance of different ceremonies and rituals associated with death and mourning in Theravada communities, and in Japan and in Tibet Festivals and retreats and their importance to Buddhists in Great Britain today, including the celebrations, origins and significance of -

20 Wesak Parinirvana Day. Ethical teaching Kamma (karma) and rebirth. Ethical teaching Compassion (karuna) Ethical teaching Loving kindness (metta). The five moral precepts (pancha/sila) Do not take life; do not take what is not given; do not misuse the senses; do not speak falsehoods; do not take intoxicants that cloud the mind. The Six Perfections in the Mahayanan tradition Generosity, morality, patience, energy, meditation and wisdom, including how the individual develops these perfections within themselves. The relationship between beliefs and practices in Buddhism. Key Vocab Buddha rupa chanting devotional ritual ethics generosity gompas mantra recitation malas meditation mindfulness of breathing monasteries Parinirvana Day patience puja rebirth retreats samadhi An image of a being that has achieved Buddhahood Singing or intoning Puja. A ceremony that involves meditation, prayer and offerings. Sila. Moral conduct One of the six perfections. The sincere and selfless desire to benefit others with no expectation of reward Tibetan monasteries associated with learning A short sequence of words or syllables chanted repetitively as a form of meditation Strings of beads, used as a prayer aid A spiritual experience that opens a person up to the highest state of consciousness. One of the six perfections A form of meditation found in Theravada, Zen and Tibetan Buddhism. It entails focusing on breathing, both inhalation and exhalation Viharas. Buildings that house monks and nuns A festival in Mahayana Buddhism that celebrates the death of the Buddha and his attainment of final nibbana. It is most often celebrated on 15th February One of the six perfections. Tolerance, forbearance, endurance The name given to ceremonies that involve meditation, prayer and offerings. Devotional ritual This refers to the belief that when a person dies he / she is reborn and that this process of death and rebirth continues until nibbana is attained Temporarily leaving one s everyday life and going to special places to aid spiritual development Meditation, the spiritual experience leading to the highest form of consciousness

21 samatha shrine temple viharas vipassana visualisation of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas Wesak zazen Zen Concentration and tranquility. A method of meditation; a state of calmness. A room or part of a room which contains a statue of the Buddha (or Bodhissatva in Mahayana Buddhism), candles and an incense burner A structure reserved for religious or spiritual activities, such as prayer Monasteries. Buildings that house monks and nuns Insight into the true nature of things; meditation. In Mahayana Buddhism, imagining an image of a Buddha or Bodhisattva, focusing on it, on the qualities of a Buddha and with the aim of becoming one to help others A Buddhist festival celebrating the Buddha's birth. For some Buddhists it also celebrates his enlightenment and death This is the main form of meditation in Zen Buddhism and is practised while sitting crosslegged A Japanese school of Mahayana Buddhism. It focuses on the value of meditation and intuition rather than ritual worship and study of the scriptures

22 Paper 2: Themes Theme A: Relationships and families Theme B: Religion and Life Theme D: Religion, Peace and Conflict Theme E: Religion, Crime and Punishment

23 Relationships and Families Checklist I can describe and explain: Red Amber Green Christian teaching about heterosexual relationships Christian teaching about homosexual relationships Muslim teaching about homosexual relationships Christian teaching about sexual relationships before and outside of marriage Muslim teaching about sexual relationships before and outside of marriage Christian attitudes to contraception Muslim attitudes to contraception Christian views on marriage Christian and non-christian views on same sex marriage and cohabitation Christian teachings about divorce Reasons for divorce in the UK today Christian beliefs and teachings about the nature of family and roles of parents Purpose of families including procreation and education children in a faith Beliefs, teachings and moral arguments about the roles of men and women. Gender equality, prejudice and discrimination Examples of gender prejudice in British society Key Vocab Adultery Age of consent Annulment Civil marriage Civil partnership Commitment Celibacy Chastity Cohabitation A sexual relationship between a couple not married to each other but married to/in relationship with others (affair). According to the law, the age at which a person is considered old enough to give consent to have sex. Cancellation of a marriage in Roman Catholic tradition, as if marriage never was. Non-religious marriage. Legal union of two people of same gender; now of equality with heterosexual marriage in all respects. Making a promise or pledge, in this case, in marriage. Not having sexual relations. Sexual purity, eg not having sex before marriage. Where a couple live together without being married/in civil partnership.

24 Contraception Contract Covenant Divorce Extended family Family planning Gender discrimination Gender equality Gender prejudice Heterosexuality Homosexuality Nuclear family Polygamy Procreation Remarriage Responsibility Single parent family Vows Precautions taken to prevent pregnancy and to protect against contracting/transmitting STIs (sexually transmitted infections). A binding agreement between two sides. An agreement based on promises between two sides, here in marriage where the agreement is made before God (as a witness) and with God (as a partner). Legal ending of a marriage. Family unit comprising mother, father and children, but also grandparents, cousins etc. Planning when to have a family and how big a family to have by use of birth control practices and/or contraception. Acting on prejudices against someone because of their gender. Belief that both genders have equal status and value, so discrimination against either is wrong. The belief that one gender is better than the other. Being physically/sexually attracted to persons of the opposite gender. Being physically/sexually attracted to persons of the same gender. Family unit made up of mother, father and their child(ren). The practice of one man having several wives; legal under Shariah law (up to four wives, given specific circumstances). Having a child; seen as a duty in many religions. Marriage for the second time, after divorce ending an earlier marriage. Duties; what a person has to do as part of the agreement they have made, or role they have taken on. Family unit in which child(ren) and one parent, either mum or dad, live together. Promises made by bride and groom during marriage ceremony You must be able to give two different religious beliefs on: Homosexual relationships Sexual relationships before and outside of marriage Contraception Homosexual relationships Christianity Some Christians believe that the biblical rejection of these relationships was part of the ancient culture and was concerned with the promiscuous (sexually immoral) excesses of fertility religions. They believe that monogamous homosexual relationships live up to the same ideals of fidelity and commitment that are a part of Christian marriage vows. Fundamentalist Christians believe that the biblical texts denouncing homosexual relationships are the Islam Islam condemns homosexual relationships as going against the natural order in which Allah created humans. It is therefore seen as a threat to social stability. The Qur an describes how Allah destroyed a city for ignoring Lot s denunciation of their behaviour.

25 word of God and so are valid for all time. They regard it as a form of fornication and Paul said that fornicators would not inherit the kingdom of God. Nothing in the Bible forbids non-sexual homosexual relationships. Some Christians oppose homosexual relationships as they believe that God s plan is for men and women to have children. The Church of England welcome homosexual relationships but does not allow marriage in church Other Muslims recognise that the diversity and richness of Allah s creation means that people are capable of different sexual orientations. The orientation in itself is not sinful. The Qur an teaches that those with homosexual inclinations must control their instincts so as not to go against Allah s law. Homosexual relationships are forbidden in Islam. They are against the natural law created by God. Under Shari ah law it is punishable by execution. Sexual relationships before and outside of marriage Although he teaches that marriage is the appropriate context for sexual relationships, Pope Francis has stated that this is a matter for conscience rather than strict rules and recognised that financial and cultural issue might underlie cohabitation as opposed to marriage. In The Joy of Love he said: In such cases, respect also can be shown for those signs of love which in some way reflect God s own love. Many Christians believe that sex before marriage devalues the God-given gift of sexuality. It was intended by God to be enjoyed within the context of marriage. In the New Testament Paul said that those whose sexual urges were very strong should marry. Most Christians believe that sex before marriage is wrong, but some accept that it is a valid expression of love (eg Quakers) Islam opposes sexual relationships before marriage. The Qur an refers to it as fornication and Shari ah law prescribes flogging as a punishment. Pre-marital sex is seen as devaluing Allah s gift of sexuality. Muhammad stated that no man should be in privacy with a woman who is not lawful to him. Children should be born into a loving family. Casual sex is wrong and adultery is a serious sin. Contraception Sex outside of marriage is wrong as it betrays trust and can affect children as well as those involved. Many Christians think that contraception is acceptable in many circumstances, such as a couple unable to cope financially with having a child. They see this as a responsible use of the God-given autonomy that is part and parcel of being created in the image of God. Roman Catholic teaching states that artificial contraception goes against natural law. Every sexual act should be open to the possibility of creating life. Most Muslims accept its use within marriage. It should be for a good reason, such as financial hardship. According to the Hadith, Muhammad accepted the use of contraception for this reason. The Qur an states that Allah does not place extra burdens on his followers.