Origin of Man in Southeast Asia

Transcription

1 Origin of Man in Southeast Asia Volume 3 Indianization and the Temples of the Mainland Part 2: Early States of Angkor Joachim Schliesinger

2 Origin of Man in Southeast Asia Volume 3 Indianization and the Temples of the Mainland Part 2: Early States of Angkor

3 Copyright 2015 Joachim Schliesinger. Origin of Man in Southeast Asia 3 Indianization and the Temples of the Mainland; Part 2: Early States of Angkor (Phnom Penh, 2015) All rights reserved.

4 Contents Introduction 1 Temples and art of Angkorian Mahendraparvata (802 a few years after) 3 Temples and art of Angkorian Hariharalaya (shortly after AD) 15 Temples and art of Angkorian Yasodharapura ( and th century) 42 Temples and art of Koh Ker (921/ AD) 112 French explorers at Angkor sites and the Musée Guimet, Paris 161 Appendix 1: Maps Khmer states and principalities 172 Appendix 2: Early Ankorian kings and kingdoms ( AD) 177

5 Introduction This work describes the process of Indianization and the many brick, laterite and sandstone temples, structures and monuments still standing or excavated, which were built by the various peoples of the early states in mainland Southeast Asia from the beginning until the end of the 1 st millennium AD. The territory of research stretches across mainland Southeast Asia, from modern Vietnam in the East to Burma (or Myanmar) in the West, including all those early temple monuments found in northern, eastern, central and southern modern Thailand. Mainland Southeast Asia The Indianization and temples (or candi) of maritime Southeast Asia is covered in two parts in volume 5 of Angkorian state of Hariharalaya (9th century) 1

6 term Java in this inscription is under debate. Some historians argue, Java could have been a name for the area of today's southern Laos (Lava), or a Khmer term for Champa in today's central Vietnam, or refers to the island of Java in modern Indonesia. There is now doubt, whether the mighty kings of Java, the Saleindras, who often called themselves Chakravartins, intervened in Cambodia in the second half of the 8 th century. Sdok Kak Thom inscription According to the Sdok Kok Thom inscription, King Jayavarman II declared himself Chakravartin. This is an ancient Indian imperial title for a universal ruler, particularly used in Buddhist cultures outside India. Sdok Kak Thom inscription A remarkable sandstone statue depicting the four-armed Vishnu was found in the temple Prasat Krabei Krap on the Kulen mountain plateau. It is in the so-called style of Phnom Kulen (late-8 th and early-9 th century). Its tall cylindrical mitra is typical for this Kulen style. The Ancient ruins, Phnom Kulen 6

7 Prasat Trapeang Phong Prasat Trapeang Phong Aerial view of Prasat Trapeang Phong Prasat Trapeang Phong 37

8 Origin of Man in Southeast Asia 3 Indianization and the Temples of the Mainland; Part 2: Early States of Angkor is a work about the process of Indianization and the many temples still standing or excavated, which were built by the peoples of the early states in mainland Southeast Asia from the beginning until the end of the 1 st millennium AD. This second part describes the ancient temple ruins of the early Angkorain states, such as Mahendraparvata, Hariharalaya, Lingapura and Yasodharapura. This first part gives account about the Indianization of the region and the various temples built by the peoples of Funan, Champa and Chenla. The third part includes those temples of the early city-states in the northern peninsula (or today s southern Thailand), the Mon Dvaravati realm in modern Thailand and Laos, the Pyu cities in Upper Burma and the Burman principality of early Pagan. Every part is illustrated with plenty of images.