Social Studies 20-2 Unit 1 Lesson 2

Transcription

1 Social Studies 20-2 Unit 1 Lesson 2 Introduction Lesson Closure Evaluation Time Required: 1 week Label this lesson: YournameSS2212 Key Issue - Essential Questions What is the relationship between nation and nation-state? How has the development of nationalism been shaped by historical, geographic, political, economic and social factors? Specific Outcomes Materials Exploring Nationalism Text -critical and analytical thinking skills -historical thinking skills -written and visual literacy skills Introduction Did you realize that people have not always enjoyed the freedoms we sometimes take for granted today? Under the Old Regime in France, a group called the Third Estate, by far the largest group, enjoyed virtually no rights. They also bore the greatest burden for taxes. People, over the years, began to question this system with the encouragement of thinkers, called philosophes. Society was ripe for change. file:///c /New%20SS23/SS2212/SS2212.htm (1 of 8)06/07/ :58:35 AM

2 Lesson 1. This week you will read selected pages from Chapter 2 of your text: Pgs , 50, 52, 53, Define the following terms using the reading, giving brief explanations of their importance: 1. Bastille - 2. Collective Consciousness - 3. Social Factors - 4. Bourgeoisie - 5. Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen - 6. Reign of Terror - 2. In Canada today, we have loosely constructed classes, based almost solely on income level. But, things in feudal France were far different! Click on the link below to read about the Estate system in France, then answer the questions that follow: QUESTIONS 1. Which is something that Third Estate peasants were NOT allowed to do? a. serve as soldiers in the military b. use the lord's equipment for a fee c. hunt or fish on noble's lands d. they were allowed to do all three 2. If there were 4 livres to 1 pound, how much did the top three wage earners in Source C earn? a. over 500,000 pounds b. under 200,000 pounds c. over 300,000 pounds d. 84,000 pounds 3. If you compare the top three wages with the bottom three in terms of pounds, how do they compare? a. the top group made almost 20 times less per year b. the top group made almost 10 times more c. the bottom group made almost 5 times less d. the bottom group made almost the same as the top group 4. The pamphlet, in Source D, written by Rousseau clearly supports the idea of: a. dictatorship b. democracy c. the class system d. the monarchy file:///c /New%20SS23/SS2212/SS2212.htm (2 of 8)06/07/ :58:35 AM

3 5. What was one of the MAIN reasons the French government was bankrupt? a. the nobles were spending all of the money on fancy estates b. King Louis XVI had spent all the money on the Palace of Versailles c. the third estate was refusing to pay its taxes d. the country had been fighting a lot of costly wars 6. How was the infrastructure (roads, bridges, etc.) maintained in France at that time? a. everyone paid a small tax to the government b. the clergy raised money through charities c. the nobility made the peasants pay to use the roads and markets d. all estates paid a toll as they passed by on the roads 7. The first two estates were relatively small in number. Which number most closely estimates their size? a. half a million b. 5,000,000 c. one million d. about 15% of the entire population 7. Look at the four problems listed: Money, bad harvest, Estates General Meeting and the National Assembly. Explain in one sentence each, why these things were problems. (4 marks) 8. The bourgeoisie, or middle class, had no power in France before the Revolution. Is this similar or different to our class structure in Canada today? How easy or difficult is it for a lower class, or middle class citizen to move upwards in today's society? (4 marks) 3. So, can you see how the winds of change were beginning to blow in France! They had seen the success of the American Revolution and the subsequent creation of the United State of America, and the Third Estate now wanted a country they could truly call their own, with political power. Events began to unfold rather quickly. Read more about this exciting time in France below: Introduction On July 15th 1789 a mob stormed the Bastille in Paris, and the French Revolution was born. The early days were triumphant: the ideals of the Enlightenment were dominant, a Declaration of the Rights of Man was proclaimed on the American model, and the King remained nominally in power. But gradually the revolution began to go wrong. In 1792 the king was dethroned and in the following January he was actually beheaded, soon to be followed by his wife, Marie Antoinette. By 1793 the reign of terror was in full swing; guillotines were set up throughout France and thousands were beheaded. These were not just the aristocrats, but ordinary people the Third Estate were hunted down; indeed it is said that more bakers were beheaded than aristocrats. In 1794 Robespierre, the architect of the terror was himself beheaded which seemed to mark the beginning of the end of the worst excess. Gradually the terror abated, and in 1796 a young general called Napoleon began winning victories in the south, and 3 years later he came to power as First Consul. Any semblance of democracy was snuffed out and the ideals of the Revolution were forgotten, but a sort of normality returned. There followed a decade of triumph when Napoleon extended French domination over much of Europe. Feudalism and Unfair Taxation No one factor was directly responsible for the French Revolution. Years of feudal oppression and fiscal mismanagement contributed to a French society that was ripe for revolt. Noting a downward economic spiral in the late 1700s, King Louis XVI brought in a number of financial advisors to review the weakened French treasury. Each advisor reached the same file:///c /New%20SS23/SS2212/SS2212.htm (3 of 8)06/07/ :58:35 AM

4 conclusion that France needed a radical change in the way it taxed the public and each advisor was, in turn, kicked out. Finally, the king realized that this taxation problem really did need to be addressed, so he appointed a new controller general of finance, Charles de Calonne, in Calonne suggested that, among other things, France begin taxing the previously exempt nobility. The nobility refused, even after Calonne pleaded with them during the Assembly of Notables in Financial ruin thus seemed imminent. The Estates-General In a final act of desperation, Louis XVI decided in 1789 to convene the Estates-General, an ancient assembly consisting of three different estates that each represented a portion of the French population. The problem was the each estate only got one vote, which usually put the first two estates in an advantage over the third. If the Estates-General could agree on a tax solution, it would be implemented. However, since two of the three estates the clergy and the nobility were tax-exempt, the attainment of any such solution was unlikely. As mentioned, the outdated rules of order for the Estates-General gave each estate a single vote, despite the fact that the Third Estate consisting of the general French public was many times larger than either of the first two. Feuds quickly broke out over this disparity and would prove to be irreconcilable. Realizing that its numbers gave it an automatic advantage, the Third Estate declared itself the sovereign National Assembly. Within days of the announcement, many members of the other two estates had switched allegiances over to this revolutionary new assembly. The Bastille and the Great Fear Shortly after the National Assembly formed, its members took the Tennis Court Oath, swearing that they would not relent in their efforts until a new constitution had been agreed upon. The National Assembly s revolutionary spirit galvanized France, manifesting in a number of different ways. In Paris, citizens stormed the city s largest prison, the Bastille, in pursuit of arms. In the countryside, peasants and farmers revolted against their feudal contracts by attacking the manors and estates of their landlords. Dubbed the Great Fear, these rural attacks continued until the early August issuing of the August Decrees, which freed those peasants from their oppressive contracts. Shortly thereafter, the assembly released the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, which established a proper judicial code and the autonomy of the French people. Rifts in the Assembly Though the National Assembly did succeed in drafting a constitution, the relative peace of the moment was short-lived. A rift slowly grew between the radical and moderate assembly members, while the common laborers and workers began to feel overlooked. When Louis XVI was caught in a foiled escape plot, the assembly became especially divided. The moderate Girondins took a stance in favor of retaining the constitutional monarchy, while the radical Jacobins wanted the king completely out of the picture. Outside of France, some neighboring countries feared that France s revolutionary spirit would spread beyond French land. In response, they issued the Declaration of Pillnitz, which insisted that the French return Louis XVI to the throne. French leaders interpreted the declaration as hostile, so the Girondin-led assembly declared war on Austria and Prussia. The Reign of Terror file:///c /New%20SS23/SS2212/SS2212.htm (4 of 8)06/07/ :58:35 AM

5 The first acts of the newly named National Convention were the abolition of the monarchy and the declaration of France as a republic. In January 1793, the convention tried and executed Louis XVI on the grounds of treason. Despite the creation of the Committee of Public Safety, the war with Austria and Prussia went poorly for France, and foreign forces pressed on into French territory. Enraged citizens overthrew the Girondin-led National Convention, and the Jacobins, led by Maximilien Robespierre, took control. Backed by the newly approved Constitution of 1793, Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety began conscripting French soldiers and implementing laws to stabilize the economy. For a time, it seemed that France s fortunes might be changing. But Robespierre, growing increasingly paranoid about counterrevolutionary influences, embarked upon a Reign of Terror in late , during which he had more than 15,000 people executed at the guillotine. When the French army successfully removed foreign invaders and the economy finally stabilized, however, Robespierre no longer had any justification for his extreme actions, and he himself was arrested in July 1794 and executed. The Thermidorian Reaction and the Directory The era following the ousting of Robespierre was known as the Thermidorian Reaction, and a period of governmental restructuring began, leading to the new Constitution of 1795 and a significantly more conservative National Convention. To control executive responsibilities and appointments, a group known as the Directory was formed. Though it had no legislative abilities, the Directory s abuse of power soon came to rival that of any of the tyrannous revolutionaries France had faced. Napoleon Meanwhile, the Committee of Public Safety s war effort was realizing unimaginable success. French armies, especially those led by young general Napoleon Bonaparte, were making progress in nearly every direction. Napoleon s forces drove through Italy and reached as far as Egypt before facing a deflating defeat. In the face of this rout, and having received word of political upheavals in France, Napoleon returned to Paris. He arrived in time to lead a coup against the Directory in 1799, eventually stepping up and naming himself first consul effectively, the leader of France. With Napoleon at the helm, the Revolution ended, and France entered a fifteen-year period of military rule Now, complete the crossword puzzle below, using terms in your reading. In order to get the clues, just click on any number within the crossword itself. Try not to use too many hints. Send me your score with your assignments! Crossword 4. Do you ever wonder what life was really like in the 1500's? Read below to read some fascinating historical facts. Then make two lists under the headings Known and Unknown to show which you already knew (if any) and which you hadn't heard before. Then, in a sentence or two, tell me which ones surprised or were funny to you and why. (5 marks) The next time you are washing your hands and complain because the water temperature isn't just how you like it, think file:///c /New%20SS23/SS2212/SS2212.htm (5 of 8)06/07/ :58:35 AM

6 about how things used to be. Here are some facts about the 1500s: These are interesting... Houses had thatched roofs-thick straw-piled high, with no wood underneath. It was the only place for animals to get warm, so all the cats and other small animals (mice, bugs) lived in the roof. When it rained it became slippery and sometimes the animals would slip and off the roof. Hence the saying "It's raining cats and dogs." England is old and small and the local folks started running out of places to bury people. So they would dig up coffins and would take the bones to a "bone-house" and reuse the grave. When reopening these coffins, 1 out of 25 coffins were found to have scratch marks on the inside and they realized they had been burying people alive. So they would tie a string on the wrist of the corpse, lead it through the coffin and up through the ground and tie it to a bell. Someone would have to sit out in the graveyard all night (the "graveyard shift") to listen for the bell; thus, someone could be "saved by the bell" or was considered a "dead ringer." Most people got married in June because they took their yearly bath in May, and still smelled pretty good by June. However, they were starting to smell, so brides carried a bouquet of flowers to hide the body odor. Hence the custom today of carrying a bouquet when getting married. Baths consisted of a big tub filled with hot water. The man of the house had the privilege of the nice clean water, then all the other sons and men, then the women and finally the children. Last of all the babies. By then the water was so dirty you could actually lose someone in it. Hence the saying, "Don't throw the baby out with the bath water." There was nothing to stop things from falling into the house. This posed a real problem in the bedroom where bugs and other droppings could mess up your nice clean bed. Hence, a bed with big posts and a sheet hung over the top afforded some protection. That's how canopy beds came into existence. The floor was dirt. Only the wealthy had something other than dirt. Hence the saying "dirt poor." The wealthy had slate floors that would get slippery in the winter when wet, so they spread thresh (straw) on floor to help keep their footing. As the winter wore on, they added more thresh until when you opened the door it would all start slipping outside. A piece of wood was placed in the entranceway. Hence the saying a "thresh hold." (Getting quite an education, aren't you?) In those old days, they cooked in the kitchen with a big kettle that always hung over the fire. Every day they lit the fire and added things to the pot. They ate mostly vegetables and did not get much meat. They would eat the stew for dinner, leaving leftovers in the pot to get cold overnight and then start over the next day. Sometimes stew had food in it that had been there for quite a while. Hence the rhyme, "Peas porridge hot, peas porridge cold, peas porridge in the pot nine days old." Sometimes they could obtain pork, which made them feel quite special. When visitors came over, they would hang up their bacon to show off. It was a sign of wealth that a man could "bring home the bacon." They would cut off a little to share with guests and would all sit around and "chew the fat." Those with money had plates made of pewter. Food with high acid content caused some of the lead to leach onto the food, causing lead poisoning death. This happened most often with tomatoes, so for the next 400 years or so, tomatoes were considered poisonous. file:///c /New%20SS23/SS2212/SS2212.htm (6 of 8)06/07/ :58:35 AM

7 Bread was divided according to status. Workers got the burnt bottom of the loaf, the family got the middle, and guests got the top, or "upper crust." Lead cups were used to drink ale or whisky. The combination would sometimes knock the imbibers out for a couple of days. Someone walking along the road would take them for dead and prepare them for burial. They were laid out on the kitchen table for a couple of days and the family would gather around and eat and drink and wait and see if they would wake up. Hence the custom of holding a "wake." And that's the truth... Now, whoever said that History was boring!!! 5. Using the key below, mark your chart from Lesson 1 yourself. Question Why is the rule of law important? (pg. 30) Why do we have a Constitution? (pg. 30) What are civic government and civic involvement? (pg. 31) How/when does a nation emerge? (pg. 32) What is ethnic nationalism? (pg. 32) What are national myths? (pg. 38) Are myths static, or do they change over time? (pg. 38) Text Answer It is important because laws reflect the kind of society that people want to live in To protect the values and beliefs that people hold as important Civic government is government by the citizens, and civic involvement is the involvement of citizens It emerges when people choose to live together according to certain laws Nationalism founded on shared ethnicity, culture and language They are shared stories, ideas, and beliefs that may or may not be accurate They change over time Closure There have been movements that grew out of the need for identity and freedom, such as the French Revolution. The outcome of many of these movements has been a developed sense of nationalism and patriotism. SMILE OF THE WEEK: Q: Abraham Lincoln had a very hard childhood. He had to walk 8 miles to school every day! A: "Well, he should have gotten up earlier and caught the schoolbus like everyone else!" file:///c /New%20SS23/SS2212/SS2212.htm (7 of 8)06/07/ :58:35 AM

8 Evaluation Post one document, labelled YourlastnameSS2212, in the Dropbox in D2L. If you still don't have access to D2L with your own user name, the work to me as an attachment. It will contain: -glossary terms (6 marks) -#2 questions (15 marks) -#3 crossword puzzle score -#4 reaction to historical facts (4 marks) file:///c /New%20SS23/SS2212/SS2212.htm (8 of 8)06/07/ :58:35 AM