the cambridge history of Greek and Roman Political Thought

Transcription

1 the cambridge history of Greek and Roman Political Thought

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3 THE CAMB RI D GE HISTORY OF Greek and Roman Political Thought * Edited by CHRISTOPHER ROWE professor of greek university of durham and MALCOLM SCHOFIELD professor of ancient philosophy university of cambridge in association with SIMON HARRISON fellow of st john s college cambridge and MELISSA LANE university lecturer in history university of cambridge

4 cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Mexico City Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 8ru, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York Information on this title: / Cambridge University Press 2005 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2005 First paperback edition 2005 Reprinted 2010 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress cataloguing in publication data The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Political Thought / edited by Christopher Rowe and Malcolm Schofield. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Political science Greece History. 2. Political science Rome History. i.rowe, Christopher. ii. Schofield, Malcolm. jc51.c '.0938 dc cip isbn Hardback isbn Paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, travel timetables, and other factual information given in this work is correct at the time of first printing but Cambridge University Press does not guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafter.

5 Contents List of maps xiii Preface xv Abbreviations xvi xx 22. Introduction by Christopher Rowe, Professor of Greek, University of Durham 1 part i ARCHAIC AND CLASSICAL GREECE 21. Greek political thought: the historical context 11 by Paul Cartledge, Reader in Greek History, University of Cambridge 1. Terminology The political The polis Political theory 20 THE BEGINNINGS 22. Poets, lawgivers, and the beginnings of political reflection in archaic Greece 23 by Kurt A. Raaflaub, Co-Director, Center for Hellenic Studies, Washington D.C. 1. Polis and political thinking Archaic poetry and political thinking Homer Hesiod Tyrtaeus to Theognis Solon Archaic lawgivers Early philosophers 48 [v]

6 vi Contents 9. Near Eastern antecedents and influences Conclusion: the beginnings of political thinking in Archaic Greece Greek drama and political theory 60 by Simon Goldhill, Reader in Greek Literature and Culture, University of Cambridge 1. The institution of the theatre Political themes of tragic writing The Oresteia Antigone Comedy Conclusion Herodotus, Thucydides and the sophists 89 by Richard Winton, Lecturer in Ancient History, University of Nottingham 1. The sophists Herodotus Thucydides Democritus 122 by C. C. W. Taylor, Reader in Ancient Philosophy, University of Oxford 26. The orators 130 by Josiah Ober, David Magie Professor of Ancient History, Princeton University 1. Introduction Historical background and institutional context The corpus of orations by Athenian orators Popular wisdom and the problem of erroneous public decisions Xenophon and Isocrates 142 by V. J. Gray, Professor of Classics and Ancient History, University of Auckland 1. Democracy Rulership Sparta Panhellenism 154

7 Contents vii SOCRATES AND PLATO 28. Socrates and Plato: an introduction 155 by Melissa Lane, University Lecturer in History, University of Cambridge 1. Approaches to Platonic interpretation The chronology of Plato s dialogues The Socratic problem revisited The death of Socrates Socrates 164 by Terry Penner, Professor of Philosophy, University of Wisconsin, Madison 1. The discontinuity between Socratic intellectualism and mature Platonic irrationalism about human behaviour Some continuities between Socratic and mature Platonic thought: (i) the centrality of the question of the teaching of virtue, and (ii) the sciences and idealization A further continuity between the Socratic dialogues and the middle and late dialogues: (iii) the sciences and the good Socrates response to the democratic political theory of the teaching of virtue which Protagoras propounds in the Protagoras The political philosophy of Plato s Apology and Crito and another continuity between Socrates and the mature Plato: (iv) the attitude towards practical politics Conclusion Approaching the Republic 190 by Malcolm Schofield, Professor of Ancient Philosophy, University of Cambridge 1. Introduction Gorgias and Menexenus Republic: a sketch The problem The response: (i) a first model The response: (ii) a causal story The digression: (i) unity and the good city The digression: (ii) philosopher rulers The response: (iii) justice and the city within 228

8 viii Contents 11. The Politicus and other dialogues 233 by Christopher Rowe 1. The definition of the statesman in the Politicus The myth of the Politicus and other political myths King or law? The statesman as director and weaver The Politicus, the Timaeus-Critias, and the Laws The Laws 258 by André Laks, Professor of Ancient Philosophy, University of Lille III 1. A singular work The structure and content of the Laws Three models for interpreting the Laws: completion, revision, implementation Man and god: the anthropology of the Laws Political institutions The forms of political speech: what is a preamble? Conclusion Plato and practical politics 293 by Malcolm Schofield 14. Cleitophon and Minos 303 by Christopher Rowe ARISTOTLE 15. Aristotle: an introduction 310 by Malcolm Schofield 1. Politics, the legislator, and the structure of the Politics Sitz im Leben Aristotle s analytical models Naturalism 321 by Fred D. Miller, jr, Professor of Philosophy, Bowling Green State University 1. Nature in Aristotle s natural philosophy The naturalness of the polis The naturalness of the household Nature and education 338

9 Contents ix 17. Justice and the polis 344 by Jean Roberts, Professor of Philosophy, University of Washington 1. Natural and conventional justice Justice as a virtue of individuals Individuals as citizens Just individuals and just citizens Justice and the distribution of power in the city Aristotelian constitutions 366 by Christopher rowe 1. Introduction: the nature of the Politics Aristotle and Plato Kingship, aristocracy and polity Mixed and deviant constitutions Polity The absolutely best constitution The ideal and the actual The Peripatos after Aristotle 390 by Christopher Rowe 1. The fate of Aristotle s writings Aristotle s successors in the Peripatos 391 part ii THE HELLENISTIC AND ROMAN WORLDS 20. Introduction: the Hellenistic and Roman periods 401 by Peter Garnsey, Professor of the History of Classical Antiquity, University of Cambridge 21. The Cynics 415 by John Moles, Professor of Classics, University of Durham 1. The problem of evidence Reconstructing Cynicism The Cynics and politics Significance and influence Epicurean and Stoic political thought 435 by Malcolm Schofield 1. Introduction Epicureanism 437

10 x Contents 3. Zeno s Republic Later Hellenistic Stoicism Roman epilogue Kings and constitutions: Hellenistic theories 457 by David E. Hahm, Professor of Classics, Ohio State University 1. Kingship theories Constitutional theory Cicero 477 by E. M. Atkins, Lecturer in Theology, Trinity and All Saints College, University of Leeds 1. Introduction The historical background The aristocratic code Cicero s early career The writings of the fifties The civil war and its aftermath Philosophy for Romans Conclusion Reflections of Roman political thought in Latin historical writing 517 by Thomas Wiedemann, Professor of Latin, University of Nottingham 26. Seneca and Pliny 532 by Miriam Griffin, Fellow and Tutor of Somerville College, Oxford 1. De Clementia Seneca s eulogies and Pliny s Panegyricus De Beneficiis Pliny s correspondence Seneca on public versus private life Conclusion Platonism and Pythagoreanism in the early empire 559 by Bruno Centrone, Professor of Classics, University of Perugia 1. Preliminary considerations Philo of Alexandria Pseudo-Pythagorean literature 567

11 Contents xi 4. Plutarch Conclusions Josephus 585 by Tessa Rajak, Reader in Ancient History, University of Reading 1. The place of political thought in Josephus writings Greek-Jewish thought Leading ideas in Josephus Stoic writers of the imperial era 597 by Christopher Gill, Professor of Classical Thought, University of Exeter 1. Introduction Musonius Rufus Dio Epictetus Marcus Aurelius The jurists 616 by David Johnston, formerly Regius Professor of Civil Law, University of Cambridge 1. Introduction General theory of law Public law and private law Conclusions Christianity 635 by Frances Young, H. G.Wood Professor of Theology, University of Birmingham 1. A political movement? Political attitudes in the New Testament Developments under persecution The response to Constantine The separation of spheres 657 Epilogue 661 by Malcolm Schofield 1. Julian and Themistius Augustine Conclusion 671

12 xii Contents Bibliographies I Archaic and Classical Greece 1. The beginnings (Introduction and chs. 1 7) Socrates, Plato and Aristotle (chs. 8 19) 698 II The Hellenistic and Roman Worlds (chs and Epilogue) 709 Index 729

13 Maps 1. Greece in the fifth century bc pages The Roman empire, 45 bc ad [xiii]

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15 Preface The Editors take this opportunity of thanking all who have helped to make this volume a reality. First among them are the contributing authors, who mostly delivered copy in good order on time and where not, without too great a delay. Many gave up the time to discuss each others drafts and to attempt to agree a common house style at an enjoyable workshop held in Corpus Christi College, Oxford, in September Apologies are accordingly due for editorial delays in preparing their work for the printer. Secondly, with the contributors we salute our successive Associate Editors, Melissa Lane and Simon Harrison, whose energy, enthusiasm and e ciency have been indispensable to the success of the project. Finally, we express our gratitude to all at the Press who have been involved in the production of the book, and above all to Pauline Hire, who has simultaneously nagged and encouraged us until we finished. CJR. MS January 1999 [xv]

16 Abbreviations Acronyms are used for modern series or collections of texts as follows: C Code[of Justinian] = Corpus iuris civilis,vol.ii (Berlin) CCSL Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina (Turnholt) CIL Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum CPF Corpus dei Papyri Filosofici Greci e Latini: Testi e lessico nei papiri di cultura greca e latina, Accademica Toscana di Scienze e Lettere La Colombaria (Florence 1989 ) CSEL Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum (Vienna and Leipzig) D Digest = Corpus iuris civilis, vol. i (Berlin) DK H. Diels and W. Kranz, Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, 2 vols., sixth edition (Berlin ) GCS Die griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller, Berlin Academy (Berlin) GP B. Gentili and C. Prato, Poetarum elegiacorum testimonia et fragmenta, vol. i (Leipzig 1988) IGInscriptiones Graecae (Berlin 1873 ) KRS G. S. Kirk, J. E. Raven, and M. Schofield, The Presocratic Philosophers (Cambridge, 2nd edn. 1983) Migne, PG/PL J.-P. Migne, Patrologiae cursus completus, Series Graecus/Latinus (Paris) ML R. Meiggs and D. Lewis, A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions to the End of the Fifth Century bc (Oxford, rev. edn. 1988) NPNF Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers (Grand Rapids MI 1975 ) P D. L. Page, Poetae Melici Graeci (Oxford 1962) SC Sources Chrétiennes (Paris) SVF J. von Arnim, Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta, 3 vols. (Leipzig ) W M.L.West,Iambi et elegi Graeci ante Alexandrum cantati,2vols. (Oxford, 2nd edn. 1992) Abbreviations of the names and writings of Greek and Latin authors generally follow standard forms, usually but not invariably those adopted in A Greek English Lexicon,by H. G. Liddell and R. Scott, revised by H. S. Jones (Oxford, 9th edn ) [= LSJ] and in A Latin Dictionary, by C. T. Lewis and C. Short (Oxford 1879). Many of those used in this book are immediately intelligible from the context. Others which may not be are: Aelian Ver.Hist. Aelian Vera Historia Arist. An.Pr. Aristotle Analytica Priora [xvi]

17 Abbreviations xvii Ath. Pol. Athēnaiōn Politeia Cael. de Caelo Cat. Categories de An. de Anima EE Eudemian Ethics EN Nicomachean Ethics GA de Generatione Animalium GC de Generatione et Corruptione HA Historia Animalium Metaph. Metaphysics Meteor. Meteorology MM Magna Moralia PA de Partibus Animalium Phys. Physics Pol. Politics Rhet. Rhetoric Somn. de Somno Top. Topics Athen. Deipn. Athenaeus Deipnosophistae August. CD Augustine de Civitate Dei (City of God) C. Iul. Contra Julianum Retract. Retractationes Caesar Civ. Julius Caesar de Bello Civili Cic. Acad. Cicero Academica ad Brut. Letters to Brutus Agr. de Lege Agraria Amic. de Amicitia Att. Letters to Atticus Balb. pro Balbo Brut. Brutus Clu. pro Cluentio de Orat. de Oratore Div. de Divinatione Fam. Letters to his friends Fin. de Finibus Inv. de Inventione Leg. de Legibus Lig. pro Ligario Man. pro Lege Manilia ND de Natura Deorum O. de O ciis Orat. Orator Phil. Philippics Planc. pro Plancio Q.Fr. Letters to his brother Quintus Rab.Post. pro Rabirio Postumo

18 xviii Abbreviations Rep. de Re Publica Sest. pro Sestio Tim. Timaeus Tusc. Tusculan Disputations Clem. Strom. Clement Stromateis (Miscellanies) D.Chr. Or. Dio Chrysostom Orationes D.L. Diogenes Laertius Dem. Demosthenes Demetr. de Eloc. Demetrius de Elocutione (On Style) Epict. Diss. Epictetus Dissertationes (Discourses) Ench. Encheiridion (Handbook) Epicurus KD Epicurus Kuriai Doxai (Key Doctrines) Sent.Vat. Vatican Sentences Epiphan. Adv.Haer. Epiphanius Against Heresies Eusebius Hist.Eccl. Eusebius Church History Fronto ad M.Caes. Fronto Letters to the Emperor Marcus Hdt. Herodotus [Heraclit.] Ep. Letters ascribed to Heraclitus Iambl. VPyth. Iamblichus On the Pythagorean Life Isid. Etym. Isidore Etymologiae Isoc. Isocrates Julian Ep. Them. Julian Letter to Themistius Ep. Theodor. Letter to Theodorus Frag. Ep. Fragments of his Correspondence Or. Orations Lact. Inst. Lactantius Divine Institutes Liv. Livy Macrobius Sat. Macrobius Saturnalia Somn. The Dream of Scipio Nepos Att. Nepos Life of Atticus Olymp. Prol. Olympiodorus Prolegomena to Platonic Philosophy Orig. Cels. Origen Against Celsus Ph. Abr. Philo On Abraham Cher. On the Cherubim Deter. Quod deterius potiori insidiari soleat Fug. de Fuga et Inventione Immut. Quod Deus est immutabilis Jos. On Joseph Leg. Legum allegoriae Legat. Legatio ad Gaium Migr. de Migratione Abrahamae Mos. On the Life of Moses Opif. de Opificio Mundi Poster. de Posteritate Caini Quaest.Ex. Questions and Solutions on Exodus Quaest.Gen. Questions and Solutions on Genesis

19 Abbreviations xix Somn. de Somniis Spec. de Specialibus Legibus Virt. On the Virtues Phld. Ind.Acad. Philodemus Index of the Academy Piet. On Piety Stoic. On the Stoics Phot. Bibl. Photius Bibliotheca Pl. Ap. Plato Apology Chrm. Charmides Cr. Crito Crat. Cratylus Ep. Letters Euthd. Euthydemus Euthphr. Euthyphro Gorg. Gorgias Hi.Mi. Hippias Minor La. Laches Lys. Lysias Menex. Menexenus Phd. Phaedo Phdr. Phaedrus Plt. Politicus (Statesman) Prm. Parmenides Prot. Protagoras Rep. Republic Smp. Symposium Sph. Sophist Tht. Theaetetus Tim. Timaeus Plb. Polybius Pliny Nat. Pliny the elder Natural History Pliny Ep. Pliny the younger Letters Pan. Panegyricus Plu. ad Princ. Plutarch To an uneducated ruler Alex. Life of Alexander Alex.Fort. The luck or virtue of Alexander Amat. Amatorius (Erōtikos) An Recte An recte dictum sit latenter est vivendum An Seni Should the elderly engage in politics? Arist. Life of Aristides Cat.Mai. Life of Cato the elder Cic. Life of Cicero Col. Against Colotes Comm.Not. de Communibus Notitiis de Frat.Amor. de Fraterno Amore

20 xx Abbreviations de Is. et Or. On Isis and Osiris de Sera de Sera Numinis Vindicta de Unius de Unius in Re Publica Dominatione de Virt.Mor. de Virtute Morali Demetr. Life of Demetrius Fragm. de Libid. Fragments on pleasure and illness et Aegr. Lyc. Life of Lycurgus Max. cum Princ. Why the philosopher should especially converse with rulers Num. Life of Numa Phoc. Life of Phocion Praec. Advice on Politics Quaest.Conv. Quaestiones Conviviales Rom. Life of Romulus Stoic.Rep. de Stoicis Repugnantiis Tranq.An. de Tranquillitate Animi Porph. Abst. Porphyry On Abstinence Marc. To Marcella Ps.Xen. Ath.Pol. Pseudo-Xenophon Constitution of Athens Quint. Inst. Quintilian Institutiones Sal. Cat. Sallust Catiline Jug. Bellum Jugurthinum Sen. Suas. Seneca the elder Suasoriae Sen. Apoc. Seneca the younger Apocolocyntosis Ben. de Beneficiis Brev.Vit. de Brevitate Vitae Clem. de Clementia Cons.Marc. Consolatio ad Marciam Const.Sap. de Constantia Sapientis Ep. Letters Tranq.An. de Tranquillitate Animi Sextus M Sextus Empiricus adversus Mathematicos PH Outlines of Pyrrhonism SHA Scriptores Historiae Augustae Stob. Stobaeus (John of Stobi) Tac. Ann. Tacitus Annales Hist. Historiae Theod. Cur. Theodoret Graecarum A ectionum Curatio Thuc. Thucydides V. Max. Valerius Maximus Vell. Velleius Paterculus