A COMPANION TO GREEK AND ROMAN POLITICAL THOUGHT

Transcription

1 A COMPANION TO GREEK AND ROMAN POLITICAL THOUGHT Edited by Ryan K. Balot A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication

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3 A COMPANION TO GREEK AND ROMAN POLITICAL THOUGHT

4 BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO THE ANCIENT WORLD This series provides sophisticated and authoritative overviews of periods of ancient history, genres of classical literature, and the most important themes in ancient culture. Each volume comprises between twenty-five and forty concise essays written by individual scholars within their area of specialization. The essays are written in a clear, provocative, and lively manner, designed for an international audience of scholars, students, and general readers. ANCIENT HISTORY Published A Companion to the Roman Army Edited by Paul Erdkamp A Companion to the Roman Republic Edited by Nathan Rosenstein and Robert Morstein-Marx A Companion to the Roman Empire Edited by David S. Potter A Companion to the Classical Greek World Edited by Konrad H. Kinzl A Companion to the Ancient Near East Edited by Daniel C. Snell A Companion to the Hellenistic World Edited by Andrew Erskine A Companion to Late Antiquity Edited by Philip Rousseau In preparation A Companion to Archaic Greece Edited by Kurt A. Raaflaub and Hans van Wees A Companion to Ancient History Edited by Andrew Erskine A Companion to Julius Caesar Edited by Miriam Griffin LITERATURE AND CULTURE Published A Companion to Classical Receptions Edited by Lorna Hardwick and Christopher Stray A Companion to Greek and Roman Historiography Edited by John Marincola A Companion to Catullus Edited by Marilyn B. Skinner A Companion to Roman Religion Edited by J örg Rüpke A Companion to Greek Religion Edited by Daniel Ogden A Companion to the Classical Tradition Edited by Craig W. Kallendorf A Companion to Roman Rhetoric Edited by William Dominik and Jon Hall A Companion to Greek Rhetoric Edited by Ian Worthington A Companion to Ancient Epic Edited by John Miles Foley A Companion to Greek Tragedy Edited by Justina Gregory A Companion to Latin Literature Edited by Stephen Harrison A Companion to Ovid Edited by Peter E. Knox A Companion to Greek and Roman Political Thought Edited by Ryan K. Balot

5 A COMPANION TO GREEK AND ROMAN POLITICAL THOUGHT Edited by Ryan K. Balot A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication

6 This edition first published 2009 # 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February Blackwell s publishing program has been merged with Wiley s global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. Registered Office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom Editorial Offices 350 Main Street, Malden, MA , USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at The right of Ryan K. Balot to be identified as the author of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A companion to Greek and Roman political thought / edited by Ryan K. Balot. p. cm. (Blackwell companions to the ancient world. Literature and culture) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Political science Greece History. 2. Political science Rome History. I. Balot, Ryan K. (Ryan Krieger), 1969 JC73.C dc A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Set in 10/12.5pt Galliard by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India Printed in Singapore by Fabulous Printers Pte Ltd

7 To My Teachers at Jesuit High School of New Orleans

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9 Contents Notes on Contributors Acknowledgments Note on Translations List of Abbreviations x xvi xvii xviii PART I The Broad View 1 1 Introduction: Rethinking the History of Greek and Roman Political Thought 3 Ryan K. Balot 2 What is Politics in the Ancient World? 20 Dean Hammer 3 Early Greek Political Thought in Its Mediterranean Context 37 Kurt A. Raaflaub 4 Civic Ideology and Citizenship 57 P. J. Rhodes 5 Public Action and Rational Choice in Classical Greek Political Theory 70 Josiah Ober 6 Imperial Ideologies, Citizenship Myths, and Legal Disputes in Classical Athens and Republican Rome 85 Craige B. Champion 7 Gendered Politics, or the Self-Praise of Andres Agathoi 100 Giulia Sissa 8 The Religious Contexts of Ancient Political Thought 118 Robin Osborne

10 viii Contents PART II Democracies and Republics Democracy Ancient and Modern 133 Peter Liddel 10 Rights, Individuals, and Communities in Ancient Greece 149 Paul Cartledge and Matt Edge 11 Personal Freedom in Greek Democracies, Republican Rome, and Modern Liberal States 164 Robert W. Wallace 12 The Mixed Constitution in Greek Thought 178 David E. Hahm 13 Republican Virtues 199 Malcolm Schofield 14 Roman Democracy? 214 W. Jeffrey Tatum PART III The Virtues and Vices of One-Man Rule The Uses and Abuses of Tyranny 231 Sara Forsdyke 16 Hellenistic Monarchy in Theory and Practice 247 Arthur M. Eckstein 17 The Ethics of Autocracy in the Roman World 266 Carlos F. Noreña PART IV The Passions of Ancient Politics Political Animals: Pathetic Animals 283 Giulia Sissa 19 Anger, Eros, and Other Political Passions in Ancient Greek Thought 294 Paul W. Ludwig 20 Some Passionate Performances in Late Republican Rome 308 Robert A. Kaster PART V The Athens of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle The Trial and Death of Socrates 323 Debra Nails 22 The Politics of Plato s Socrates 339 Rachana Kamtekar

11 Contents ix 23 Freedom, Tyranny, and the Political Man: Plato s Republic and Gorgias, a Study in Contrasts 353 Arlene W. Saxonhouse 24 Plato on the Sovereignty of Law 367 Zena Hitz 25 Naturalism in Aristotle s Political Philosophy 382 Timothy Chappell 26 The Ethics of Aristotle s Politics 399 David J. Depew PART VI Constructing Political Narrative Imitating Virtue and Avoiding Vice: Ethical Functions of Biography, History, and Philosophy 421 Charles W. Hedrick, Jr 28 Greek Drama and Political Thought 440 John Gibert 29 Character in Politics 456 Philip A. Stadter PART VII Antipolitics Cosmopolitan Traditions 473 David Konstan 31 False Idles: The Politics of the Quiet Life 485 Eric Brown 32 Citizenship and Signs: Rethinking Augustine on the Two Cities 501 Todd Breyfogle PART VIII Receptions Republicanism: Ancient, Medieval, and Beyond 529 Christopher Nadon 34 Twentieth Century Revivals of Ancient Political Thought: Hannah Arendt and Leo Strauss 542 Catherine H. Zuckert References 557 Index of Subjects 620 Index Locorum 650

12 Notes on Contributors Ryan K. Balot is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Toronto. The author of Greed and Injustice in Classical Athens (2001) and Greek Political Thought (2006), he specializes in the history of political thought. He received his doctorate in Classics at Princeton and his BA degrees in Classics from the University of North Carolina- Chapel Hill and Corpus Christi College, Oxford, where he studied as a Rhodes Scholar. Balot is currently at work on Courage and Its Critics in Democratic Athens, from which he has published articles in the American Journal of Philology, Classical Quarterly, Ancient Philosophy, and Social Research. Todd Breyfogle is Director of Seminars for the Aspen Institute. He studied at Colorado College and Corpus Christi College, Oxford (as a Rhodes Scholar) before earning his PhD from the Committee on Social Thought at the University of Chicago. He is coeditor of a five-volume commentary on Augustine s City of God (forthcoming from Oxford University Press) and edited Literary Imagination, Ancient and Modern: Essays in Honor of David Grene (1999). He has authored numerous articles on subjects ranging from Augustine, to J. S. Bach, to contemporary political theory. Eric Brown is Associate Professor of Philosophy at Washington University in St Louis, and the author of several articles on Greek and Roman philosophy, and of Stoic Cosmopolitanism (forthcoming). Before moving to St Louis, he studied Classics and Philosophy at the universities of Cambridge, Pittsburgh, and Chicago. Paul Cartledge is A. G. Leventis Professor of Greek Culture within the Faculty of Classics at the University of Cambridge and a Fellow of Clare College; he also holds the visiting position of Hellenic Parliament Global Distinguished Professor in the Theory and History of Democracy at New York University. His latest book is Ancient Greek Political Thought in Practice (2009). Craige B. Champion is Associate Professor of Ancient History and Classics and Chair of the History Department in the Maxwell School of Citizenship and

13 Notes on Contributors xi Public Affairs at Syracuse University. In 2004, he won the Daniel Patrick Moynihan Award in recognition of scholarly productivity, teaching excellence, and community service. His scholarly interests lie in the history of the hellenistic world and the Middle Roman Republic, and Greek and Roman historiography. He has had an enduring interest in the ancient Greek historian Polybius. He is the author of Cultural Politics in Polybius s Histories (2004), editor of Roman Imperialism: Readings and Sources (2004), and coeditor, with Arthur M. Eckstein, of a new, annotated, two-volume English-language edition of Polybius, The Landmark Edition of Polybius Histories (forthcoming). He has published numerous articles and review essays on ancient Greek and Roman history and historiography. Timothy Chappell is Professor of Philosophy at The Open University, Milton Keynes, England, and Director of the Open University Ethics Centre. His books are Values and Virtues: Aristotelianism in Contemporary Ethics (2007); The Inescapable Self (2005); Reading Plato s Theaetetus (2004); Human Values: New Essays in Ethics and Natural Law (edited with David Oderberg, 2004); Understanding Human Goods (1998); Philosophy of the Environment (1997); The Plato Reader (1996); and Aristotle and Augustine on Freedom (1995). David J. Depew is Professor in the Department of Communication Studies and the interdisciplinary Project on the Rhetoric of Inquiry (POROI) at the University of Iowa. He writes on the philosophy, history, and rhetoric of biology and its relation to culture in ancient and modern times, with special attention to Aristotle and Darwinism. He is coauthor with Marjorie Grene of Philosophy of Biology: An Episodic History (2004). Recent publications include Consequence Etiology and Biological Teleology in Aristotle and Darwin, (2008). Arthur M. Eckstein is Professor of History at the University of Maryland, and a specialist in the history of the hellenistic world and Roman imperialism under the Republic. He has published four books, a coedited book, and 50 major scholarly articles. His two most recent books, Mediterranean Anarchy, Interstate War, and the Rise of Rome (2006) and Rome Enters the Greek East: From Anarchy to Hierarchy in the Hellenistic Mediterranean, BC (2008), are pioneering efforts at combining modern international-systems theory with ancient history. Matt Edge has recently completed his PhD at the University of Cambridge, on the notion of individual freedom in classical Athens and its modern equivalent, and is in the process of submitting this for publication as a number of articles. His main interests are in political and moral philosophy, particularly the concepts of liberty, cosmopolitanism, and socialism. Sara Forsdyke is Associate Professor in the Department of Classical Studies at the University of Michigan. She is the author of Exile, Ostracism, and Democracy: The Politics of Expulsion in Ancient Greece (2005) and numerous articles on Greek history, Herodotus, and Greek political thought. John Gibert is Associate Professor of Classics at the University of Colorado at Boulder. He is the author of Change of Mind in Greek Tragedy (1995), coauthor (with C. Collard and M. J. Cropp) of Euripides: Selected Fragmentary Plays II (2004), and has written articles, chapters,

14 xii Notes on Contributors and reviews on Greek drama, religion, and philosophy (including The Sophists, in the Blackwell Guide to Ancient Philosophy). His current project is an edition with commentary of Euripides Ion. David E. Hahm is Professor of Greek and Latin at the Ohio State University, Columbus. He is the author of The Origins of Stoic Cosmology, as well as articles on Plato, Aristotle, hellenistic philosophy and science, and the historiography of philosophy in antiquity. His current projects include Polybius political theory and Greek physical philosophy. Dean Hammer is the John W. Wetzel Professor of Classics and Professor of Government at Franklin and Marshall College. He is the author of The Iliad as Politics: The Performance of Political Thought (2002), as well as articles on ancient and modern political thought in the American Journal of Philology, Historia, Political Theory, Classical Journal, Arethusa, and Phoenix. His book Roman Political Thought and the Return to the World (2008) explores the relationship between Roman and modern political thought. Charles W. Hedrick, Jr has taught at the University of California at Santa Cruz since 1990, and he is currently Professor in the History Department there. He is the author of articles, chapters, and books. His principal publications include The Decrees of the Demotionidai (1990); History and Silence: Purge and Rehabilitation of Memory in Late Antiquity (2000); and Ancient History: Monuments and Documents (2006). He is also joint editor of Demokratia: A Conversation on Democracies, Ancient and Modern (1996) and of the exhibition catalog The Birth of Democracy: An Exhibition (1993). Zena Hitz is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County. She received her degree in 2005 from Princeton University s classical philosophy program and specializes in ancient political philosophy. She has written essays on Plato s critique of democracy and on Aristotle on friendship, and is currently working on the philosophical origins of the ideal of the rule of law. Rachana Kamtekar is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at the University of Arizona. She is a co-editor (with Sara Ahbel-Rappe) of A Companion to Socrates (2006) and the author of several articles on Plato, Stoicism, and moral psychology. She is currently writing a book on Plato s psychology entitled The Powers of Plato s Psychology. Robert A. Kaster is Professor of Classics and Kennedy Foundation Professor of Latin Language and Literature at Princeton University. He is the author of Guardians of Language: The Grammarian and Society in Late Antiquity (1988); Emotion, Restraint, and Community in Ancient Rome (2005); commentaries on Suetonius De Grammaticis et Rhetoribus (1995) and Cicero s Pro Sestio (2006); and articles on Roman literature and culture. David Konstan is the John Rowe Workman Professor of Classics and the Humanistic Tradition, and Professor of Comparative Literature, at Brown University. His most recent books are The Emotions of the Ancient Greeks (2006); a translation of Aspasius commentary on Aristotle s Nicomachean Ethics (2006); Terms for Eternity (with Ilaria Ramelli, 2007); and Lucrezio e la psicologia epicurea (trans. Ilaria Ramelli, 2007; in English as A Life Worthy of the Gods: The Materialist Psychology of Epicurus, 2008). He was president of the American Philological Association in 1999.

15 Notes on Contributors xiii Peter Liddel is Lecturer in Ancient History at the University of Manchester. His research is related to Greek political history, ancient Greek historiography, Greek epigraphy, and modern historiography (particularly histories of Greece). He is the author of Civic Obligation and Individual Liberty in Ancient Athens (2007), and has edited a republication of Connop Thirlwall s history of Greece: Bishop Thirlwall s History of Greece (2007). Currently he is working on articles related to the appearance of inscriptions and other documents in Greek literary texts, and studies of non-athenian epigraphical habits. Paul W. Ludwig is a Tutor at St John s College in Annapolis, Maryland. He is the author of Eros and Polis: Desire and Community in Greek Political Theory (2002). His articles have appeared in the American Journal of Philology and in the American Political Science Review. He is currently working on a book on civic friendship, as well as a volume for the Cambridge series Key Themes in Ancient Philosophy on love, friendship, and the family. Christopher Nadon teaches courses in political philosophy for the Government Department at Claremont McKenna College and is currently at work on a study of the separation of church and state. He is the author of Xenophon s Prince: Republic and Empire in the Cyropaedia (2001). Debra Nails is Professor of Philosophy at Michigan State University, and is the author of The People of Plato: A Prosopography of Plato and Other Socratics (2002); Agora, Academy, and the Conduct of Philosophy (1995); and articles in ancient and modern philosophy. With J. H. Lesher and Frisbee Sheffield, she edited Plato s Symposium: Issues in Interpretation and Reception (2006). Carlos F. Noreña is Assistant Professor of History at the University of California at Berkeley. He works primarily on the history of the Roman Empire, especially the political and cultural history of the first two centuries AD. He is currently completing a book, The Circulation of Imperial Ideals in the Roman West, that examines the figure of the Roman emperor as a unifying symbol for the western empire. Josiah Ober is the Constantine Mitsotakis Professor of Political Science and Classics at Stanford University. His books include Mass and Elite in Democratic Athens (1989), Political Dissent in Democratic Athens (1998), and Democracy and Knowledge (2008). His current research projects concern public action and the organization of information in democracies, and the emergence of dispersed authority in extensive ecologies of states. Before coming to Stanford in 2006, he taught at Princeton and Montana State universities. Robin Osborne is Professor of Ancient History at the University of Cambridge and a Fellow of King s College. He has published widely in Greek history and archaeology, including Greece in the Making BC (1996), Archaic and Classical Greek Art (1998), and Greek History (2004). With P. J. Rhodes he edited Greek Historical Inscriptions BC (2003). He is a Fellow of the British Academy. Kurt A. Raaflaub is David Herlihy University Professor in Classics and History and Director of the Program in Ancient Studies at Brown University. His research interests have focused on the social, political, military, and intellectual history

16 xiv Notes on Contributors of archaic and classical Greece and republican Rome, and on the comparative history of the ancient world. Recent books include The Discovery of Freedom in Ancient Greece (2004), winner of the James Henry Breasted Prize of the American Historical Association, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (coauthored, 2007), and War and Peace in the Ancient World (edited, 2007). P. J. Rhodes studied at Oxford, and has been working at the University of Durham since 1965: he became Professor of Ancient History in 1983, and since his retirement in 2005 has been Honorary Professor and Emeritus Professor. He is a specialist in Greek history, and particularly in politics and political institutions: his History of the Classical Greek World was published in 2005, and most recently he has written the Introduction and Notes to Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War, trans. Martin Hammond (2009). Arlene W. Saxonhouse is the Caroline Robbins Collegiate Professor of Political Science and Women s Studies and Adjunct Professor of Classics at the University of Michigan. She is the author of Women in the History of Political Thought: Ancient Greece to Machiavelli (1985); Fear of Diversity: The Birth of Political Science in Ancient Greek Thought (1992); coeditor of Hobbes s Three Discourses: A Modern, Critical Edition of Newly Identified Works by the Young Thomas Hobbes (1995); Athenian Democracy: Modern Mythmakers and Ancient Theorists (1996); and Free Speech and Democracy in Ancient Athens (2006). Malcolm Schofield is Professor of Ancient Philosophy, University of Cambridge, where he has taught in the Faculty of Classics since He was editor of Phronesis from 1987 to He is coauthor (with G. S. Kirk and J. E. Raven) of The Presocratic Philosophers (2nd edn 1983). Of the many collected volumes he has helped to edit the most recent to appear is The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Political Thought (2000), which he coedited with Christopher Rowe. His other writings on ancient political philosophy include The Stoic Idea of the City (1991), Saving the City (1999), and Plato: Political Philosophy (2006). Giulia Sissa is a Professor of Classics and Political Science at the University of California at Los Angeles. She has been a researcher at the CNRS in Paris, and Professor of Classics and head of department at the Johns Hopkins University. She is the author of numerous books and articles, including, Greek Virginity (1997), The Daily Life of the Greek Gods (with Marcel Detienne, 2000), Le Plaisir et le mal. Philosophie de la drogue (1997), L âme est un corps de femme (2000), and Sex and Sensuality in the Ancient World (2008). She is currently working on politics and the passions and on the pursuit of pleasure from Athens to Utopia. Philip A. Stadter is Falk Professor in the Humanities Emeritus in the Classics Department of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. His books include Arrian of Nicomedia (1980), A Commentary on Plutarch s Pericles (1989), and introductions and notes to Plutarch, Nine Greek Lives (1998) and Plutarch, Eight Roman Lives (1999). He has also edited Plutarch and the Historical Tradition (1992) and, with L. Van der Stockt, Sage and Emperor (2002). W. Jeffrey Tatum is Associate Professor of Ancient History at the University of Sydney. He is the author of The Patrician Tribune: Publius Clodius Pulcher (1999)

17 Notes on Contributors xv and Always I am Caesar (2008), as well as numerous papers on Roman history and Latin literature. He is currently writing a commentary on the Commentariolum Petitionis attributed to Quintus Cicero. Robert W. Wallace is Professor of Classics at Northwestern University. He is the author of The Areopagos Council, to 307 BC (1989) and Reconstructing Damon: Music, Wisdom Teaching, and Politics in Democratic Athens (forthcoming). He coauthored The Origins of Greek Democracy (2007) and has coedited four volumes on Greek law, Greek music and performance, and hellenistic political history. He has published widely in the fields of Greek history, law, music theory, numismatics, and literature. Catherine H. Zuckert is a Nancy Reeves Dreux Professor of Political Science at the University of Notre Dame and editor of The Review of Politics. Her books include Natural Right and the American Imagination: Political Philosophy in Novel Form (1990); Postmodern Platos: Nietzsche, Heidegger, Gadamer, Strauss, Derrida (1996); and Plato s Philosophers (2009). She coauthored The Truth about Leo Strauss (2006) with her husband Michael, and edited Understanding the Political Spirit: From Socrates to Nietzsche (1988).

18 Acknowledgments This Companion brings together classicists, ancient historians, political scientists, and philosophers in an attempt to offer fresh perspectives on classical political thought. The primary aim of the volume is to reconsider our relationship to the ancient Greeks and Romans, with a view to deepening our understanding of political life as such. The editor and contributors are deeply grateful to Al Bertrand for help, encouragement, and advice throughout the process, and to the production staff at Blackwell/Wiley, including Barbara Duke and Ben Thatcher. Ann Bone has been an outstanding copyeditor. The editor also gratefully acknowledges permission to reprint chapters 21 and 22 from A Companion to Socrates, edited by Sara Ahbel-Rappe and Rachana Kamtekar (Blackwell, 2006). At the beginning of the project, my colleagues George Pepe, Andrew Rehfeld, and Eric Brown of Washington University in St Louis were invariably stimulating interlocutors. In the midst of working on this volume, I joined the Department of Political Science at the University of Toronto. For their support as I migrated from Classics to Political Science, and from the United States to Canada, I would like to thank George Pepe, Brad Inwood, Kurt Raaflaub, Arlene Saxonhouse, Jill Frank, Steve Salkever, Sara Forsdyke, and Josh Ober. In Toronto, I have been immensely grateful for the companionship and encouragement of my new colleagues, especially Clifford Orwin, Brad Inwood, Edward Andrew, Ronald Beiner, Simone Chambers, Victoria Wohl, and Neil Nevitte. The volume has also benefited from the hard work of my research assistant, Larissa Atkison. My wife, Carroll, provided invaluable support throughout my work on this project. I would not have been able to finish the collection without her friendship and encouragement. Our daughters, Julia and Corinne, have, as always, given me great joy from start to finish. I dedicate this volume to four teachers who first taught me Latin and Greek and first introduced me to the Homeric epics, Plato s Republic, and Ciceronian oratory: Rev. Claude P. Boudreaux, S.J.; Dr Stephen Pearce; Mr Grégoire C. Richard; and Rev. Wayne Roca, S.J.

19 Note on Translations All translations in this volume were done by the authors themselves, unless otherwise indicated. Bibliographic information on the translations used can be found in the List of References and occasionally in the List of Abbreviations.

20 Abbreviations This is a list of abbreviations of ancient authors, texts, and editions of fragmentary source material occurring in the chapters. With several exceptions, this list follows that of the Oxford Classical Dictionary, 3rd edition, edited by Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996). In the case of familiar titles, I have tended, by contrast with Hornblower and Spawforth, to use the standard English equivalents rather than the Latin translations (e.g. Pl. Resp. ¼ Plato, Republic, rather than Plato, Respublica). ABD Ael. VH Aen. Aesch. Pers. Sept. Aeschin. Amm. Marc. Andoc. App. B Civ. Syr. The Anchor Bible Dictionary Aelianus Varia Historia Aeneid Aeschylus Persians Seven against Thebes Aeschines Ammianus Marcellinus Andocides Appian Bella civilia Syriakē

21 Abbreviations xix Ar. Aristophanes Ach. Acharnians Eccl. Ecclesiazusae Lys. Lysistrata Plut. Wealth Thesm. Thesmophoriazusae Arch. Archytas Archil. Archilochus Arist. Aristotle de An. De anima Ath. Pol. Athēnaiōn Politeia Cael. De caelo Eth. Eud. Eudemian Ethics Eth. Nic. Nicomachean Ethics Gen. an. De generatione animalium Hist. an. Historia animalium Part. an. De partibus animalium Pol. Politics Rhet. Rhetoric Aristid. Or. Aristides, Orationes Arr. Arrian Anab. Anabasis Asc.... Cl. Asconius, ed. A. C. Clark (Oxford Classical Text, 1907) Athen. Athenaeus August. Augustine b. conjug. De bono coniugali c. Faustum Contra Faustum Manicheum Conf. Confessions De civ. D. De civitate Dei (City of God) En. Ps. Enarrationes in Psalmos

22 xx Ep. Gn. litt. lib. arb. nat. et gr. Serm. trin. [Aur. Vict.] De vir. ill. Caes. B Afr. B Civ. Cass. Dio CH Cic. Acad. post. Amic. Att. Balb. Cael. Cat. Clu. De or. Deiot. Div. Dom. Fam. Fin. Har. resp. Leg. Leg. agr. Lig. Abbreviations Epistulae De Genesi ad litteram De libero arbitrio De natura et gratia Sermones De trinitate [Aurelius Victor], De viris illustribus Caesar Bellum Africum Bellum Civile Cassius Dio Codex Hammurabi Cicero Academica posteriora De amicitia Epistulae ad Atticum Pro Balbo Pro Caelio In Catilinam Pro Cluentio De oratore Pro rege Deiotaro De divinatione De domo sua Epistulae ad familiares De finibus De haruspicum responso De legibus De lege agraria Pro Ligario

23 Abbreviations xxi Marcell. Mil. Mur. Nat. D. Off. Part. or. Phil. Pis. Planc. Prov. cons. Q Fr. Q Rosc. Quinct. Red. pop. Red. sen. Rep. Scaur. Sest. Sull. Tusc. Verr. CIL Clem. Al. Strom. Dem. Meid. Din. Dio Or. Diod. Sic. Diog. Laert. Pro Marcello Pro Milone Pro Murena De natura Deorum De officiis Partitiones oratoriae Philippics In Pisonem Pro Plancio De provinciis consularibus Epistulae ad Quintum fratrem Pro Roscio comoedo Pro Quinctio Post reditum ad populum Post reditum in senatu De republica (Republic) Pro Scauro Pro Sestio Pro Sulla Tusculanae disputationes In Verrem Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum Clemens Alexandrinus Stromateis Demosthenes Against Meidias Dinarchus Dio of Prusa (Dio Chrysostomus), Orationes Diodorus Siculus Diogenes Laertius

24 xxii Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. Diotog. DK DNP Ecph. Enn. Ann. Ephor. Epict. Diss. Epicurus RS Sent. Vat. Epit. Eur. Heracl. Hipp. IA Supp. FGrH Flor. fr. frr. Gai. Inst Hdt. Hes. Op. Theog. Dionysius Halicarnassensis Antiquitates Romanae Diotogenes H. Diels and W. Kranz (eds), Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, 2 vols, 6th edn (Berlin: Weidmann, ) Der neue Pauly, 18 vols (Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler, ) Ecphantus Ennius, Annales Ephorus Epictetus Discourses Ratae sententiae Vatican Sayings ¼ Gnomologium Vaticanum Epitome Euripides Heraclidae Hippolytus Iphigenia Aulidensis Supplices (Suppliants or Suppliant Women) F. Jacoby (ed.), Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker (Berlin: Weidmann; Leiden: Brill, ) L. Annaeus Florus fragment fragments Gaius, Institutiones Herodotus Hesiod Opera et dies (Works and Days) Theogony Abbreviations

25 Abbreviations xxiii Hippoc. Aer. Hom. Il. Od. Hyp. Hippocrates De aera, aquis, locis (On Airs, Waters, Places) Homer Iliad Odyssey Hyperides IG Inscriptiones Graecae (1873 ) ILS H. Dessau, Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae ( ) Isoc. LdÄ Antid. Areop. Isocrates Antidosis Areopagiticus C. soph. Contra sophistas Panath. Panathenaicus W. Helck, E. Otto, and W. Westendorf (eds), Lexicon der Ä gyptologie ( ) LIMC Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae (1981 ) Liv. Livy, Epit. Lobel-Page Lucian, Alex. Lyc. Lys. Livy Livy, Epitomae E. Lobel and D. Page, Poetarum Lesbiorum Fragmenta (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1955) Lucian, Alexander Lycurgus Lysias M. Aur. Med. Marcus Aurelius, Meditations Men. Dys Men. Rhet. ML MW Nic. Menander, Dyskolos Menander Rhetor R. Meiggs and D. Lewis (eds), A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions to the End of the Fifth Century BC, rev. edn (1988) R. Merkelbach and M. L. West (eds), Fragmenta Hesiodea (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967) Nicander

26 xxiv OGIS ORF Ov. Fast. Page Pan. Lat. Paul Col. Gal. Philo, Mos. Philoch. Phld. Pindar, Pyth. Pl. Ap. Cleit. Cri. Eu. oreuthphr. Euthd. Grg. La. Leg. Lys. Menex. Phd. Phlb. Plt. Prt. Resp. Sph. Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae H. Malcovati (ed.), Oratorum Romanorum Fragmenta (2nd edn 1955; 4th edn 1967) Ovid, Fasti D. L. Page (ed.), Poetae Melici Graeci (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962) XII Panegyrici Latini St Paul, Epistle to the Colossians St Paul, Epistle to the Galatians Philo, De vita Mosis (Life of Moses) Philochorus Philodemus Pindar, Pythian Plato Apology Cleitophon Crito Euthyphro Euthydemus Gorgias Laches Leges (Laws) Lysis Menexenus Phaedo Philebus Politicus (Statesman) Protagoras Republic Sophist Abbreviations

27 Abbreviations xxv Symp. Tht. Tim. Plin. NH Plin. Pan. Pliny, Ep. Plut. Mor. Adv. Col an virt. doc. possit comp. Dem. et Cic. De Alex. fort. De Stoic. rep. De tranq. anim. De Virt. mor. Vit. Alc. Alex. Arat. Arist. Caes. Cam. Cic. Dem. Demetr. Lyc. Per. Pomp. Pyrrh. Rom. Symposium Theaetetus Timaeus Pliny (the Elder), Naturalis historia Pliny (the Younger), Panegyricus Pliny (the Younger), Epistulae Plutarch Moralia Adversus Coloten (Against Colotes) An virtus doceri possit (Whether virtue can be taught) Comparatio Demosthenis et Ciceronis De fortuna Alexandri De Stoicorum repugnantiis (On the contradictions of the Stoics) De tranquillitate animi (On the tranquility of the mind) De virtute morali (On Moral Virtue) Vitae parallelae (Parallel Lives) Alcibiades Alexander Aratus Aristides Caesar Camillus Cicero Demosthenes Demetrius Lycurgus Pericles Pompeius Pyrrhus Romulus

28 xxvi Abbreviations Sol. Polyb. Ti. Gracch. Tim. Porphyry Abst. Powell Solon Tiberius Gracchus Timoleon Polybius Porphyry, De abstinentia J. G. F. Powell (ed.), M. Tulli Ciceronis De re publica, De legibus, Cato Maior De senectute, Laelius De amicitia (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006) P Oxy Oxyrhynchus Papyri (1898 ) Ps-Xen. Ath. pol. Pseudo-Xenophon, Respublica Atheniensium (Constitution of the Athenians) Q. Cic. Comm. Pet. Quintus Cicero, Commentariolum petitionis Quint. Quintilian RAC Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum (Stuttgart, 1941 ) RdA Sall. Cat. Hist. Iug. schol. Reallexikon der Assyriologie Sallust Bellum Catilinae or De Catilinae coniuratione Historiae Bellum Iugurthinum scholiast or scholia SEG Supplementum epigraphicum Graecum (1923 ) Sen. Apoc. Ben. Clem. Dial. Ep. Sen. Suas. Sext. Emp. Math. Stob. Stob. Ecl. Seneca (the Younger) Apocolocyntosis De beneficiis De clementia Dialogi Epistulae Seneca (the Elder), Suasoriae Sextus Empiricus, Adversus mathematicos Stobaeus Stobeus, Eclogae

29 Abbreviations xxvii Suda Suet. Aug. Calig. Dom. Vesp. Vit. Greek Lexicon formerly known as Suidas Suetonius Divus Augustus Caligula Domitianus Divus Vespasianus Vitellius SVF H. von Arnim, Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta (1903 ) Syll. 3 W. Dittenberger et al. (eds), Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum, 3rd edn (Leipzig: Hirzel, ) Tac. Agr. Ann. Hist. Thuc. TGF TrGF Tyrt. Ulpian, Dig. Usener Val. Max. Weissenborn West Xen. Ages. Anab. Tacitus Agricola Annals Histories Thucydides A. Nauck (ed.), Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmenta, 2nd edn (1889); suppl. B. Snell (1964) B. Snell, R. Kannicht, and S. Radt (eds), Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmenta, 4 vols ( ); vol. 1, 2nd edn (1986). Tyrtaeus Ulpian, Digest H. Usener, Epicurea (Leipzig: Teubner, 1887; repr. Stuttgart: Teubner, 1966) Valerius Maximus W. Weissenborn (ed.), Titi Livi Ab urbe condita libri, vol. 5, 2nd edn (Leipzig, 1894) M. L. West (ed.), Iambi et elegi Graeci ante Alexandrum cantati, 2 vols, 2nd edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press, ) Xenophon Agesilaus Anabasis

30 xxviii Cyr. Hell. Lac. Mem. Oec. Symp. Abbreviations Cyropaedia Hellenica Respublica Lacedaemoniorum (Spartan Constitution) Memorabilia Oeconomicus Symposium