Cambridge University Press An Introduction to the New Testament and the Origins of Christianity Delbert Burkett

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1 1 and 2 Maccabees, 20, 35 1 Clement, 7, , 106, 425, 428, 430, , 467, 470, Corinthians, 5, Enoch, 35, 65, 450, 499, John, 5, 109; see also Johannine Epistles 1 Peter, 5, 430, 438, 448, , 490, 504, Thessalonians, 5, , Timothy, 5; see also Pastoral Epistles 2 Clement, 7, 106, Corinthians, 5, , John, 5, 109, 110; see also Johannine Epistles 2 Peter, 5, 111, 430, 431, 438, , Thessalonians, 5, , Timothy, 5; see also Pastoral Epistles 3 John, 5, 109, 110; see also Johannine Epistles 4 Ezra, 35, 64, 65 66, 67, 295, Aaron: Messiah of, 64; priesthood of, 472, 476 Abraham: in Matthew s genealogy, 181, ;justification of, 312, 323; promises to, 15, 197, , 324 Acts of James, 389 Acts of John, 8, 413 Acts of Paul, 8, 108, 109, 438 Acts of Peter and the Twelve Apostles, 108 Acts of the Apostles, 5, 6, Acts of Thomas, 8, 417 Acts, literary genre, 6 Adam: as source of sin, 323; inluke s genealogy, 207 aeons, 409, 410, 411, 413, 425 afterlife, conceptions of, 54, 76, 200, 337, agape 429, 449, 578 agrarian society, 27, 28 Alexander the Great, 16, 17, 18, 27, 29; as divine man, 80, 532, 533 Ananias and Sapphira, 277 Ananias of Damascus, 274, 278 Andrew, apostle, 229, 556 Antichrist, 351, 497; antichrist, 454, 455, 460 anti-jewish sentiment, 12 13, , 420, Antinous, as divine man, 81, Antioch of Syria, church in, 96 97, 181, 266, 279, 427, 463, 464; dispute at, 308, 311 Antiochus IV Epiphanes, 19, 351, 501 aphorism, 127, 176, Aphrodite, 73, 328 apocalypse, 6, 63, Apocalypse of Peter, 8, 109, 489 apocalyptic eschatology, 63, 246, 499, 501 apocalyptic literature, 63, 71, Apocrypha: New Testament, 3, 7 8, 13 14, ; Old Testament, 35, 44 Apocryphon of James,

2 590 Apocryphon of John, 8, 108, 410 Apollo, 73, 77, 79, 532, 533, 535, 536, 544, 545 Apollonius of Tyana, 86, 529, Apollos, , , 470 apologetic, 128; for Jesus death, 155, , 384; toward Rome, 271; apologetic speech or letter, 309 apologies, 103, 487, 493 aporias in John, 216, 229, 232, 233 apostles: as itinerant missionaries, 385, , ; at Corinth, 330, ; in apocryphal works, 8;in Jerusalem, 93 94, 95, 99, 270, 289, ; Paul as apostle, 289; the Twelve, 93 94, 168, 188, 270, 391; writings attributed to, , , 156, 438 Apostolic Fathers, 3, 6 7, 14, 29, , 429 apostolic period, 99 apostolic succession, 428, 434, 439, 442, 575 apotheosis, 80 81, 211, Archelaus, 22 Areopagus, 269, see Mars Hill ascension: of divine men, 80, 81; of Jesus, 169, 211, 273, 276, 509; of soul, 82, , 419 asceticism, , 412, 413, 426 Asclepius, 86, Asia, province of, 502 Asia Minor, 490 Assumption of Moses, 449, 450 astrology, 78 Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria, atheism, 73, 84, 101, 485, 504 atonement: by Jesus death, 96, 98, 162, 180, , 291, 384, 411, 425, 456, 473, 477, 482; by John s baptism, 56;in Judaism, 43, 424, 425, 472, 476, 477; see also forgiveness of sins Augustine, bishop of Hippo, 109 Augustus Caesar, 20, 22, 23; as divine man, 79, 530, autographs, 111 avatar, 79 Babylon: as name for Rome, 489, , ; exile of Jews to, 16 baptism: early Christian, 77, 227, , 364, 386, 397, , 413, 428, 559, 560; John s, 55 56; of Jesus, 68, 160, 225, 248, 363, 382, 411, 412, 455 Bar Cochba, 26 Barnabas, co-worker of Paul, 97, 266, 267, 279, 280, 281, 306, 308, 311, 470 Beatitudes, 187 Belial, 52, 343, 476 Beloved Disciple, , , 234 Bible, Christian, 4; chapters and verses of, 6; English translations of, bishops: in the Didache, 385, 402, 562; in Paul s churches, 297; in Proto-Orthodoxy, , 434, , 467, 489, 575, 578 Book of Thomas the Contender, 417 Caesar, 20 Caesarea, 357 Caiaphas, Joseph, 255 canon: of Hebrew Scriptures, 33 34, 450; of New Testament, 101, , 118, canonical Gospels, 6, 121; formation of, ; genre of, , 139 celibacy: among Essenes, 47, 52, 520, 523; in Paul, ; in Revelation, 512; in Thomas, 419 Cephas, see Peter Cerinthus, 382, 411, 412, 455 charitable giving: among Jews, 35; among Jewish Christians, 179, , 385, , , 562; in Thomas, Christ: as messianic title, 43, 61, 66, ; Christ of faith,

3 591 Christianity, 3; relation of to Judaism, , 380, 429, , ; see also Eastern Orthodox Christianity, Gnostic Christianity, Johannine Christianity, Jewish Christianity, Judaic Christianity, Pauline Christianity, Petrine Christianity, Protestant Christianity, Roman Catholic Christianity, Proto-Orthodox Christianity church, 92; as body of Christ, 296, 299, 325, 336, 375; in Matthew, 180, 190 Cicero, 87 circumcision: among Jews, 34; among Judaic Christians, , 385; as analogy for baptism, 364, 368; controversy over, 98, 267, , 295, , , 311, 313, 358, 359; in Barnabas, , ;in Thomas, 568 Claudius, edict of, , 329 Clement of Alexandria, 111, 503 Clement of Rome, , 470 clergy, 101, 427 Colossae, 357; church in, 366 Colossians, 5, 293, 353, , , 438 composite Christ, confessional approach, 9 12 Constantine, 102, 103, 259, controversy stories, 58, 126, 128, 157, 158, 164, 383 Corinth, 330; church in, , , Cornelius, , , 303 cosmic reconciliation, 364, 367 cosmology, ancient, 77 78;in Thomas, 418 Council offlorence, 110 covenant: with Israel, 34; new covenant, 4, 52, 57, 343, ; in Barnabas, 481, 482, 580;in Hebrews, , 474, creeds, 101, 423, 430 curse stories, 170, , 241, 274, 277, 549, 550 Cynics, 85, 253, 254 Daniel, book of, 33, 63 64, , 499, 501 David, king of Israel, 15; in Matthew s genealogy, ; promise to, 61, 197 Day of Atonement, 38, 41, 477, 482 day of the Lord, 69, 71, 202, 268, , 508; see also day of Yahweh day of Yahweh, 60 61, 62, 66, 69; see also day of the Lord deacons:in Judaic Christianity, 402, 562; in Pauline Christianity, 297; in Proto-Orthodox Christianity, 427, 434, 438, 441, 443, 467, 575, 578 Dead Sea Scrolls, 48 50, 49, 50, 51, 59, 215, 476 Decapolis, 25 deified human, 80 81, 529; see also apotheosis demigod, 79 80, 81, ; Jesus as, 160, 185, 196, 219, 426 Demiurge, 82, , 424 demons, 78, 79, 86; see also exorcism determinism, 84, 500 Devil, 123, 450, 500; as persecutor, 493, 495, 510, 587; children of, 454, 458, 460, 578; see also Satan Diaspora, 19, 95, 96, 277, 321; church in, 94, 391, 393, 492 diatribe, 85, 300 Didache, 7, 92, 106, 136, 383, , , 483, Didymus Judas Thomas, , 564 dietary regulations: among Jews, 37; among Judaic Christians, 385, 399, 559; controversy over, 295, 308, 311, , 325;in Barnabas, 482, ; in Thomas, Dionysius Exiguus, 26 Dionysius, bishop of Alexandria, 503 Dionysius, bishop of Corinth, 432 Dionysus, 76, 77, 529, 546 Diotrephes, 457, 458, 461 divine men, 79 81, 86, 132, 197, 211, 219, 484, 504, 512,

4 592 divorce, 164, , 300, , 335 docetism, , 259, 411, 412, , , Domitian, 22, 81, 102, 485, 487, 492, 503, 504, 509, 510, 512 early Catholic Christianity, 99, , 107, 423 Eastern Orthodox Christianity, 3, 35, 101, 117, 423 Ebionites, 99, , 384 Edict of Milan, 103 Elder John, , 453 elders, 269, 385, 427, 434, , , 467 elemental spirits, 78, , 312, 363, 364, 368 Elijah the prophet, 62 63, 86, 206, 208, 211, 258, 392, 539 Elisha the prophet, 86, 208, 241, 539 Elizabeth, mother of John the Baptist, 206 emperor cult, 81, 484, 485, , , emperors, Roman, 22 Epaphras, 360, 366; see also Epaphroditus Epaphroditus, 353, 355, 356, 359, 360 Ephesians, letter of Ignatius, 7, 360, 463 Ephesians, letter of Paul, 5, 293, 353, 362, 369, 370, 438, 494 Ephesus: 272, 298, 357; church in, 215, 282, , 360, 373 Epicureans, 54, 84, 85, 89, 268 Epiphanius, 407 Epistle of Barnabas, 7, 106, 109, 396, 430, 469, 480, 579 Epistle of the Apostles, 108 Epistle to Diognetus, 7 Epistle to the Laodiceans, 109 epistles, 6 Eschatological Discourse, 69, 158, 171, 189, 191, 210, 219 eschatology, 41, 63; early Christian, 69 70, 402; Jewish, 41 43, 60 66; Samaritan, 55; see also apocalyptic eschatology, realized eschatology Essenes, 45, 46, 47 52, 54, 56, 57 58, 64, eternal life, 164, 267, 383, 560; in Johannine Christianity, 70, , , 454 ethical perfectionism, , 399 Eucharist: in the Didache, 398, 399, , 402, , 562; in Gnostic Christianity, 413; in Proto-Orthodoxy, 429, 575, 577, 578; see also Lord s Supper Eusebius, bishop of Caesarea, 102, 104, 109, 155, 239, 433, 437, 463, evangelist, 121 Evangelists, 121; as authors and editors, , 133, 134, ; symbols of, 125 evilspirits, see demons example stories, 127 exorcism, 86, , , ; absence from John, 218 Ezra the scribe, 35, 36, 65, , 526, 527 faith-building, fasting: in Judaism, 35, 40, 41; in Judaic Christianity, 164, 179, , 385, , 557, 559; before baptism, , 428, 559;in Barnabas, 482; in Thomas, 564, 566, 570 Fate, 46, 47, 78 79; see also determinism Felix, governor of Judea, 282 feminist criticism, , 194, 254, 260 festivals, Jewish, 40, 41, 43, 94, 218 Festus, Porcius, 271, 282 firstfruits, 41, 399, 402, 561 flesh, as seat of evil power: among Essenes, 523; in Paul, 294, , 313, 323, 325, 359; in Colossians, 363, 364, 368; in Gnostic Christianity, 419, 567, 571; see also soul, enslaved by body food laws, see dietary regulations

5 593 footwashing in Johannine Christianity, , 228, 233 forgiveness of sins: in Luke Acts, 136; through baptism, 386; see also atonement form criticism, 134, , 139, 156, Fortune, 78 Fourth Gospel, see Gospel of John freedom fighters, Jewish, 52 55, 53 fulfillment quotations in Matthew, 184 Gabriel the archangel, 197, 236 Gaius of Corinth, 317, 331 Gaius of the Johannine community, 461 Galatia, 305; church in, , Galatians, letter to, 5, 178, Galilee, 25; Sea of, 245 Gallio, 271, 292, 329, 330 Gamaliel, 275, 277, 291, 540 Gentile Christianity, 96 99, glorification, of Jesus, 169, 223, 393 gnosis, 100, 410, 442 Gnostic Christianity, literature of, 8, , 122, , 414, , ; religion of, 54, 82, 100, 363, , , 450, 456 God-fearers, 98, , , 279, 331 gods, Greek and Roman, 72 81, 82 84, 86 golden rule, 57, 176, 188, 557 gospel, 121; of Paul, , 317, 322, 325 Gospel of John, 5, Gospel of Luke, 5, , Gospel of Mark, 5, 123, Gospel of Mary, 408, 413 Gospel of Matthew, 5, Gospel of Nicodemus, 240 Gospel of Peter, 8, 122, , 489, Gospel of Philip, 108, 122, 408, 413 Gospel of the Ebionites, 122, 382, 383 Gospel of the Egyptians, 408 Gospel of the Hebrews, 109, 122, 383 Gospel of the Nazoreans, 383 Gospel of Thomas, 8, 108, 122, 124, 244, 408, 413, , 416, Gospel of Truth, 122, 408 Gospels, 6, ; see also canonical Gospels, infancy Gospels, Jewish-Christian Gospels, non-canonical Gospels, passion Gospels Greco-Roman world, Greece, church in, 281, 282 Greek New Testament, Griesbach hypothesis, 142 Hades, 54, 76, 240, 241 Hadrian, 22, 26 27, 81, , 537 Hanina ben Dosa, 86, Hanukkah, 19, 41 Hasmoneans, 19 20, 22, 25, 27, 45, 47, 48, 55 Hebrew Scriptures, 4; divisions of, 33; see also canon, of Hebrew Scriptures Hebrews in Jerusalem, 95, 277, 278, 379 Hebrews, letter of, 5, 108, 109, 110, 430, , 482 Hegesippus, 389, 391 Hellenistic kingdoms, 17 19, 20 Hellenistic period, 16 Hellenists in Jerusalem, 95, 96, , 279, 303, 379 Hellenization, Hera, 73, 80, 531, 536 Heracles, 80, 80, 529, , 532, 536 Hermas, 433; see also Shepherd of Hermas Herod Agrippa I, 23, 27, 93 94, 279 Herod Agrippa II, 23 24, 271, 282 Herod Antipas, 22, 25, 56, 90, 210, 239, 553, 576 Herod the Great, 22, 26, 27, 37, 53, , 237 Herodian Dynasty, Herodias, 56 Hestia, 72 high priest: Jewish, 33, 38, 61, 474, 476; Jesus as, , 474, Hillel, 57 Hippolytus, 407

6 594 historical-critical method, 9 14, 87, 133, 137, 158, 498 Holy Spirit, 201; as power for miracles, 88; at Christian baptism, , 386; at Jesus baptism, 68, , 167, 363, 382; at Jesus conception, 185, 186, 196, 237;in Johannine tradition, 227, ;in Luke Acts, 129, 134, , 208, 268; in Paul, 296, 299, 301, 312, 313, 323, 325; in Thomas, 418; upon the Messiah, 61, 62, 68, , 167, 524 house churches, 91 92, 295, 297, , 457 household codes, , 371, 375, 428, 440, 443, 488, 494, 495, 496, household of Caesar, 356 I am sayings in John, Ialtabaoth, 410 ideological criticism, 135, 138 Ignatius, bishop of Antioch, 7, 427, 430, , 464, 465, 466, , 587 Immanuel, 185, 186 immortality of soul, 54, 100, 411, incarnation, 79, 219, 220, 363, 426, 455, Infancy Gospel of James, 8, 122, , 389 Infancy Gospel of Thomas, 8, 122, , 417, infancy Gospels, 122, infancy narratives, 126, 185, 186, 196, 197, inspiration: of prophets or oracles, 77, 201, 227, 277, ; of scripture, 11 12, 111, 129, 175, Irenaeus, bishop of Lyons, , , 407, 411, 412, 426, 428, 433, 503 Isis, 75, 75 76, 86 Israel: ancient, 15; modern, 27 James, brother of Jesus, 93, 94, 98, 99, 236, 243, 270, 308, 311, 379, 380, James, son of Zebedee, 93 94, 279 James, letter of, 5, 92, 94, 108, 109, 110, 383, 384, 385, 387, , 438 Jamnia, 43 Jerome, 109, 382 Jerusalem, 92; captured by Romans, 25 27, 99, 381; church in, 93 94, 95, 99, 202, , ; heavenly, 500, 509, 513 Jerusalem Conference, 267, 276, , 292, 306, 308, , 489 Jesus of Nazareth, 3, 90 91, 238; family of, 93, 452; Mark s portraitof,157 63; Matthew s portraitof,184 85; Luke s portraitof,196 97; John s portrait of, ; apocryphal Jesus, ; historical Jesus, Jesus movement, 57 58, 59 Jesus Seminar, Jewish Christianity, 56, 57 58, 91 96, , ; in Mark, ; in Matthew, ; in John, ; in Acts, ; at Rome, , , , 325; see also Judaic Christianity Jewish war against Rome: first, 25 26, 27, 30, 52 55, 53, 99; second, Jewish-Christian Gospels, lost, 122, 383, 388 Jews, origin of term, 16 Johannine Christianity, 96, , Johannine Epistles, 108, 430, John, author of Revelation, 503 John Hyrcanus, 45, 55 John Mark, , 281, 308, 488 John, son of Zebedee, 8, 93 94, 98, 215, 265, 277, 308, 453, 489, 503 John the Baptist, 55 56, 90; as Elijah, 62 63, 206; as Messiah, 56, 225; in infancy narratives, , 237; disciples of, 55 56, 58, 164, , John, Gospel of, see Gospel of John Joseph of Arimathea, 553, 554 Joseph, husband of Mary, 185, 186, 201, 207, 236, 382, 412, 455, Josephus, 20, 25 26, 30, 45 47, 52 57, 243, 389, 391, 520, 540

7 595 Judaic Christianity, 91 94, 98, , , ; in Mark, ;in Matthew, ; in Acts, , ;in Paul, , 307, 308, 355, 358, 359; in Thomas, 420; see also Jewish Christianity Judas Iscariot, 169, 171, 191, 210, 233, 274, 276, 411 Judas Maccabeus, 19 20, 41 Judas of Galilee, 52 Jude (Judas), brother of Jesus, , 446 Jude, letter of, 5, 430, 438, Judea, 15 16, 25 Julius Caesar, 20, 328 justification: in Paul, 294, 304, 309, , 312, 315, 321, ; in Judaic Christianity, 382, 389, 390, 392 Justin, , 426, 428, 503 kerygma, 121, , 257 King James Version, , 116 kingdom of God, 69, 246 L, hypothetical source, 141, , 146, 148, 196, languages of Palestine, 29 Law, Jewish, 33, 34 37; given through angels, 369, 472, 475; heart of, 57, 176, 299, 387, 392 Lazarus, friend of Jesus, 223, 231, 232 letter collections, 106, 292, 467 Letter of Peter to Philip, 489 literary criticism, , 235; see also narrative criticism Logos, 84, , 228, 418, 454, 455 Lord, 33, 67, 197, 223 Lord s Day, 299, 385, 386, 400, 432, 555, 562, 583 Lord s Supper, 171, 180, 210, 217, 227, 299, 300, Lucian of Samosata, 87, 519, Luke: associate of Paul, 366, 470; traditional author of Luke Acts, Luke Acts, 195, 196; central theme of, Luke, Gospel of, see Gospel of Luke Luther, Martin, 110, 389 M, hypothetical source, 141, , 146, 148, 175, , 182, 183, 185, 188, 190, 383, 384, 385, 397, 398, 399 Maccabean Revolt, 19 20, 27 magic, 78 79, 86 87, , 558 Mandaeans, 408, 414 manuscripts: of New Testament, , 112, 114; of Romans, , 20; of 2 Corinthians, 341; of Ephesians, 373 maranatha, 69, 560 Marcion, 107 Mark, Gospel of, see Gospel of Mark Mars, 73, 79, 537 Mars Hill, 269 Martyrdom of Polycarp, 7, 487 martyrdom, , 278, 466, 467, 486, 487, , 508, 511, 512, 587; see also persecution Mary Magdalene, 234, 413, 555, 566, 571 Mary, mother of Jesus, 186, 197, 201, 206, 207, 226, , 382, 412, 455 Masada, 26, 53 Matthew, apostle, 174, 175 Matthew, Gospel of, see Gospel of Matthew maxims, 127 meals, communal, 336, 429; see also agape, Eucharist, Lord s Supper Melchizedek, 473, 476, 477 Messiah:in Judaism, 43, 61, 62, 64 66, 71, ; in early Christianity, 66 69; in Mark, ; in Matthew, 185, 192; in Judaic Christianity, 384 Messianic Secret, , 172; absence from John, 214, 218 methods of interpretation, Michael the archangel, 514 millennium, 426, 482, 497, 505, 513,

8 596 miracle stories, 85 89, 126, , 159, 165, ; in John, 218;in Infancy Gospel of Thomas, 237; in Acts, miracle workers, Mishnah, 43 mission, early Christian: to Jews, 94, 164, 177, 178; to Samaritans, 95 96, 199, 224, 225, 265, 278; to Gentiles, 96 99, 165, 189, , 208, 224, , ; see also mission instructions mission instructions, 94, 128, , 210 monarchic episcopate, 427, monks, 419, 566, 567, 569 monotheism, 32 33, , 484 moral exhortation, 128, 176, 300, 301, , 396, 398, 483, ; see also parenesis Moses, 15, 33; as miracle worker, 86, 539; see also prophet like Moses Mount Gerizim, 55 Mount Olympus, 73 Mount Sinai, 33, 34 Mount Zion, 55 Muratorian Canon, mystery religions, myth, 73, 87, 257, , 410, 535 Nag Hammadi library, 8, 14, , 408, 409 narrative criticism, 135, 137, 139, 166; see also literary criticism Nazoreans, 57, 90, 92, 97, 99, 263, 265, , 380, Nero, 22, , 485, 510, new age, 41 43, 60, 63, 69, 93, New American Bible, 117 new commandment, 233, 454, 458, 460 New English Bible, 117 New International Version, 117 New Revised Standard Version, 117 New Testament, 4 6; making of, non-canonical Gospels, 122, 139, , 244, , , oaths, 56, 180, 390, 521, 522, 586 Old Testament, 4, 35, 106, 118; see also Hebrew Scriptures Olympias, mother of Alexander, 532 Onesimus, , 366 oracle, 77 oral law, 45 46, 47 oral tradition, 106, 124, 129, 156 Origen, 446, 470, pagans, 99 Palestine, 15 27, 24, 27; divisions of, 25; church in, 94, 385 pantheism, Papias, bishop of Hierapolis, , 174, 453 Papyrus Egerton 2, 122 parables, 127, 168, 190; absence of from John, 218 Paraclete, 227 parenesis, 128, 301, , 369; see also moral exhortation parousia, 69 70, , 177, 192, , , , 393, 500; absence of from John, ; delay of, 70, 163, 177, , 234, 347, 427, , 573 passion Gospels, passion narratives, , 128, 171, 191, 210, 233, passion predictions, 162, 169 Passover, see festivals, Jewish Pastoral Epistles, 111, 430, patriarchy, 138, 254, , 428, , 494 patron/client system, 28 Paul, 96 99, 97, , 290, 296, 354, 357, 433; death of, , 572;in Acts, 269, 272, , , 280, 281, 283 Pauline Christianity, ; see also Paul Pella, 380, 510 Pentecost, see festivals, Jewish Perea, 25 pericope, 134

9 597 persecution of early Christians, , , 265, 278, 279, 349, 393, 463, 466, 467, 471, , 486, , ; see also martyrdom Persian empire, 16 Peter, 433; as apostle to Jews, 178, 489; as pillar, 93 94; as pseudonym, , , 447, ; as source of Mark, ; connection with Rome, 489; contrasted with Beloved Disciple, ; death of, 101, 572;in conflict with Paul, 179, 308, 311;in M, ; on circumcision of Gentile converts, 98, 308; Peter s confession, 161, 169, 230; Peter s denial, 167 Petrine Christianity, , Pharisees, Philemon, letter to, 5, , Philip IIofMacedon, 16, 532 Philip, apostle, 229, 233 Philip, evangelist, 88, 95, 274, 277, 278 Philip, son of Herod, Philippi, 357; church in, 355, 467 Philippians, letter of Paul, 5, Philippians, letter of Polycarp, 7, 467 Philo of Alexandria, 47, 220, 473 philosophies, Greco-Roman, 81 85, 83 Phoebe, 297, , 331 Phoenix, 574 piety: Jewish, 34 37, 179, , , ; Roman, 28 29, 437, Pilate, Pontius, 22, 91, 171, 210, 233, 239, 249, 271, 509, , 576, 584 pillars at Jerusalem, 93 94, 98, 178, 306, 308, 310 Plato: as divine man, 80, ; philosophy of, 82; influence of on Gnosticism, 54, 82, 409, , 424, 426; his theory of the good lie, 438; influence of on Hebrews, 473 pleroma, 363, 365, 367, 409, 410 Pliny, governor of Bithynia, , , 512, Pliny, Roman geographer, 48, 574 Polycarp, bishop of Smyrna, 215, 355, 463, 467, 492 polytheism, Greco-Roman, 72 77, 99, , 484 Pompey, 20, 27 possessions, attitude toward: among Essenes, 47 48, 52, 56, 520, 521; among Cynics, 85;in Luke Acts, 56, 200, , 212, 270, 277; in Matthew, 188; in Thomas, 568, 570 Praetorian Guard, 356 praetorium, 356 prayer:in Judaism, 35;in Judaic Christianity, 179, 385; in Luke Acts, 203; Lord s Prayer, , 188, 386, 400, 559; with raised eyes, 401 Preaching of Peter, 489 pre-existence: of Jesus, 219; of soul, 82, 100, 410, 418, 424, 523 priests, Jewish, 37 40; Zadokite, 47, 48; see also high priest Prisca and Aquila, 297, 316, 318, 329, 331, 470 Priscilla, see Prisca and Aquila Prison Epistles, 353, 354, 357, 362 pronouncement stories, 126 prophet like Moses, 55, prophets, 77; as miracle workers, 86, 539; early Christian, , 227, , 299, 385, 399, , , , 506, ; eschatological, 158, proselytes, 303 Protestant Christianity, 3 Protevangelium of James, see Infancy Gospel of James proto-gospels, 124 Proto-Mark, 124, , Proto-Orthodox Christianity, 99, , , , 433; literature of, , , , 587 proverb, 127, 176 Psalms of Solomon, 35, 64 65,

10 598 Pseudepigrapha, Old Testament, 35, 44, 450 pseudepigraphy, early Christian, , 438, 444 pseudonymity, 489, ; see also pseudepigraphy Ptolemaic dynasty, purity rules, Jewish, 35 37, 46, 48, 52, 311, 381, 522 Pythagoras, 86, Q, hypothetical source, 141, , , , 194, 383, 384, 387;in Matthew, 175, 182, 183, 185, 187;in Luke, 196, 204, 207, 208, 209 Qumran, 48 52, 49, 57 58, 64, 94, 184, 343, 387 rabbi, 32, 43; Jesus as, 158, 252 Rabbinic Judaism, 32, 43 rapture, 347 realized eschatology, 246 redaction criticism, 125, 133, 134, 137, 139, reincarnation, 82, 411, 419, 424, 426, 504, 510, 544 repentance: in John s preaching, 55, 90;in Jewish-Christian preaching, 177;in Luke Acts, 199, 200, 205, 211, 268, 270, 277 resurrection, 46, 54, 57, 63, 232; in Paul, , 337; in Proto-Orthodoxy, 424, 426, ; of Jesus, 68, 91, 162 resurrection narrative, 126;in Mark, 172;in Matthew, ; in Luke, 211;in John, 234; in Peter, 241, Revelation, book of, 5, 426, 430, 485, 487, , 502, 507, 511, 514 revelatory discourse, 408 Revised English Bible, 117 Revised Standard Version, 117 rhetorical criticism, 135, 137, 139, 309, 452 righteousness: in Judaism, 37; in Judaic Christianity, , , 383; in Paul, 294, ritual:in Second-Temple Judaism, 34 41; in Pauline Christianity, ; in Colossians, 362, 364; in Judaic Christianity, ;in Gnostic Christianity, 413; in Proto-Orthodox Christianity, Roman Catholic Christianity, 3, 35, 101, 110, 115, 117, 237, 423, 429, 435 Roman Empire, 21; beginning of, 20 22; culture and society of, Romans, letter of Ignatius, 7, 463, 467, 487, 587 Romans, letter of Paul, 5, 301, 304, Rome, 20, 316, 357; church in, , , 489 Romulus, apotheosis of,537 Sabbath: among Jews, 34, 40, 46, 48, 522; among Judaic Christians, 57 58, 91, 381, 385, 400; controversy over, 128, , 230; in Barnabas, 482, sacrifice:in Greco-Roman world, 72, 76, 484, 519; in Judaism, 37, 40; among Samaritans, 55; replaced by John s baptism, 56; in Judaic Christianity, 91, 178, 179, 384, 399, 562; in Barnabas, 481, 482, 579; Jesus as, 96, 98, 294, 425, , sacrificial meat, offered to non-christian deities, 306, 321, , 399, 559 Sadducees, 47, 54, 84 Samaria, 25 Samaritans, 55, 61; mission to, 95 96, 199, 224, 225, 265, 278 Sanhedrin, 38, 45, 47, 95, 99, 265, 277, 282 sapiential sayings, see wisdom sayings Satan, 167, 189; as world ruler, 246, 251, 297, ; defeat of, 513, 514; see also Devil

11 599 Saul of Tarsus, 265, 278, 279, 291; see also Paul Savior, 197, sayings collections, 8, 106, 122, 124, 145, 408 scribes: Roman, 28; Jewish, 45, 46, 59; Christian, , 146, 243, 319, 373;in composition of letters, 390, 488 scriptorium, Second-Temple Judaism, 16, 32 44; varieties of, Secret Gospel of Mark, 122 Seleucid dynasty, 17 19, 20 Senate, Roman, 20 22, 27 Septuagint, 34, 67, 105, 184 Serapion, bishop of Antioch, 239 Sermon on the Mount, 182, 183, , 194 Sermon on the Plain, 183, setting in life, 128, 137 shema, 32 33, 222, 391 Sheol, 54 Shepherd of Hermas, 7, 106, 109, 430 Sibylline oracles, 77 Sicarii, 52 signs, source in John, 216, 218, 223, 227, 229, 230, 234 Silas, 281, 345 Silvanus, 488; see also Silas Similitudes of Enoch, 64, 65, 66, 67, Simon of Cyrene, 411 Simon Peter, see Peter Simon the Sorcerer, 278 sin: as power in flesh, 323; as transgression of Jewish Law, 37, 425 slavery, Roman, 28, 29; in early Christianity, 295, , 361; see also household codes Smyrnaeans, letter of Ignatius, 7, social history, 134, 194, 235 socially oriented criticism, 134 social-scientific criticism, 134, 139, 212, 314, 496 socio-economic classes: in Greco-Roman world, 28; in Pauline Christianity, , 325, ; among recipients of 1 Peter, Solomon, king of Israel, 15; as exorcist, Son of David, 160, 185, 384; see also Messiah son of god: referring to divine men, 79 80; referring to king or Messiah, 68, 160; referring to angels, 79; referring to Jews, 524; referring to Jesus, 68 69, 160, 185, 196, 219, 384; referring to false Christ, 562; referring to Christians, 298, 312, 386, 418, 567 son of man: indaniel, 63 64; insimilitudes of Enoch, 65, 525; referring to Jesus, 67 68, 160, 184, 196, 219, 384, 507 Sophia: feminine image of God, 254; Gnostic aeon, 410 Sosthenes, 332 soul: dissolution of, 54, 84; enslaved by body, 82, 100, 299, 410, 419, 425, 426, ; see also ascension, of soul; immortality of soul; pre-existence, of soul source criticism, , 137, , 175, 196, 216, 273, , , speaking in tongues, 277, 299, 337 spiritual gifts, 299, star gods, 78, 82, 337, 529, 538 Stephen, 95, 265, Stoics, 83 84, 220, 269, 363, 418, 452 Strabo, 328 Suetonius, 315, 532, 542 synagogues, 40 41, 42, 94, 98, ; expulsion from, 96, 132, 216, , 231, 453;in Rome, ; of Hellenists, 95; of Jewish Christians, 91 92, 385, 391, 393 syncretism, Synoptic core, 141, 148, , 180, 383, 384 Synoptic Gospels, 134, ; see also Gospel of Mark, Gospel of Matthew, Gospel of Luke Synoptic Problem,

12 600 Tacitus, 485, 542, 584 Talmud, 43, 539 Targum, 29 tax collectors, attitudes toward, 46, 131, 164, 177, 199 taxation, Roman, 27, 52 Teacher of Righteousness, teachers, early Christian, , 385, , 561 Teachings of the Apostles, 109 Temple: Solomon s, 15, 16, 37; second Jewish, 16, 37; Herod s, 22, 25, 37 40, 38, 39, 372 Temple Scroll, 51 Tetragrammaton, 33 textual criticism, , 118, 172, 231, , 327, 373 Theodosius I, 408 Theophilus, 195, , 276 Thessalonica, church in, Thessalonians, see 1 Thessalonians, 2 Thessalonians Theudas, 275 Third Gospel, see Gospel of Luke third-world criticism, 137 Thomas, apostle, 233, 234, 237, Thomas, Gospel of, see Gospel of Thomas Thucydides, 275 Tiberius, 22, 249, 584 Timothy, associate of Paul, 281, 329, 345, 346, 355, 356, 359, 436, 439, 470 Titus, associate of Paul, 308, 339, 341, 342, 343, 436, 439 Titus, Roman emperor, 22, 25, 381, 510 Titus, letter to, 5; see also Pastoral Epistles Torah, 33, 34, 36, 43 tradition of the elders, 46, 47, 164 traditions about Jesus: forms of, ; functions of, ; transformation and growth of, , ; criteriaof authenticity of, Trajan, 22, , 491, transfiguration, 169, 170, 217, 451 Travel Narrative, 199, 204, tribes of Israel, 15, 66, 524, ; in Judaic Christianity, 93, 94, 198, 391 Trinity, 201, 222 two paths, 188, 387, 396, 398, 399, 483, two-document hypothesis, two-gospel hypothesis, see Griesbach hypothesis Tychicus, 366, 372, 373, 375 Tyndale, William, 115 variant readings, vaticinium ex eventu, 501, 508, 509, 512 Vespasian, 22, 25, 510, 540; as divine man, 86, Via Egnatia, 465 Vulgate, 109, 115, 117 weak and strong, , , 325, 334 wisdom sayings, 127, 176 Wisdom, personified, 220; see also Sophia woes, 191, 210; eschatological, 508, 509 women:in Greco-Roman world, 28 29, 31, 302, 441; in Second-Temple Judaism, 37 38; among Essenes, 520, 523; injesus perspective, 254; in Luke Acts, 201; in Pauline Christianity, , 302, 335, 337; in Gnostic Christianity, 413, 419, 571;in Proto-Orthodox Christianity, 428, 441, 443; see also household codes Word, Jesus as, 219, , 454, 460; see also Logos world-soul, 82, 84, 418 Wyclif, John, 115 Yahweh, 15, 32 33, 34 Yohanan ben Zakkai, 43 Zealots, Zechariah, father of John the Baptist, 197, 201, , 237 Zeus, 19, 73, 74, 80, , 536, 537 Zoroastrianism, 54, 63