Intertestamental Backgrounds: Part B Lecture 2 3
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1 New Testament Literature: Lecture #2 3 [Hildebrandt] 1/24/17 1 Intertestamental Backgrounds: Part B Lecture 2 3 The Big Maccabees Mattathias (167 BC) Father Judas Maccabee ( BC) hammerer, Hanukkah Poor Eleazar Elephant man Jonathan the diplomat, High priest Simon the dynasty builder (Hasmoneans Dynasty comes from his descendants) Hasmonean Questions ( BC; descendants of Simon Maccabee) Who are the Hasmoneans? Where did the Pharisees and Sadducees come from? What was Herod the Great like? Why did everybody hate him? How does Rome get into the picture? Was Jesus an Essene from Qumran? Hasmoneans ( BC) John Hyrcanus ( BC) PECC Religious Parties Pharisees [Hasidim] /Sadducees [Hellenists] Expansion of territory Circumcision Idumeans (Edomites) Children trained Greek Alexander Jannaeus ( BC) F CAPE Feast of Tabernacles Crucifies Pharisees Assimilation of all groups Pharisees ask for Syrian help Expansion of territory Salome Alexandra (75 67 BC) HA MEPS Hyrcanus = high priesthood; Aristobulus = army Married: Aristobolus Alexander Jannaeus
2 New Testament Literature: Lecture #2 3 [Hildebrandt] 1/24/17 2 Education Pharisee link Sadducees abused Hyrcanus II (66 63 BC) Takes High priesthood Aristobulus and Sadducees march on Jerusalem Aristobulus (66 63 BC) Hyrcanus goes to Aretas (Nabatean) for help Enter Rome to break up the fight (63 BC) Rome takes over (63 BC) Pompey Antipater s boys (Idumean) Roman Government structure Senatorial provinces Imperial provinces legions, answerable to the emperor; Client state under Rome Herod the Great (37 4 BC) JK MCBS Julius Caesar First Triumvirate end 46 BC with Julius Caesar as supreme leader (assassinated 44 BC, Brutus). Herod as King of the Jews Mariamne (Hasmonean) Cleopatra Marc Antony, Second Triumvirate and Augustus (31 BC 14AD) as savior and good news (Luke) hated Herod Herod the Builder: Caesarea, Masada, Temple Sons & Wife Tetrarchs after Herod the Great Archelaus: gets Judea, Idumea & Samaria [huge], kills 3,000 pilgrims to Jerusalem exiled to Gaul (6 AD) Herod Antipas: gets Galilee & Perea: Kills John Bapt. At trial of Jesus, exiled France Herod Philip: Golan Heights, wife goes to Antipas Supposed to be 4 but only 3 listed; Archelaus may have 2 sections
3 New Testament Literature: Lecture #2 3 [Hildebrandt] 1/24/17 3 Jewish Sects Pharisees Pharisees History Sources oral tradition big Expository Extra biblical sources Two types: Expository // Logical deductions Midrash (ca. 200 AD) expository on Scripture Halakhah: legal ca 200 AD Haggadah: stories Rabbis Targums: Hebrew Aramaic translations Jewish Oral Traditions Logical extractions/deductions Mishna (200 AD) oral tradition at Sinai; reflects beliefs around the time of Christ Tosefta 250 AD supplement comments on Mishnah Talmud (elaboration on Mishnah): Babylonian (400 AD); Jerusalem (600 AD) Apocrypha: 1 & 2 Mac., Ben Sirach, Wisdom of Solomon not accepted by the Jews, 16 th century AD first time in church council NT Pseudepigrapha: Gospels of [Judas, Peter, Thomas. Phillip ]; Apocalypses of [Peter; Paul, Thomas] Acts of [Peter, Paul, Andrew, John, Thomas] New Testament Rabbinic Examples Matt 23:25 26: Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you cleanse the outside of the cup and plate but inside they are full of extortion; cf. Mishnah; Shammai (outside clean important), Hillel (inside is what matters) Lord s prayer; Lk. 11:1 Mat 7:4: You hypocrite, first cast the beam out of your own eye; and then shall you see clearly to cast out the mote out of your brother s eye Rabbi Tarfon similar Parables not found in DSS or pseudepigrapha but prolific in the Midrashim
4 New Testament Literature: Lecture #2 3 [Hildebrandt] 1/24/17 4 Saul/Paul; Gamaliel, Nicodemus Pharisee Phil. 3:6f; respected by most! Sadducees Hellenists History upper class, high priests; unpopular with masses Beliefs: no resurrection, angels, oral tradition Essenes Qumran DSS History Hasmonean/Zadokite temple split Beliefs torah over temple scribes, monastic Zealots Kingdom political/military Samaritans tale of two temples; Origins John Hrycanus destroys Samaritan temple Diaspora: Jews scattered around the world still, synagogues Institutions in Israel at the time of Christ Sanhedrin: High Priest run, Sadducees+ scribes+elders Arrest and trial, no capital punishment; this court was disbanded after 70 AD Synagogue background, diaspora Structure: 10 heads 4 Functions: school, worship, court, social (marrying/burying) among diaspora Worship: Shema, prayer, Scripture, sermon, blessing NT Jewish literary backgrounds Josephus (37 100) Jewish historian using Greek historiographic methods Philo (20 BC 50 AD) Alexandrian Jew, merging of Greek philosophy and Judaism Later Judaism would see the LXX/Septuagint as a second golden calf (product of Hellenism; used by Christians)
5 New Testament Literature: Lecture #2 3 [Hildebrandt] 1/24/17 5
New Testament History, Literature, and Theology Session 3: Jewish Sects and Institutions Dr. Ted Hildebrandt A. Persian to Greek Rule [00:00-5:12]
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