بسم االله الرحمن الرحيم

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1 بسم االله الرحمن الرحيم Gold Niṣāb for Fulfilling the Golden Rule in Zakat: Maximizing Benefit for the Poor Introduction On a near daily basis, Muslims and non-muslims alike engage in business transactions, particularly the purchase and sale of goods and services, via monetary transactions where one party provides the goods or services while the other provides monetary compensation. During the prophetic era, gold and silver coins, i.e. the dinar and dirham, respectively, served as the monetary compensation and an alternative to barter. Naturally, the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) clarified the niṣāb (quantum) for gold (87.48 grams) and silver ( grams) that obligates zakat, just as he explained the niṣāb for livestock and other sources of wealth. Gold Standard to the Fiat System Over hundreds of years, paper currency replaced the usage of gold and silver coins, although these two precious metals backed the value of the currency. The silver standard, which evaluates the dollar based on the value of silver, lost support in the late 19 th century, while the US stopped using the gold standard in 1933, thereafter ending any connection of the dollar with gold in i Hence, the US dollar converted to a fiat currency, a legal tender by government decree with no precious metal or asset backing its value. This change to the fiat system raised a juristic question: how does one calculate the niṣāb of money for the purposes of paying zakat, a core pillar of Islam? Does one quantify it against the gold niṣāb or the silver niṣāb?

2 Maximizing Benefit for the Poor To answer this question, Muslim scholars historically relied on the principle that, in zakat related matters with multiple possible outcomes, one shall adopt the approach that maximizes benefit for the poor. In cases where valuing commodities against gold and silver niṣāb results in its value reaching niṣāb for one precious metal but not the other, the jurists opined that one should evaluate against the niṣāb of the precious metal with the lower value in order to obligate zakat, as it maximizes the benefits for the poor and adopts a precautionary approach in matters of ʿibādāt (worship). ii Hence, most scholars favor quantifying the niṣāb of money against silver, resulting in more people discharging zakat, claiming it maximizes the benefit for the poor. iii However, one must analyze whether this logic holds true in our time and country. Devaluation of Silver Evidently, the niṣāb of gold did not differ significantly from the niṣāb of silver during the times of the jurists, similar to the prophetic era. The gold to silver ratio in the prophetic era held consistent at 7:1; grams of gold niṣāb equaled grams of silver niṣāb. Nowadays, with more than a ten-fold increase, the disparity between gold and silver values hovers around 75:1, even peaking at 100:1 in the early 90s. iv

3 Translated into dollars, the gold niṣāb rests at approximately $3,700, while the silver niṣāb fluctuates around a meagre $330. Previously, the niṣāb of silver could suffice a family of three for a full year, v but, nowadays, a single individual would find difficulty in surviving independently on the niṣāb of gold, let alone survive on the niṣāb for silver. Clearly, one cannot classify a person whose surplus adds only to $330 as a rich person obligated to pay zakat. Rather, such a person falls into the category of a faqīr (indigent person) who, despite possessing minimal wealth, qualifies as a valid zakat recipient. Fixing the niṣāb for money against the silver niṣāb does not maximize benefit to the poor; it outright harms them. Cost of Uḍḥīyyah Not only does this low bar of the silver niṣāb disqualify a person in genuine financial distress from accepting zakat, it compounds the difficulty upon him by obligating zakat, ṣadaqat alfiṭr, and, more importantly, uḍḥīyyah. According to different narrations, the cost for sacrificing a sheep during the time of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) and the Companions (may Allah be pleased with them) varied between twelve, vi seven, vii or even two dirhams, viii which equates to 1% of the silver niṣāb. Nowadays, the cost of sacrificing a sheep ranges from $250 - $325, i.e. 75% - 98% of the silver niṣāb. If a person whose surplus only added to the silver niṣāb paid his zakat, ṣadaqat al-fiṭr, and uḍḥīyyah, he would fall in debt. Conclusion The view of the early jurists ix allows an individual to quantify items against the gold or silver niṣāb, and either one suffices. Although a valid principle, one must examine the proper application of maximizing the benefit of the poor in our times. Certainly, obligating additional expenses of zakat, ṣadaqat al-fiṭr, and uḍḥīyyah on a financially distressed individual with minimal wealth, which the silver niṣāb demands, does not appear as the correct approach. Rather, the gold niṣāb spares such individuals these costs and qualifies them as zakat recipients in order to lessen their financial difficulty. Hence, a growing number of contemporary jurists incline toward valuing money against the gold niṣāb. x Nonetheless, if an individual wishes to pay zakat or refuses to accept zakat on the basis of tying the niṣāb of money with the silver niṣāb, then one expects such a precautionary measure to result in reward from Allah Taʿālā. And Allah knows best.

4 Mufti Abrar Mirza Mufti Abdullah Nana Mufti Suhail Tarmahomed Mufti Sohail Bengali Dhū al-ḥijjah 6, 1438 August 28, 2017 What is the Gold Standard, Investopedia, accessed August 20, 2017, i Ewell, Craig. A Brief History of the Gold Standard (GS) in the United States. Congressional Research Service, ii قال في الكتاب ويقومها يوم حال الحول عليها إن شاء لدراهم وإن شاء لد نير وعن أبي حنيفة رحمه الله نفع النقدين للفقراء وعن أبي يوسف رحمه الله تعالى أنه يقومها بما اشتراها إن تعالى في الا مالي أنه يقومها لنقد الغالب في البلد وعن محمد حد النقدين فيقومها به وإن كان اشتراها بغير نقود قومها كان اشتراها حد النقدين يتم لنقد الغالب علىكل حال... ألا ترى أنه لوكان بتقويمه رحمه الله تعالى أنه يقومها النصاب و لا خر لا يتم فا نه يقوم بما يتم به النصاب لمنفعة الفقراء فهذا مثله. وجه رواية الكتاب أن وجوب عتبار ماليتها دون أعيا ا والتقويم لمعرفة مقدار المالية والنقدان في ذلك على السواء الزكاة في عروض التجارة يهما شاء ألا ترى أن في السواي م عند الكثرة وهو ما إذا بلغت الا بل فكان الخيار إلى صاحب المال يقومها ماي تين الخيار إلى صاحب المال إن شاء أدى أربع حقاق وإن شاء أدى خمس بنات لبون فهذا مثله (المبسوط للسرخسي كتاب الزكاة ب زكاة المال: ١٩١/٢ دار المعرفة) من الذهب أو الورق يقومها بما هو الزكاة واجبة في عروض التجارةكاي نة ماكانت إذا بلغت قميتها نصا أنفع للفقراء والمساكين منهما وإذاكان النصابكاملا في طرفي الحول فنقصانه فيما بين ذلك لا يسقط لقيمة حتى يتم النصاب عند الزكاة وتضم قيمة العروض إلى الذهب والفضة وكذلك يضم الذهب إلى الفضة لا جزاء (مختصر القدوري لقيمة ويضم أبي حنيفة وقال أبو يوسف ومحمد: لا يضم الذهب إلى الفضة كتاب الزكاة ب زكاة العروض: ص ٥٧ العلمية) وإذا ثبت وجوب الزكاة في عروض التجارة فنقول بعد هذا الشرع لم لذهب النصاب والواجب فيها فيكون التقدير فيهما مفوضا إلينا أي في النصاب وفي الواجب فقدر والفضة دون السواي م إما لا ن نصاب الذهب والفضة لا يختلف والواجب فيهما أيضا لا يختلف لا ن

5 نصاب الدرهم ماي تان علىكل حال ونصاب الذهب عشرون مثقالا علىكل حال والواجب فيها ربع العشر علىكل حال وإما لا ن الذهب والفضة أصول جملة هذه الا موال لا ن هذه الا موال في الغالب يحصل ما مكان إلحاق هذه الا موال ذكر محمد رحمه الله في الا صل أن المالك فيها لذهب والفضة أولى وإذا وجب اعتبار المقدار لخيار إن شاء قو م فيه خلاف لا ن هذا مال احتيج فيه إلى التقويم فيقوم إما لدراهم وإن شاء قو م ما يعتبر يهما. لد نير ولم يحكى لذهب أو الفضةكضمان المتلفات وعن أبي حنيفة أنه يقوم بما فيه إيجاب الزكاة حتى إذا بلغ لتقوم حدهما نصا ولم يبلغ لا خر قوم بما يبلغ نصا وهو إحدى الروايتين عن محمد (المحيط البرهاني كتاب الزكاة الفصل الثالث: ٢٤٦/٢ العلمية) وليس في العروض نصاب مقدر لا نه لم يرد الشرع بذلك فيرجع إلى القيمة وإذا قومت المعتبر القيمة فتضم إلى التقدير لما مر وتقوم ي النقدين شاء لا ن الوجوب حد النقدين صار عتبار المالية والتقويم يعرف المالية والنقدان في ذلك سواء فيخير. وعن أبي حنيفة: يقومها بما هو أنفع للفقراء وهو أن يبلغ نصا نظرا لهم. وعن محمد: بغالب نقد البلد لا نه أسهل والله أعلم (الاختيار كتاب الزكاة ب زكاة الذهب والفضة: ١١٢/١ العلمية) كما في عروض التجارة لما لم يمكن اعتباره ردد ه إلى النقدين واعتبار الا دنى لكونه أنفع للفقراء (تبيين الحقاي ق كتاب الزكاة ب العشر: ٢٩٣ ١/ بولاق) (الزكاة واجبة في عروض التجارةكاي نة ما كانت) أي سواءكانت من جنس ما تجب فيه الزكاةكالسواي م أو من غيرهكالثياب والحمير (قوله يقومها بما هو أنفع للفقراء والمساكين) تفسير الا نفع أن يقومها بما يبلغ نصا عند أبي حنيفة وعند أبي يوسف بما اشتراه إنكان الثمن من النقود وإن اشتراه بغير النقود قومها لغالب وعند محمد كانت تبلغ بكلا النقدين نصا ب زكاة العروض: ١٢٤/١ الخيرية) أي يقوم العروض التي للتجارة لنقد الغالب علىكل حال سواء اشتراها أما إذا بلغت حدهما قومها لذي هو أنفع للفقراء وهو أن يقومها لنقد حد النقدين أو بغيره والخلاف فيما إذا لبالغ إجماعا (الجوهرة النيرة كتاب الزكاة نفع النقدين وبه قال أحمد لا ن المال في يد المالك في زمان طويل وهو المنتفع فلا بد من اعتبار منفعة للفقراء عند التقويم ولا بد أن يقوم بما يبلغه نصا حتى إذا قومت لدراهم تبلغ نصا وإذا قومت الذهب لا تبلغ نصا كذلك (البناية كتاب الزكاة زكاة العروض: ٣٨٤/٣ العلمية) تقوم لدراهم و لعكس

6 (و ) تج ب ال زك اة أ ي ض ا (في ع ر و ض تج ار ة ب ل غ ت ق يم ت ه ا ن ص ا م ن أ ح د هم ا) أ ي ال ذه ب و ال ف ض ة (ت ق وم ) أ ي ك ل ع ر وض الت ج ار ة (بم ا ه و أ ن ف ع ل ل ف ق ر ا ء) أ ي ه م اك ا ن ل ق و ل ه - ع ل ي ه ال صلا ة و ال سلا م - «ي ق و م ه ا ف ي و د ي م ن د ر ه م خم س ة د ر اه م» و ه ذ ا ع ن د الا م ا م ي ع ني ن ق و م بم ا ي ب ل غ ن ص ا إ نك ا ن ي ب ل غ ح د هم ا د و ن الا خ ر م اي تي اح ت ي اط ا في ح ق ال ف ق ر ا ءك م ا في الت ب ي ين (مجمع الا ر كتاب الزكاة ب نصاب الفضة: ٢٠٧/١ إحياء التراث) (إذا بلغت قيمتها نصا من الورق أو الذهب يقومها) صاحبها (بما هو أنفع للفقراء والمساكين منهما) : أي النصابين احتياطا لحق الفقراء حتى لو وجبت الزكاة إن قومت حدهما دون الا خر قومت بما تجب فيه دون الا خر (اللباب كتاب الزكاة ب زكاة العروض: ص ١٤٩-١٤٨ العلمية) (من ذهب أو ورق...مقوما حدهما)...تكرار مع قوله من ذهب أو ورق لا ن أو معناها التخيير ومحل التخيير إذا استو فقط (رد المحتار كتاب الزكاة ب زكاة المال: ٢٩٩/٢ سعيد) وتقوم العروض بما هو أنفع للفقراء فا ن بلغت قيمتها نصا نصا iii من أحد النقدين دون الا خر قومت بما بلغت به من غير التفات للا خر (نور الا يضاح كتاب الزكاة ب عروض التجارة: ص ١٢٨ دار الحكمة) (فتاوى رحيمية كتاب الزكاة ب ما يوجب في الزكاة وما لا يوجب: ١٥٢-١٥١/٧ الا شاعت) (فتاوى حقانية كتاب الزكاة ب وجوب الزكاة: ٥١٦/٣ حقانية) (كتاب الفتاوى كتاب الزكاة: ٢٠١/٢ زمزم) (فتاوى مفتي محمود:كتاب الزكاة: ١٩٣/٣ اشتياق) (فتاوى عثماني كتاب الزكاة: ٥٨/٢ معارف القرآن) (جامع الفتاوى ب الزكاة: ٢٩٦/٥ إدارة ليفات أشرفية) (كفاية المفتي كتاب الزكاة والصدقات نصاب الزكاة: ٢٧٠-٢٦٩/٤ الا شاعت) (مساي ل رفعت قاسمي مساي ل الزكاة: ٥٨-٥٧/٥ حامدكتب خانه) (آبكى مساي ل أور أنكا حل زكوةكى مساي ل: ٤٦٢/٣ لدهانوي) Gold to Silver Ratio 100 Year Historical Chart, Macrotrends, accessed August 20, iv 2017,

7 v إنما قدر من الحب والتمر خمسة أوسق لا ا تكفي أقل أهل بيت إلى سنة وذلك لا ن أقل البيت الزوج والزوجة و لث خادم أو ولد بينهما... وإنما قدر من الورق خمسة أواق لا ا مقدار يكفي أقل أهل بيت سنة كاملة (حجة الله البالغة من أبواب الزكاة ب مقادير الزكاة: ١٢٨/٢ زمزم) ب ن م وس ى ش ير ا ن ال رام ه ر م ز ي ثنا أ ب و ح ف ص ع م ر و ب ن ع ل ي ثنا أ ب و ع اص م ع ن أ بي خ ل د ة vi ح دث ن ا س ه ل ع ن أ بي ن ض ر ة ق ا ل أ ت ي ت ع ث م ا ن ب ن ال ع ا ص في أ م ال ع ش ر و ك ا ن ل ه ب ي ت ق د أ خ لا ه ل ل ح د يث ف م ر ع ل ي ه ك ان ت م ع ي اث ن ا ع ش ر د ر هم ا اش تر ي ت ع ش ر د ر هم ا ف ق ل ت: ل و ب ك ب ش ف ق ا ل ل ص اح ب ه: ب ك م أ خ ذ ت ه ق ا ل: ث ني اك ب ش ا ف ض حي ت ب ه و أ ط ع م ت ع ي الي ف ل ما ق م ت ات ب ع ني ر س و ل ع ث م ا ن ب ص ر ة ف يه ا خم س و ن د ر هم ا ف م ا ر أ ي ت د ر اه م ق طك ان ت أ ع ظ م ب ر ك ة م ن ه ا أ ع ط ا ني و ه و له ا مح ت س ب و أ إ ل ي ه ا مح ت ا ج " (المعجم الكبير: ٤٢/٩ ابن تيمية) vii ح دث ن ا أ ب و ال ع ب ا س مح م د ب ن ي ع ق وب ث ن ا أ ب و ع ت ب ة أ حم د ب ن ال ف ر ج ث ن ا ب ق ي ة ب ن ال و ل يد ث ن ا ع ث م ا ن ب ن ز ف ر الج ه ني ح دث ني أ ب و الا س و د ال سل م ي ع ن أ ب يه ع ن ج د ه ق ا ل:ك ن ت س اب ع س ب ع ة م ع ر س و ل ا ص ل ى الله ع ل ي ه و س ل م في س ف ر ه ف ا د ر ك ن ا الا ض ح ى ف ا م ر ر س و ل ا ص ل ى الله ع ل ي ه و س ل م ف ج م عك ل ر ج ل م ن ا د ر هم ا أ ف ض ل ال ضح ا أ غ لا ه ا و أ سم ن ه ا» ف اش تر ي ن ا أ ض ح ي ة ب س ب ع ة د ر اه م و ق ل ن ا: ر س ول ا ل ق د غ ل ين ا ا ف ق ا ل: «إ ن ق ال : ثم أ م ر ر س و ل ا ص ل ى الله ع ل ي ه و س ل م ف ا خ ذ ر ج ل ب ر ج ل و ر ج ل ب ر ج ل و ر ج ل ب ي د و ر ج ل ب ي د و ر ج ل ب ق ر ن و ر ج ل ب ق ر ن و ذ ب ح ال ساب ع و ك بر وا ع ل ي ه ا جم يع ا (المستدرك على الصحيحين كتاب الا ضاحي: ٢٥٧/٤ العلمية) ix ع م ر و viii فذ ك ر م ع نى م ا أ خ بر أ ب و ص ال ح ب ن أ بي ط اه ر ال ع ن بر ي أنبا ج د ي يح يى ب ن م ن ص و ر, ثنا مح م د ب ن ر ض ي الله ع ن ه م اك ا ن إ ذ ا أ خ بر ال ق ع ن بي ثنا س ل م ة ب ن بخ ت ع ن ع ك ر م ة م و لى اب ن ع ب ا س, ع ن اب ن ع ب ا س ح ض ر الا ض ح ى أ ع ط ى م و لى ل ه د ر هم ين ف ق ا ل: اش تر م ا لح م ا و أ خ بر الن ا س أ ن ه أ ض ح ى اب ن ع ب ا س (السنن الكبرى كتاب الضحا : ٤٤٥/٩ العلمية) قلت أرأيت الرجل التاجر يكون في يديه الرقيق قد اشتراه بد نير أو دراهم وفي يديه المتاع قد اشتراه بغير ما اشترى به الرقيقكيف يزكيه عند رأس الحول أيقوم ذلككله دراهم أو د نير ثم يزكيه قال أي ذلك ما فعل أجزأه (الا صل كتاب الزكاة ب زكاة المال: ٩١/٢ ابن حزم)

8 x منهم الشيخ أسعد الصاغرجي والشيخ المفتي سعيد أحمد لنبوري والشيخ خالد سيف الله الرحمناني والشيخ المفتي رضاء الحق والشيخ محمد شعيب المفتاحي والشيخ المفتي مختار الله حقاني والشيخ صلاح أبو الحاج. أنظر: ( Niṣāb ʿArūḍ al-tijārah, Anwar Center, accessed August 20, 2017, %b1%d9%88%d8%b6-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%ac%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9) (معيار نصاب للمفتي مختار الله حقاني مو تمر المصنفين جامعة دار العلوم حقانية) (فقه الزكاة للشيخ القرضاوي مو سسة الرسالة) (فتاوى قاسمية: ٢٩٣/١٠ أشرفية) (رحمة الله الواسعة الباب الثالث: ٦٣/٤ زمزم) (فتاوى دار العلوم زكر كتاب الزكاة فصل أول: ١١١-١٠٦/٣ زمزم)

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