Theory of Cognitive Growth through "Sayed Al-khatir" A Book Written by Ibn Al-Jawzi

Transcription

1 Abstract Theory of Cognitive Growth through "Sayed Al-khatir" A Book Written by Ibn Al-Jawzi Dr. Fikir Ayed Al-dweri Assistant professor Irbid National University Dr.Raja Ghazi Raja AlAmrat Al-Yromuk University/ Jordan This paper focus on Theory of Cognitive Growth through "Sayed Al-khatir" A Book Written by Ibn Al-Jawzi. It includes literature from different sources and at the end conclusions are drawn. Keywords: Theory ; Cognitive Growth ; Sayed Al-khatir; Book Written by Ibn Al-Jawzi Introduction Growth is a continuous process beginning even before the birth, the individual is growing up through successive stages indicate all his entity with bodies, mental and social aspects. The righteous Salaf scholars interested in the educational field and they tackled this topic with all its aspects in their books believing in the significant role that will gain by the individual, family and society when they know the stages of growth, so the educational process became a successful process and reap its fruit and its educational, outputs characteristically. Purpose of the Study: This study aims to highlights the cognitive growth aspects in Sayed Al-khatir written by Ibn al-jawzi. The problems of the study: This study seeks to answer the following question : What are the cognitive growth aspects according to Ibn al-jawzi in his book Sayed Al-khatir. COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 999

2 The method of the study The researchers depend on the aristocratic analytical method in answering the study's question. The study Plan The researchers asked the question through three chapters as following: The First chapter: The cognitive growth principles according to Ibn al-jawzi: ( The individuals differences, environment, the motivation and needs) The Second chapter : The significant factors in the cognitive growth according to Ibn al-jawzi: Mind, intelligence and acumen, motivations of learning, the organic factors, emotional factors, the teacher, language learning, conformity the education with the learner's level, chronological age of the learner, equal opportunity and educational planning The Third chapter: Methods of cognitive growth according to Ibn al-jawzi Model(human example),education through practice and work, Simile and giving examples, writing information, reward and punishment, The best use of time, diversity of information, Curriculum, isolation, sequence, memorizing, Studying, Patient Imam Ibn Al-Jawzi 27 His name and his lineage: His full name was Abd al-rahman ibn Ali ibn Muhammad, he belonged to the Hanbali school of jurisprudence (Alfiqh)thought al-dahabi translated Ibn al-jawzi book : asaer " 21/365, Ibn Khalkan"wafiat al;ayan" 3/140, Ibn Rajab " Tail layers Hanbali,"1/399 COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 1000

3 His works Zad al-masir, Safwat al-safwa, Al-Mawdhu at His death: Ibn al-jawzi died in 13th Ramadan 597 The First chapter: Principles of cognitive growth according to Ibn al-jawzi: 1-Individual differences 2-inheritance 3- Environment 4- Motivation and needs Principles of cognitive growth according to Ibn al-jawzi: Cognitive growth according to Ibn al-jawzi through his book "Sayed Al-khatir" based on a set of general principles as following: 1-Individual differences Individual differences are qualities distinguish one person from another, whether they are Physical, mental or mood in social or psychological in person's behaviors. 28 This topic considers one of the most important subjects in psychology of growth, because of its merits and demerits effects when applied in teaching or evaluation state or when ignored, Ibn al-jawzi acknowledges the differences between individuals as he stated " What people are more uneven in understanding even the scientists vary in origins and branches" 29 Ibn al-jawzi considers the differences between individuals an urgent need to progress and prosperity for the individual and for the society" 28- Hashemi, Abdul Hamid: individual differences analytical study Page 7, Edition 3, Beirut: Institute letter, Ibn al jawzi, sayed al khater, edition 1, alryad, Ibn kozaymah for publishing, investigated by(amer ben Yaseen)1997 COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 1001

4 So educational institutions should taken into account these differences and directing students toward their interests and desires. 2-Inheritance: This concept indicates the whole characteristic of physical, physiological, sensuality and mental qualities inherited from parents and grandparents to the children through genetic carried by chromosomes. 30 In addition, proven that there are some diseases could be transmitted especially when relatives are marriage, so genetic disease may be transmitted from one generation to another which could be lead to having children carrying genetic diseases transmitted from their parent, so the marriage between relatives is dangerous especially when the family has hereditary disease 31, he promoted to take in account this side as he stated: "This may affect the child also if he -a boy born from young parents imprisonment themselves for the marriage for a long time the boy will be stronger than the other or than the one who is addicted to marriage mostly. So he loathes the marriage between the relatives " 32 also he said" who wants a unique child and sexual intercourse choose the wife" Environment: Environment: is the whole external factors which effect in the individual since his birth 34. The following is the most important factors affect in the individual's growth from Ibn al-jawzi view point: 30- Khodjaly, Hisham Othman: Psychology growth scientific backgrounds...new Vision, Page (175) Jeddah: Saudi House Publishing, 2001 edition 31- Al huashi, Zidane Najib: physical growth in children, page (28).Amman: Dar al-fikr, edition 1, Ibn Al-Jawzi : Sayed Al-Khatir. page Ibn Al-Jawzi : Sayed Al-Khatir. page Mahmoud, Mohammed: Contemporary Educational Psychology in the light of Islam: Page 117, Jeddah Sunrise House: Edition 1, 1984 COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 1002

5 Family: Family is the first external environment which acquires the child customs and traditions, and the first thing that the individual begins his world with his father and mother, so Islam concentrate on the necessity to choose each spouse to the other on the basis of faith and morals, and he called to raising up the children based on that, because the early childhood is the most important stage in terms of influence in building the personality 35. He believed in this opinion when he promoted the one who want to marry to choose the righteous and wise woman who affect positively in upbringing their children as he stated : " Seen in the wife what requested from her are two things: to deliver a baby and to take care about the house, if she is a wasteful so this defect is not potentially in addition to that if she is sterile so there is no need to [her] in an acceptable manner except if she is beautiful, sane and pure 36. Social environment: The valid social environment has an impact in the growth of the personality in a positive way, but will weaken the opportunities for social growth if it's invalid, and may the disadvantages appear in the frame of social behavior, so the friend's choose is an important thing in the individual's growth and development, Ibn al- Jawzi said that "It should be communicate with the people who are above in their work and knowledge in order to benefit from them, but the communication with the lowest lead to be an ordinary one accept from his teacher without thinking so it should be communicate carefully" 37, also he affirmed the importance of counseling among people. 35- Attar, Laila: the practical side in Islamic education, page 59.Jeddah: Tehama Ibn al jawzi, sayed al khater page Ibn al jawzi, sayed al khater page 552 COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 1003

6 Motivation and needs: Need is a natural desires that the organism aims to be achieved, leading to psychological balance and regularity in life, 38 the needs if prevented satisfy circumstances or difficulties appears on the organism signs of disorder, anxiety and lack of feeling of happiness. Ibn al-jawzi believed that needs continuous permanent moving with an individual from birth until death "It is known that the needs are endless " 39 so you must balance in satisfying those needs** The second Chapter Factors influencing the growth according to Ibn al- Jawzi 1-Mind 2- Intelligence and Acumen 3- Motivations of learning 4- The organic factors 5-Emotional factors 6- Language learning 7- The Teacher 8-Conformity the education with the learner's level 9- Equal Opportunity 10- Chronological age of the learner 11- Educational Planning Factors influencing the growth at Ibn al- Jawzi: Affects the learning factors contribute to the speed and keeping its findings and create greater opportunities for individual to learn 40, Among the factors affecting mentioned by Ibn al-jawzi: 1-Mind: 38 - Barakat, Mohamed: General Psychology page(117) Al-safouah library, for distribution and publishing edition1, Ibn al jawzi, sayed al khater page Abdul Khaliq, Ahmed Mohammed: the foundations of psychology, University Alexandria House of Knowledge, edition 3, 1991 COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 1004

7 Mind is the most important tools for knowledge according to Ibn al- Jawzi, "Through the brain the individuals sees the creatures so he know the existence of the Creator Who is gives, allows, prohibits and He tells the people He will asks his creatures and afflicts them in order to appears the Existence of the Creator in themselves by leave the craves to obey Him and I create the paradise to reward who obey Me and I will punish who disobedience Me" 41 Ibn al-jawzi affirmed the creative pioneering role of the mind such as " Meditation and consideration of the consequences of circumstances and inferred the absent through witness" 42 also don't satisfied with the imitation "the ugliest shortage is the imitation, the impersonator is a blind led by who is impersonator him" 43. Yet the higher mental function must be adjust to prevented from going into metaphysical things which are our guidance to belief in Allah through Holy Quran and al Sauna "If asked what the Creator through mind will use the sense so fall in simile so it must believe" Intelligence and Acumen: Intelligence is closely linked to the various fields of life, including the fields of learning so the degree of learning is based on intelligence quotient 45,Ibn Al- Jawzi considers intelligence as a tool of learning" If there is a strong integration of the mind so the intelligence and acumen will be strong, and the intelligent person who is get rid of calamity" Ibn al jawzi, sayed al khater page Ibn al jawzi, sayed al khater page Ibn al jawzi, sayed al khater page Ibn al jawzi, sayed al khater page David, Laila: The Principles of Psychology, Damascus University Publications 46 - Ibn al jawzi, sayed al khater page 715 COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 1005

8 3- Motivations of learning: Motivations of learning are differ from one student to another, there are religious, scientific, economic and social motivations to learn 47, Ibn al-jawzi denied those people who learn for the purpose of showing off and reputation or for the wreckage of the obsolescent word, he stated "Scientists are divided into two parts, who have malicious intent seek from science showing off not work and tends to debauchery, and they think that the sciences defense them but actually they reasoning them, also the famous scientists most of them feared kings and they be silent on the denial of evil and few of them are peaceful intention and improves them purpose" 48. Ibn al-jawzi affirmed the nobility of motivation in learning from the God "Who God wanted to be good gives him a good intention to seek knowledge in order to benefit from it and to benefit the others" 49 From the previous show that the good learning which is with a religious motive associated with the desire and ability The organic factors: The general health of the individual affect on the degree of learning 51, and organic diseases consider an obstacle in many cases, Ibn Al-Jawzi confirmed that some organic factors could lead to interruption the student from continuing his achievement and corrupting his mind " Many folks came and unaware science and wisdom in building the body many people of them have the colon disease so this actions led to many diseases, and have results in the mind corruption " Farhan, Isaac Ahmed: Islamic education between originality and modernity, Oman, Dar Al-Furqan,page 65, edition 1, Ibn al jawzi, sayed al khater page Ibn al jawzi, sayed al khater page Ali, Said Ismail: Islamic directions educational thought, page 135, Cairo :Dar Arabis thoughts for publishing 51- Abdul Khaliq, Ahmed: previous reference,page Ibn al jawzi, sayed al khater page 694 COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 1006

9 5-Emotional factors: The human ability to learn declines if the individual in an emotional case such as anger or anxiety, and many times the poor is the main cause of this emotional factors The Teacher Teacher is an important factor in learning process because he promotes students to read, to search or distract them, Ibn al-jawzi set conditions of the characteristics of a good teacher which they are: - The perfect image is no shame in his image and there is no shortage in his appearance generous, sane, not deceitful and not hateful 54 - Sincerity 55 - Have a job -Asceticism, conviction, and Far from wonder Language learning: Learning process affected by language learning, language is the main link between the teacher and student so it must be easy language and far from difficult vocabulary and structure that may impede understanding, Ibn al-jawzi recommended the teacher to contemplates "the positions of speech and give all of them its right " without " redundancy or elision". So language is sounds each folk express their needs" 57, language could be a positive or negative factor affect on the educational process Ibn al jawzi, sayed al khater page Ibn al jawzi, sayed al khater page Ibn al jawzi, sayed al khater page Ibn al jawzi, sayed al khater page 600,747,751, Ibn al jawzi, sayed al khater page 471 COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 1007

10 8-Conformity the education with the learner's level: Individual passes at multiple stages of growth, so the general willingness of education is different from person to another, so any curriculum or any learning material is unexpected to be effective for everyone 58, so "It shouldn't be for the person bear more than he able to because the body is like the beast without kindness it will not arrive the passengers" 59, also Ibn al-jawzi recommended the teacher taking into account the level of learners, and they have thoughts "One of the great dangers is to refresh the commoners' heart of what it doesn't able to bear or the opposites of what do they thought " Equal Opportunity The equal opportunity in learning between the whole nation is derived from the principle of equality in Islam, therefore creates the educational opportunities in Islam addresses all individuals even people with disabilities so everyone has a sacred right to learn at the state and society 61. Ibn al-jawzi puts the responsibility of the deterioration of the conditions of students and their negligence on the state, not everyone learn with the deteriorating economic situation, but every lover of the science who is patient and many people is deprived of that" Who is exhausted in seeking the science is the one who love it, so lover must be patient in dealing with hardship Since the princes loss inspects learners they are inheres poor" Chronological age of the learner: Islam prompts to seek knowledge and make it the imposition of a duty of every Muslim, each one according to his ability, so learning in Islam is a continues 58 - Abu Hatab, Fouad: Educational Psychology page 119 Cairo, the Anglo-Egyptian library, edition 3, Ibn al jawzi, sayed al khater page Ibn al jawzi, sayed al khater page Farhan, Isaac Ahmed: Islamic education between originality and modernity, page 81, Amman, Dar Al-Furqan, edition 3, Ibn al jawzi, sayed al khater page 709 COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 1008

11 process, according to Ibn Al-Jawzi beginning from five years old till the end of life" It should be for the child when he become five years old study the Holy Quran and al-fiqih " Educational Planning Planning is a rational approach in education in its movement toward the future through a series of decisions based on research and study and enable this education to achieve the desired goals of the most successful and the most effective means with optimal investment of time, 64 Ibn Al-Jawzi pointed to the importance of thinking" The most idiot one who work on the present case, and don't imagine that may will change or what the occurrence of what may happen " 65 also he stated "The merit of the mind is in its ability to contemplates the consequences, but the person who have closed mind he sees the present case and he don't look to its consequences" 66 The Third Chapter Methods of cognitive growth according to Ibn al-jawzi 1-Model(human example) 2- Education through practice and work 3- Simile and giving examples 4-Writing information 5-Reward and punishment 6- Sequence 7- The best use of time 8- Diversity of information 63 - Ibn al jawzi, sayed al khater page Ibn al jawzi, sayed al khater page Ibn al jawzi, sayed al khater page 754 COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 1009

12 9-Curriculum 10-Iisolation 11- Memorizing 12-Stuyding 13-Patient and Glaciation Methods of cognitive growth according to Ibn Al-Jawzi Ibn Al-Jawzi pointed to some methods and means that develop the cognitive side at the student from those methods and means mentioned: 1-Model (human example) Model: the complete human models provide realistic style of life in different fields of behavioral and emotional, scientific and social 67. The student how sees a behavior he easily behaves like that especially if he tend to do it so his behavior reflects the meaning of comfort and harmony 68 Ibn al-jawzi recommends students following esteemed scientists steps each one according to his power and his ability, he stated" Be with the scientists, and follow Hasan, Basri Sufian, Malik, Abu Hanifa,Ahmad and Shafii way, those persons are the original Islam people and don't imitate the religion of the, and don't bear the self more that it capable, because our matter doesn't in our hands, and the self is deposit" Education through practice and work Education through practice with the purpose of application is more effective and more stability in the heart and memory 70. Ibn Al-Jawzi asks "Do you want from 67 - Saleh Abdel-Rahman: Introduction to Islamic upbringing and teaching methods, page 152 Amman: Dar Al-Furqan, edition previous reference, page Ibn al jawzi, sayed al khater page 363 see page Saleh Abdel-Rahman: science upbringing its goals and principles, page Amman: Dar Albesher, edition2,1997 COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 1010

13 knowledge seeking only work" 71, then he denies those scientists and learners whose their saying contrary their acts" Then I contemplates scientists and learners, I see little of them are intelligent, because the mark of intelligence is knowledge seeking only work" Simile and giving examples Proverbs have many educational benefits, represent by bringing the meaning to the mind through similar abstract things to sensual matters, proverbs help people to understand and lead to upbringing the mind among comparative measurement. 73 Ibn Al-Jawzi believes in the significant of proverbs and simile, and he similar Eid to Day of Resurrection" I sew the people on al- Eid like they are on the Day of Resurrection: the wake up and went to as the died people when they want from their graves to Hashr" 74 4-Writing information Long periods of time and not to use lead to forget the subject or thing which reduce the amount of remember individual the subjects, experience and skills 75, so reliance on memorization alone is the path of oblivion, Ibn al-jawzi stated: " I believe that the true opinion is the usefulness of compilation more than the usefulness of verbal" 76 5-Reward and punishment Islam affirmed reward and punishment in every fields of life as well as in educational field, but each one has regulations and roles, reward in Islam aims to conscious development to the faithful stimulus and to determine the intention, 71 - Ibn al jawzi, sayed al khater page Ibn al jawzi, sayed al khater page Nahlawi, Abdul Rahman: Islamic pedagogy and its methods at home, school and community: page 223Damascus: Dar al- Fikr, edition 1, Ibn al jawzi, sayed al khater page 363 see page Mohammed, Mohammed Jassim: Introduction to Psychology, page 272, Amman, Culture Publishing House, Edition 1, Ibn al jawzi, sayed al khater page 386 COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 1011

14 method and goal, while punishment aims to obligate the individual his boundaries in order to not overcome them also to remember him with right violated by until he return 77,Ibn al-jawzi believes that the reward and punishment are one of the factors of open minded" Wishes in something and terrorizing from others is a tool to have open minded" Sequence The education is a gradual continuous and sequential process 79, so the teacher should be teach the science orderly and beginning from the important because the human age is too short and don't accommodate all the sciences so it should be learn the best. 7-The best use of time The relationship between the human and the time is a physiological relationship depend on the personal factors vary from one person to another in terms of perception and response and it is difficult to reach one basis for understanding and use of the time 80, so the best use of time especially the critical time is the important factor in cognitive growth. 8- Diversity of information The interest in the diversity of information and the skills introduce to the students currently, are the main educational goals, so the student should do not let worthy science and don't let any kinds without consideration or seen its purpose, then if his age help him learn them extensively otherwise he learn the most important one and fulfills it Alnahoi, Adnan Ali: Education in Islam (theory and methodology), page 225, Riyadh: Alnahoi Publishing and Distribution, edition 1, Ibn al jawzi, sayed al khater page Jaml, Mohammad Jihad: mental processes and thinking skills through the process of learning and teaching, page 116, Al Ain: Dar University Book, Abu Sultan, Najla Said: time management skills and academic achievement in the light of some of the variables among students Yarmouk University, page 4, ((unpublished master thesis / Yarmouk University) 2000, letter( 4093) COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 1012

15 9- Curriculum: Ibn al-jawzi suggested this following Curriculum in order to the educational process achieves its goals: Holy Quran, different readings of Holy Quran, Science of Hadith, Fiqh language, and excludes from the curriculum astrology, controversy and sophistry Isolation: Ibn al-jawzi stated "There is no serenity in worshiping and including to abstain without total discontinuity from the people, in terms the individual can't see and hear them except in the necessary circumstances, such as Friday's pray, and should take care from them in that hours, even he is scientists and he wants to sever them " 82. Indeed Ibn al-jawzi deprecated Sufi in most of their attitudes, yet here in the previous text appears that he affected in their thoughts such as isolation, interruptions from people, wait for the Lord's conquest and information negative effects which gripped the nation as a result of these misleading ideas. 11-Memorizing: Ibn Al-Jawzi suggested to learners to set a time to memorize at "To ends of day and night" 83 and to far away from the distractions of the mind, he stated" Memorizing when seeing greenery or on the shore of the river is not wealthy because these things are distractions" Ibn al jawzi, sayed al khater page 296,309,367,512,569,690,747, Ibn al jawzi, sayed al khater page 631, see page 662, Ibn al jawzi, sayed al khater page Ibn al jawzi, sayed al khater page 311 COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 1013

16 12-Studing: Ibn Al-Jawzi said:"look over science every day gains the learner knowledge, reveals what is secret, strengthens his faith and make him sees defect his path" Patient and Glaciations: Ibn Al-Jawzi said:" Sciences was one of the most sacred things, so without tired, watchfulness, repetition and leave pleasures and comfort it couldn't gain it " Ibn al jawzi, sayed al khater page Ibn al jawzi, sayed al khater page 446 COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 1014

17 References 1-Abu Hatab, F. (1986) Educational Psychology, Cairo, the Anglo- Egyptian library, edition 3, Ibn Al jawzi (1997). sayed al khater, edition 1, alryad, Ibn kozaymah for publishing, investigated by Amer ben ali yaseen 3- Abu Sultan, N.(2000) Time Management Skills and Academic A achievement in the Light of Some of the Variables Among Students of Yarmouk University, ((unpublished master thesis / Yarmouk University) 2000, letter( 4093) 4- Al huashi, Z. (1989). Physical growth in children, Amman: Dar al-fikr, edition 1, Nahlawi, A. (1979). Islamic pedagogy and its methods at home, school and community, Damascus: Dar al-fikr, edition 1, Alnahoi, A. (2000). Education in Islam (theory and methodology) Riyadh, Alnahoi Publishing and Distribution, edition 1, Hashemi, A. (1985). Differences analytical study, edition 3, Beirut: Institute letter, Barakat, M. (2001). General Psychology, Al-safouah library, for distribution and publishing edition1, Jaml, M. (2011). Mental Processes and Thinking Skills through the Process of Learning and Teaching, Al Ain: Dar University Book, Khodjaly, H. (2001) Psychology Growth Scientific Backgrounds, A new vision, Jeddah: Saudi House Publishing, 2001 edition 11-David, L. (2000).The Principles of Psychology, Damascus University Publications 12- Degueda, M. (2000). The ideal teacher, Cairo, Dar Al Ghareeb, Edition 1, 2000 COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 1015

18 13- Reza, M. (1997). Islamic upbringing (assets, pinpointed and future),amman : Dar Alyajzi edition 1, Saleh A. (1997). Science Upbringing its Goals and Principles, Amman: Dar Albesher, edition2, Saleh A. (1991). Introduction to Islamic Upbringing and Teaching Methods, Amman: Dar Al-Furqan, edition Abdul K. (1991). The Foundations of Psychology, University Alexandria House of Knowledge, edition 3, Ali, S. (2000). Islamic Directions Educational Thought, Cairo: Arabis thoughts for publishing 18- Farhan, I. (1982). Islamic Education Between Originality and Modernity, Amman, Dar Al-Furqan, edition 3, Fallatah, A. (1993). Etiquette Learner in Islamic Educational Thought, editions, Medina: Dar Al-Mogam'a thought and Publishing 20- Mohammed, M. (2004). Introduction to Psychology, Amman, Culture Publishing House, Edition 1, Attar, Laila: the practical side in Islamic education, Jeddah: Tehama COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 1016