Acknowledgement...7. Contents...9

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Contents Acknowledgement...7 Contents...9 1. Introduction...15 1.1. Freedom of Religion - a Universal Commodity?...15 1.2. Justification of the Choice of Topic - Method...18 1.3.

1 Contents Acknowledgement...7 Contents Introduction Freedom of Religion - a Universal Commodity? Justification of the Choice of Topic - Method The State of Research Why Pay Attention to the Positions Prominent Theologians Have on Apostasy? The Focus of the Study What is Apostasy? Apostasy as Judged by Islamic Theology What the Quran Says about Apostasy What Tradition Says about Apostasy Apostasy - a Multilayered Term Opportunity for Remorse The Measure of Punishment for Apostasy Legal and Social Consequences of Apostasy Apostasy throughout History The Ridda Wars after Muhammad The Time between the Ridda Wars and Modern Times Apostasy in the 20* Century The Example of Egypt Freedom of Religion or Inner Freedom of Belief? Contemporary Dealings with Apostates in Muslim Majority Societies Social Reality The Significance of Sharia Law The Legal Reality in Questions relating to Apostasy The Situation in Individual Countries Non-recognized Religious Communities...104

2 10 Apostasy from Islam as judged by contemporary Islamic Theologians Individual Cases where Apostasy Charges Have Been Brought Yûsuf al Qaradāwi s Moderate Position: Religious Freedom is the Internal Freedom of Conscience Yûsuf al-qaradāwī: His Life and Work - Essential Principles of His Theology An Influential Protagonist of Classical Scholarship Family Home and School Education Links to the Muslim Brotherhood The Beginning of Popularity: al-halāl wa- l-harām '...ל..... ל Exile in Qatar al-qaradāwī and Minority Rights al-qaradāwi as the Representative of a Centrist Position Examples of Centrist Theology and Theology of Moderation al-qaradāwī s Authority ai-qaradāwī and the Islamic Awakening The Significance of Yûsuf al-qaradāwi between the Early Days and Modernity Offices and Committees al-qaradāwī s Use of the Media al-qaradāwī as a Transnational Scholar Assessing al-qaradāwī Yûsuf al-qaradăwî s Position on Apostasy in Islam The Centrist Position and Moderation The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam (al-halāl wa- l-harām fi Ί -islām) Yûsuf al-qaradāwīs Magnum Opus on Apostasy: The Crime of Apostasy and Punishment of Apostates in the Light of the Quran and Sunna ( ğarimat ar-ridda wa- *^uqûbat al-murtadd fl dau al-qur ān wa- s-sunna ) !

3 Contents The Danger of Apostasy... and the Battle against Dissension ( Le danger de! apostasie... et la lutte contre la zizanie ) Source of the Punishment for Apostasy - 2(ЮЗ The Freedom of Belief and Thought ( al-hurriya addînîya wa- l-fikrîya ) Major and Minor Apostasy Is Apostasy a Capital Crime in Islam? The Inviolability of Blood ( al-hurma ad-dimā ) ğihâd Jurisprudence ( fiqh al-ğihâd ) - 2(Ю Miscellaneous Comments by al-qaradāwl on Apostasy Conclusion: al-qaradäwľs Position on Apostasy The Missing Definition of Apostasy Yûsuf al-qaradāwi s Judgment on Apostasy against the Backdrop of His Theology Yûsuf al-qaradāwt s View of Apostasy against the Backdrop of His Life Work Yûsuf al-qaradäwľs View of Apostasy against the Backdrop of His Ancestry and Education The Superiority of Islam The Persecution of Apostates as an Assurance of Peace The Question of the Necessity of an Islamic State What does Moderate Mean in the Question of Apostasy? Outlook Abdullah Saeed s Progressive Position: Unlimited Religious Freedom Abdullah Saeed: His Life and Work - Essential Principles of His Theology An Influential Academic and Advisor Publications Abdullah Saeed s Position within Islamic Theology Target Audience and Potential for Reception...303

4 12 Apostasy from Islam as judged by contemporary Islamic Theologians 3.2. Abdullah Saeed s Significance Offices and Committees Advisory Activities for the Australian Government Use of the Media Abdullah Saeed as a Transnational Scholar Abdullah Saeed s Position on Apostasy in Islam Freedom of Belief in Islam ( A Fresh Look at Freedom of Belief in Islam ) Civil Rights Held by non-muslims in an Islamic State ( Citizenship Rights of Non-Muslims in a Islamic ) State Abdullah Saeed s Primary Work on Apostasy: Freedom of Religion, Apostasy and Islam The Quranic Case against Killing Apostates Hadith {hadiť) and Apostasy Miscellaneous Comments by Abdullah Saeed on Apostasy Results: Abdullah Saeed s Position on Apostasy Abdullah Saeed s Scrutiny of Final Judgments Abdullah Saeed Holds Fast to the Quran as God s Revelation Criticism of the Abuse of Power and Encrustation Abdullah Saeed s Hopes for the Future Abdullah Saeed - Crossing the Borders between Cultures A Comparison between Abdullah Saeed s Position and Yusuf al-qaradāwī s Position Outlook Abu l A'lā Maudadī s Restrictive Position: Religious Freedom is Self-Abandonment Abo l-a^^lā Maudūdī: Life and Work - Essential Principles of His Theology Influential Politician and Activist MaudOdl s Parental Home, Formal Education, and Journalism

5 Contents Jamā at-i-islāmī The Rule of God and Theodemocracy Maudūdī s Criticism and Acceptance of the Spirit of the Age Maudūdī s Understanding of ğâhitîya and Jihad Maudūdī s Agitation with the Ahmadîya Movement Criticism of Maudūdī Abū l-a^ā Maudūdī s Significance Maudūdī s Influence as a Theologian Maudūdī s Influence as an Author Maudūdī s Influence in the Islamist Movements of the 20th Century Abū 1-A lā Maudūdīs Position on Apostasy from Islam Maudūdī as an Architect of a Homogeneous Society Abū 1-A'=lā Maudūdī s Main Work on Apostasy: The Punishment of Apostates according to Islamic Law ( murtadd ki sazā İslâmî qãnün mēo ) / The Rights of non-muslims in an Islamic State ( İslâmî hukūmat mēo dimmîyöo kē huqüq ) The Ahmadîya Question ( Qâdiyânî mas ala ) Let there be no compulsion in religion (Sura 2:256) Human Rights in Islam Maudūdīs Other Remarks on Apostasy Conclusion: Abū 1-A'lā Maudūdī s Position on Apostasy The Prohibition against Apostasy on the Way to an Islamic Social Order Maudūdī s Blueprint for a Homogeneous Society The Islamic State as a Model of Hierarchy and Authority The Islamic State as a Precondition for Piety Comparison of the Positions Held by Abū 1-Α*^13 Maudūdī, Yûsuf al-qaradāwī and Abdullah Saeed Outlook

6 14 Apostasy from Islam as judged by contemporary Islamic Theologians 5. Concluding Remarks: Paths to an Increase in Religious Freedom? Bibliography Sources Sources Relating to Yûsuf al-qaradāwī Sources Relating to Abdullah Saeed Sources Relating to Abū А*=ш 1 Maudūdī Secondary Literature Internet Articles and Internet Documents not Ascribed to an Author Abbreviations...618

Contents. Acknowledgement Contents... 9

Contents. Acknowledgement Contents... 9 Contents Acknowledgement... 7 Contents... 9 1. Introduction... 15 1.1. Freedom of Religion a Universal Commodity?... 15 1.2. Justification of the Choice of Topic Method... 18 1.3. The State of Research...