Contents. Acknowledgement Contents... 9

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1 Contents Acknowledgement... 7 Contents Introduction Freedom of Religion a Universal Commodity? Justification of the Choice of Topic Method The State of Research Why Pay Attention to the Positions Prominent Theologians Have on Apostasy? The Focus of the Study What is Apostasy? Apostasy as Judged by Islamic Theology What the Quran Says about Apostasy What Tradition Says about Apostasy Apostasy a Multilayered Term Opportunity for Remorse The Measure of Punishment for Apostasy Legal and Social Consequences of Apostasy Apostasy throughout History The Ridda Wars after Muªammad The Time between the Ridda Wars and Modern Times Apostasy in the 20 th Century The Example of Egypt Freedom of Religion or Inner Freedom of Belief? Contemporary Dealings with Apostates in Muslim Majority Societies Social Reality The Significance of Sharia Law The Legal Reality in Questions relating to Apostasy The Situation in Individual Countries Non-recognized Religious Communities

2 10 Apostasy from Islam as judged by contemporary Islamic Theologians Individual Cases where Apostasy Charges Have Been Brought Y suf al-qara åw s Moderate Position: Religious Freedom is the Internal Freedom of Conscience Y suf al-qara åw : His Life and Work Essential Principles of His Theology An Influential Protagonist of Classical Scholarship Family Home and School Education Links to the Muslim Brotherhood The Beginning of Popularity: al-ªalål wa- l-ªaråm Exile in Qatar al-qara åw and Minority Rights al-qara åw as the Representative of a Centrist Position Examples of Centrist Theology and Theology of Moderation al-qara åw s Authority al-qara åw and the Islamic Awakening The Significance of Y suf al-qara åw c ålim between the Early Days and Modernity Offices and Committees al-qara åw s Use of the Media al-qara åw as a Transnational Scholar Assessing al-qara åw Y suf al-qara åw s Position on Apostasy in Islam The Centrist Position and Moderation The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam (al-ªalål wa- l-ªaråm fi l-islåm) Y suf al-qara åw s Magnum Opus on Apostasy: The Crime of Apostasy and Punishment of Apostates in the Light of the Quran and Sunna ( ºar mat ar-ridda wac uq bat al-murtadd f au al-qur ån wa- s-sunna )

3 Contents The Danger of Apostasy... and the Battle against Dissension ( Le danger de l apostasie... et la lutte contre la zizanie ) Source of the Punishment for Apostasy The Freedom of Belief and Thought ( al-ªurr ya add n ya wa- l-fikr ya ) Major and Minor Apostasy Is Apostasy a Capital Crime in Islam? The Inviolability of Blood ( al-ªurma ad-dimå ) ºihåd Jurisprudence ( fiqh al-ºihåd ) Miscellaneous Comments by al-qara åw on Apostasy Conclusion: al-qara åw s Position on Apostasy The Missing Definition of Apostasy Y suf al-qara åw s Judgment on Apostasy against the Backdrop of His Theology Y suf al-qara åw s View of Apostasy against the Backdrop of His Life Work Y suf al-qara åw s View of Apostasy against the Backdrop of His Ancestry and Education The Superiority of Islam The Persecution of Apostates as an Assurance of Peace The Question of the Necessity of an Islamic State What does Moderate Mean in the Question of Apostasy? Outlook Abdullah Saeed s Progressive Position: Unlimited Religious Freedom Abdullah Saeed: His Life and Work Essential Principles of His Theology An Influential Academic and Advisor Publications Abdullah Saeed s Position within Islamic Theology Target Audience and Potential for Reception

4 12 Apostasy from Islam as judged by contemporary Islamic Theologians 3.2. Abdullah Saeed s Significance Offices and Committees Advisory Activities for the Australian Government Use of the Media Abdullah Saeed as a Transnational Scholar Abdullah Saeed s Position on Apostasy in Islam Freedom of Belief in Islam ( A Fresh Look at Freedom of Belief in Islam ) Civil Rights Held by non-muslims in an Islamic State ( Citizenship Rights of Non-Muslims in a Islamic State ) Abdullah Saeed s Primary Work on Apostasy: Freedom of Religion, Apostasy and Islam The Quranic Case against Killing Apostates Hadith (ªad ƒ) and Apostasy Miscellaneous Comments by Abdullah Saeed on Apostasy Results: Abdullah Saeed s Position on Apostasy Abdullah Saeed s Scrutiny of Final Judgments Abdullah Saeed Holds Fast to the Quran as God s Revelation Criticism of the Abuse of Power and Encrustation Abdullah Saeed s Hopes for the Future Abdullah Saeed Crossing the Borders between Cultures A Comparison between Abdullah Saeed s Position and Y suf al-qara åw s Position Outlook Ab l-a c lå Maud d s Restrictive Position: Religious Freedom is Self-Abandonment Ab l-a c lå Maud d : Life and Work Essential Principles of His Theology Influential Politician and Activist Maud d s Parental Home, Formal Education, and Journalism

5 Contents Jamå at-i-islåm The Rule of God and Theodemocracy Maud d s Criticism and Acceptance of the Spirit of the Age Maud d s Understanding of ºåhil ya and Jihåd Maud d s Agitation with the Aªmad ya Movement Criticism of Maud d Ab l-a c lå Maud d s Significance Maud d s Influence as a Theologian Maud d s Influence as an Author Maud d s Influence in the Islamist Movements of the 20th Century Ab l-a c lå Maud d s Position on Apostasy from Islam Maud d as an Architect of a Homogeneous Society Ab l-a c lå Maud d s Main Work on Apostasy: The Punishment of Apostates according to Islamic Law ( murtadd ki sazå islåm qån n mēṉ ) 1942/ The Rights of non-muslims in an Islamic State ( Islåm ªuk mat mēṉ imm yøṉ kē ªuq q ) The Aªmad ya Question ( Qådiyån mas ala ) Let there be no compulsion in religion (Sura 2:256) Human Rights in Islam Maud d s Other Remarks on Apostasy Conclusion: Ab l-a c lå Maud d s Position on Apostasy The Prohibition against Apostasy on the Way to an Islamic Social Order Maud d s Blueprint for a Homogeneous Society The Islamic State as a Model of Hierarchy and Authority The Islamic State as a Precondition for Piety Comparison of the Positions Held by Ab l-a c lå Maud d, Y suf al-qara åw and Abdullah Saeed Outlook

6 14 Apostasy from Islam as judged by contemporary Islamic Theologians 5. Concluding Remarks: Paths to an Increase in Religious Freedom? Bibliography Sources Sources Relating to Y suf al-qara åw Sources Relating to Abdullah Saeed Sources Relating to Ab l-a c lå Maud d Secondary Literature Internet Articles and Internet Documents not Ascribed to an Author Abbreviations

Acknowledgement...7. Contents...9

Acknowledgement...7. Contents...9 Contents Acknowledgement...7 Contents...9 1. Introduction...15 1.1. Freedom of Religion - a Universal Commodity?...15 1.2. Justification of the Choice of Topic - Method...18 1.3. The State of Research...20