ا و ا ت ور آف د ( )

Transcription

1 ﷺ ى ١١ و. ا م آ د : ٥٤ رہ: ٤ ب و و ت ىﷺ ار ا ا ت ز خ ز خ و و ت ا ا ر و ت ر ا ب اس ادوار ا اور ے ا اس ر ہ ا م اورا ا م ا اور شآ ہ آ ذ ر اس ےاور ب ا ب ز ں ت ا ہ ان ا ا ر ان ا ان رو و ا ل ا ا رو ت رو ں وا ر ا ون و ا اور ان رد و ىﷺ روا رات آ ز ا ب رﷺ و ا ف ر ع ورت ڈ و ض دات ذا ا ا وہ س ر اور اس اقآپﷺ ا آپﷺ و و اور (١) م كا ے خ خ ا ڈى ا ت ور آف د ا و ا ت ور آف د ( drshahbazuos@hotmail.com ) اس ح ا ں اور ر ں ر ذ ا ت : Thomas Carlyle, On Heroes and Hero Worship (Philadelphia: Henry Altemus, ND), 61; Henry Stubbe, An account of the Rise and Progress of ١

2 ﷺ ا اس ع ا ر وہ دورآ ا اس ع ١٢ ا ں وع ا داور ار د اورا ب ا ل ت ر ١٧٩٥)ء- ١٨٨١ ء) رﷺ اس ع ت (Pococke)ك د ار د ع ز اور ٹ د و ) (Grotius) وا ) رے ساس ت ا ا ك ت م ت : ابد ا ڈ اس رواج ے د ابز ل ا ںاور و ں : ا ظ ر ت The lies, which well-meaning zeal has heaped round this man, are disgraceful to ourselves only. When Pococke inquired of Grotius, Where the proof was of that story of the pigeon, trained to pick peas from Mahomet's ear, and pass for an angel dictating to him? Grotius answered that there was no proof! It is really time to dismiss all that. (2) ك ك رے وہ د ( ) اس ا ا ب ع ن آپ(ﷺ) ا ت و دا اور آپ (ﷺ) ل آپ (ﷺ) ر و ابد : ت! اس ع ا ں و آ آپﷺ و ب ا ى ں ابا ب ں اس در ارا د د اس ق ذ ل ز ہ ق ںان ں ہا ب اور ا م و ت د ز آپﷺ اوروا رد وہا ں ر د ر ارد اقاورا ر وف ادا دڈا Mahometanism with the life of Mahomet,ed; Hafiz Mahmud Khan Shairani(London: Luzac & co,1911), ; Stubbe, Ibid,228.cf. Andrew Boorde, The fyrst (first)book of knowledge, ed; F. J. Furnivall(London: N. Trubner & co, MDCCLXX) 2- Thomas Carlyle, Ibid, 61.

3 ﷺ( ١٣ د ا ١٨٨٦ ء- ١٩٧٨ ء) ا ب انا ں Philip Khuri Hitti) آپ (ﷺ) ( ونو آپ(ﷺ) ا ى ى دار (٣) ا از دا ر(ﷺ) ا رے آ ن ﷺ ا رك ڑ د ا ل رت ا ں ىواٹ اس ز واٹ ا م د اس ر ہ ا ﷺ واٹ ذ اس ب ( ﷺ( ب د ا ا ب ہ ا بوو ہ اوراس ور ا ف ب : ا ظ اس د ار ورت Of all the world's great men none has been so much maligned as Muhammad. We saw above how this has come about. For centuries Islam was the great enemy of Christendom, since Christendom was in direct contact with no other organized states comparable in power to the Muslims. The Byzantine Empire, after losing some of its best provinces to the Arabs,was being attacked in Asia Minor, while Western Europe was threatened through Spain and Sicily. Even before the Crusades focused attention on the expulsion of the Saracens from the Holy Land, medieval Europe was building up a conception of 'the great enemy'. At one point Muhammad was transformed into Mahound, the prince of darkness. (4) د ت ا و ہ ﷺ( ( ں ا د ا م ا ں د او اورز ١٢٢٥ھ- ١٣٢١ ھ اس Durante Degli را مAlighieri Dante وفا ى ٣ Divineب Comedy ادب ہ ر ر 4- W. Montgomery Watt, Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman (London: Oxford University Press, 1961), 231.

4 پ ١٤ ا ا ا ں ں ز دو ى (٥) ان ں زد رپ اور ا ارض س ر ر د ا ا رپ و ون ں ر ل ا وہ ں ﷺ( ( ر ادہ ر(ﷺ) ا ب ا ا ت رد واٹ (ﷺ) ا ظ ر اس رہ د آج م ا ا رو اور He created a new system of social security and a new family structure, both of which were a vast improvement on what went before,... and established a religious and social framework for the life of a sixth of the human race today. That is not the work of a traitor or a lecher. (6) آپ (ﷺ) م اور ا ڈ د دو ں ا ح ہ آ (ﷺ ( ا و ڈ آج د ا رہ ن م د ز اور ر آد آپﷺ ا دا اور ا و ا طاور صود آپﷺ م آپ ﷺ و دارى ں : : واٹ ا د Only a profound belief in himself and his mission explains Muhammad s readiness to endure hardships and persecution in Meccan period when from a secular point of view there was no prospect of success. Without sincerity how could he have won the allegiance and even devotion of men of strong and upright character like Abū -Bakr and Umar? For the theist there is the ں ز ب ں ا ل وا ا د ا ظ ح ں ا وذ ل ا ل اس ذر ں و ت اور ا ر ڈا ا اورذ و گ 6- W. Montgomery Watt, Muhammad at Medina (Oxford: Clarendon press, 1956), 332. ٥

5 ں ﷺ( ١٥ further question how God could have allowed a great religion like Islam to develop on a basis of lies and deceit. (7) ( ا ن م ) ا ذات اور ا دور ( ت و دا آ د ص آپ(ﷺ )ا و () ا ا دار ا اد و دارىاور تو ا ال ا ٹ اور د د ا م ا ے ا زت دے واٹ ا ب آپﷺ ا ود اور آپ ﷺ ﷺ( : زور د ورت ں Thus, not merely must we credit Muhammad with essential honesty and integrity of purpose, if we are to understand him at all; if we are to correct the errors we have inherited from past, we must in every particular case hold firmly to the belief in his sincerity until the opposite is conclusively proved. (8) ا ا د ٹ ا دارىاور د ) ﷺ( ف اس ح ا ا ا ف ور ں ا ح ص آپ (ﷺ) ص ا نر و اس ف د ت Muhammad the ا ١٩٤٤ء) Karen آر اArmstrong) ن د ر ا مﷺ ب ا ا Enemy اورا ى ا آپﷺ ر ب وا اس ب آپ(ﷺ) اس در و ا ى ا از آپ ر ا ا وہ آپ(ﷺ) د اس ت ں ( ا اور ر ك ہ اس ح د دار 7 Watt, Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman, W. Montgomery Watt, Muhammad at Mecca (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1953), 52.

6 ١٦ ب ا م اور ا م ف ون و ت ز آج (٩) آ ت ا ا ں ا افد دار ا ا ﷺ اس ا Rom Landau ( ١٨٩٩ ء ١٩٧٤ ء) Efraim Tor Julins ( ١٩٤٧ ١٨٨٥ ء) (١٠) (١٨٠٨ Gustar Wail ١٨٨٩ ء)و ہ وں فر ع ( Alphonse de Lamartine) ا ا اور ا م ل : ﷺ( )د ز اور وہ د ز اور ٹ د اور ق ہ ا اور ق ا ں م (ﷺ) ت ٹ ت ے درىاور أت س س اور ح ح ں اور آپ(ﷺ) بر م دى اور ا ں د ت ا نو ت واہ ز ں د ت ف آپﷺ ز م آپ(ﷺ) و ت ر ان ں اس د ر ر (ﷺ) د ز اور اس رﷺ رف ا : ر ل رع و دروازے وا ا ں ف را وا ا دل اور ذ دو ں اور ا ں دى ارض ۂ ں ا د ا (١١) ت آپﷺ اس ح ( ﷺ( رو : د ار ا ن ا ل ا آپﷺ ذ ں 9 Karen Armstrong, Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet (London: Orion publishing, 2004), RomLandau, Islam and the Arabs (London: George Allen&Unwin, 1958), 23; Tor Andrae, Muhammad: The man and his faith, Trans: Theophil Menzel (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1956), ; Gustav Weil, History of Islamic Peoples, Trans: Khuda Bakhsh (Calcutta: University of Calcutta press, 1914), 27. ا اج ن يب الا سلام في مراة الفكر الغربي ( ہ:دار الجهاد ١٩٥٣ ء) ٣٥ ا ا ازى ١١ ن يب الا سلام في مراة بعض المستشرقين المنصفين ( ہ: الا سلام والمستشرقون ١٩٨٥ ء): ٣٠٨

7 ١٧ As regards all standards by which human greatness may be measured, we may well ask, is there any man greater than he? (12) ان م ں ا : اور ا ن آپ(ﷺ) ھ ان ا ظ ا اف ا آپ ﷺ ر( ١٨١٩ ء- ١٩٠٥ ء) و ق وف In all his dealings he was fair and upright and as he grew in years his honorable bearing won for him the title of Al-Ameen" the faithful." (13) ا م ا رو ت آپ (ﷺ) ا ف اور را رو آپ(ﷺ) ب رت اور ر رو ا آپ( ﷺ) ا اورد دار د د د ز د ا ا ت وا ت ﷺ ر ر : اورآپﷺ اس ل ت ﷺ( ( رے ں س د آپ اورد ز اور آپ (ﷺ) اور دا ا ب و ا ا وہ ا ر ا اس ف ا وہ د رے م اور ف آپ(ﷺ) ر ك (١٤) آپ(ﷺ) دق اورآپ(ﷺ) ا م اس آپﷺ ف : ا را س رداوراس ر Alas more godless theory, I think, was never promulgated in this Earth. A false man found a religion?why, a false man cannot build a brick house!if he do not know and follow truly the properties of mortar, burnt clay and what else he works in,it is no house that he makes, but a rubbish-heap.it will not stand 12- Alphonse de Lamartine, Histoire de la Turquie (Paris:1854), II/ Sir William Muir, Mahomet and Islam: A sketch of the Prophets life from original sources and a brief outline of his religion (London: The religious Tract Society, 1887), Carlyle, On Heroes and Hero Worship,

8 ١٨ for twelve centuries, to lodge a hundred-and-eighty millions ;it will fall straightway. (15) ا س ے ل اس ھ ا ار راسروےز ا ا ا اور وہ ا! ں ا ا ں ا ر د ا آد و ہ وں اوران ورتوا ل وا ر وہ ا ردى و ا ا ا رہ ار رہ ں ا ں زورد ں س ١٩٧٧ ء ا - آرچ رڈ د اس ك رو ا اورآپﷺ تو ا مﷺ وہ وا آپ(ﷺ) ر اور ف ا م آپ (ﷺ) رف وا ا ا ار ر اس دم اور (١٦) وا د ا ام ع اور اس د ا ا ام رﷺ ا ز اس ں و ہ اوراو د اور ا ر ا ورت س ا ا ام در ا ﷺ ت وا اور ل ا ں روا ت ات آپﷺ ا ام د ا ں ض ان وہ درا ل و ( ﷺ( د وع : 15- Carlyle, Ibid, Mahmut Aydin, Modern Western Christian Theological Understanding of Muslims since The second Vatican council (Washington DC: The Council for Research in values and Philosophy, 2002),172.cf. Emilio G Aguilar,"The Second International Muslim-Christian Congress of Cordoba (March 21 27, 1977)." Ed. Richard W Rousseau, Christianity and Islam: The Struggling Dialogue (Scranton: Ridge Row Press, 1985),165.

9 ﷺ( ﷺ( ﷺ( ١٩ San Pedro and other orientalists of the Middle Ages and later have asserted that the prophet was an epileptic or possessed by demons, in an attempt to explain the divine revelations. Much more recently Rodinson dubbed it as auditory visual hallucination. (17) آپ (ﷺ) و ن رواور ونو اور د آپ ( ن و ( آپ روڈ ز ا ل ت ا و ون ر اور ل م اس ر ر وع آپﷺ ب ر اور ہ ا ا ا وف ے ے دور ف : و و ر Both Eastern and Western research alike point to the fact that Mohamed was subject to epileptic fits (18) قو ب اس ﷺ[ [ دورے دوروں و آپﷺ ر و ز د د اس او ت آپ(ﷺ) ارى و ا ر اس ز دہ ت ان ت دورے ارد ان آپ(ﷺ) وا ت ڑا آپ اور ارى آپﷺ اس ولو آ ى ز ( وا و وا ن را در اس رى (١٩) دو ىو و ( ﷺ( ا د رى ن : اورا روا ت ا د ا 17- Muhammad Khalifa, The Sublime Quran and Orientalism (London& New York: Longman, 1983), Weil, History of Islamic peoples, Trans: Khuda Bakhsh (Calcutta: The Univeristy of Calcutta), Muir, Ibid,

10 ٢٠ At the moment of inspiration (so the tradition runs) anxiety pressed upon the prophet, and his countenance became troubled. Sweat dropped from his forehead, and he would fall to the ground as in a trance. (20) روا (ﷺ) ارى آ اوران ہ ان ے اور وہ ش ز اب د ا روا ت رﷺ ے اور آپ ے ذ ز ظ روا ذ ر He Would Fall to the Ground as in a Trance زى ا ام ع ور ا Epileptic دہSeizures ذ اور اور ا از و ح ا روا ت رہ د ا ں آپﷺ ور ا آپﷺ وا ہ تآ رو روا ت د اوراس دے د ار ہ ڑا د دے ر ہ آپﷺ د ں ںا اس ت اور ان ان ر ا اس د اس روا : قالت وقال لي هذا الغلام قد أبوه يا حليمة لقد خشيت أن يكون (٢١) أصيب فالحقيه با هله. ( ت اس پ اس ا ا اس وا ں س دو ) اس رت ح ت رﷺ ر ں پ وع ا ظ ور ا اا ا اس رت قد أصيب فالحقيه با هله ا ظ قد أصيب بالحقيه با هله اور اوراس رت ) د رىا ا (اس : اس 20- Muir, Ibid, 35. ا م السيرة النبوية ت : ا م ى ( وت: دارالكتاب العربي ١٤١٠ ھ/ ١٩٩٠ ء) ١ : ١٩٠ ٢١

11 ٢١ ا آپﷺ ں ے اور ے ں أصيب ا ام ا ل ازاں اسيب ار د اور ا دورے آ ا روا ت ار ا د ا ام (Epileptic Fit) (٢٢) ت آپﷺ د ں ںد اس ع ا تو ات اسا ام آ د ا! ا ب اس ا ام رد ا اور ب ہ ا و ں اس ا ر وا آ رآپﷺ ا ى ں وا ا ام آپﷺ ( - ١٧٩٤ ء ( ١٧٣٧ ء ر رخ ا ورڈ زو رس اوردو ے ں ل ارد واور ا ت : ل The epilepsy, or falling sickness of Muhammad, is asserted by Theophanes, Zonaras and the rest of the Greeks; and is greedily swallowed by the gross bigotry of Hottinger,...Prideaux...and Maracci... (23) د رﷺ اس ر اس ل ان ں اس ا ت ت ف آپﷺ دہ ن ح ذات آپ(ﷺ) ا ام اس دہ آپ(ﷺ) ا ظ : ت ا ں اس آپ(ﷺ) ا His epileptic fits and absurd calumny of the Greeks would be an object of pity rather than abhorrence. (24) ا ں ت ى ( ر: لا ٢٣٢-٢٣٠ (١٩٩٧ 23- Edward Gibbon, The decline and fall of the Roman Empire (London: Dant & Sons,1962), 5: Gibbon, Ibid, 5: 270. ٢٢

12 ﷺ( ٢٢ ا ت ف آپ(ﷺ) ل ں آپ(ﷺ ( آپ( ﷺ) و ر ت اورو ا از ز دہ د ا ام ع ں رﷺ ا ا مﷺ ف اور ا م اے م( ١٨٨٨ ء- ١٩٦٦ ء) اسا ام : ارد The charge had been made by a Byzantine writer long before such a hypothesis seems gratuitous and can safely be ascribed to anti-mohammedan prejudice. (25) ) ز ( ا اما ا و آ ﷺ( ( ار د آ م پآ ﷺ دا ى ں تا م اور د ا م ب ا ر رى وا ل م و د از : ر د ع ا ام د د ں Muhammad was a man whose common sense never failed him. Those who deny his mental and psychic stability do so only by ignoring the overwhelming evidence of his shrewd appraisal of others and of the significance of what was going on the world of his time and his persistence in the face of constant opposition until he united his people in the religion of Islam. Had he ever collapsed in the strain of battle or controversy, or fainted away when strong action was called for, a case might be made out. But all the evidence we have points in the opposite direction and the suggestion of epilepsy is as groundless in the eyes of the present writer as it is offensive to all Muslims. (26) ( ودا ؤف گ آپ(ﷺ) ذ و ا م ا ر وہ دو وں آپ(ﷺ) ز ت ا اور ں ا م د د ا از د ں وا و ا ل م آپ(ﷺ) 25- Alfred Guillume, Islam (London: Cassell, 1963), Guillume, Ibid,

13 ﷺ( ٢٣ ردہ دل آپ(ﷺ) ا ام و و ا ف آ م د ز ا ام ف ے د آپ(ﷺ) ارد ا د ں د ر و ہ Rom Landau د ع ا ام ت آن The allegation that his periods of revelation were, in reality, epileptic seizures is palpably false; for in such an attack the victim is never coherent enough to voice passages as complex or as intellectually profound as are so many that form the Quran. (27) ر از : ا ام آپ(ﷺ) و درا دورے ٹ اس اس ح دوروں ں اس آن ت و آد د ا ام ع ىواٹ On some occasions at least there were physical accompaniments. He would be gripped by a feeling of pain, and in his ears there would be a noise like the reverberation of a bell. Even on a very cold day the bystanders would see great pearls of sweat on his forehead as the revelation descended upon him. Such accounts led some Western critics to suggest that he had epilepsy, but there are no real grounds for such a view. Epilepsy leads to physical and mental degeneration, and there are no signs of that in Muhammad; on the contrary he was clearly in full possession of his faculties to the very end of his life. (28) ( آ وا ت آپ(ﷺ) اور درد و و ول س ں آواز آ دى ول و و آپ 27- RomLandau, Ibid, Watt, Ibid, 19.

14 ﷺ( ﷺ( ٢٤ ( ے و ہ دوں آپ(ﷺ) ر اور ذ ا ن ر د زور د (ﷺ) اس آ ر آ اس آپ ( م ذ و ى آ اى ڈر اس د ع اسا ام زورا ظ ( اسا ر د وا ز ا ب ح ان ز ا ن رى ف ا ام رى ذ آپ(ﷺ) ا ا ب د ا ر از ں اور اور ت () اور م دل اور ب د اور ا ز ن ار دى (ﷺ) ے د اور د آپ(ﷺ) وا ا ا ض ا ا ل ز ن آپ د ن ﷺ( وا ا و ض ن وا ا ا ز آپ( ﷺ) اور د ض آپ( ﷺ) ا ں آ ا ز دورے رى ا ز ان وا ان ز ان ذ اغ ان روا ز ا آپ(ﷺ) ر اور ذ آپ (ﷺ) ں ا ازے ا ا وہ آپ(ﷺ) ا ت اور رت اور ا ا اور ك ( ﷺ( رى ع (٢٩) ر وا در دذ رى ر ا رد اس ا ام آپﷺ ا : اے م ارد ار ب ہ ا ف د : ا نا ر ل ( ر: لا ١٩٩٣) ٦٢٧-٦٢٦ ٢٩

15 ﷺ ر ٢٥...Most modern writers, as opposed to those of the last generation are of this opinion. To base such a theory on a legend which on the face of it has no historical foundation is a sin against historical criticism. (30) ا ں وا اس ر د ر فا م ار ب ت ى رد اوراس ا ل و اور ع ا ام اس در ا ر ف ا د اس د ا اسا ام ب اور د ار ار ب و ہ م آ ﷺ ى و ں ب ا ار ر و ل ر ا آپﷺ وہ و و رات ت ا ے آپﷺ و و آ ا ز د ں ت ار اور ا ب و مز د م ڈ آپ ﷺ پاور آپﷺ ا ر و ا آپﷺ و آپﷺ د ا ظ و و ىﷺ ے ے م ور ف : اس د د واٹ ں ى ق ر ى اس A new religion cannot come into being without a sufficient motive. In the experience of Muhammad and his early followers there must have been some need which was satisfied by the practices and doctrines of the embryonic religion. (31) ورى ك ر ﷺ( ( اورآپ(ﷺ) او و روں ورت ر ور م ذر را 30- Guillume, Ibid, Watt, Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman, 14.

16 ﷺ( ٢٦ و ىﷺ آپ ا رو ا واٹ دہ : ذ ر Most religious ideas emerge from the collective unconscious into consciousness, and most religious practice is the conscious response to their ideas. (32) ) ا و ا ر ا unconscious)ر ر (collective آ وا رات اور ر مان ت رى اب ) واٹ و رہ ر د اور ا م ت زل و رج ا ے collective unconscious (٣٣) رﷺ ت ر ىرد تووا ت ا ز ا م ا ( ﷺ( ں اس زل و ر رج ا را آپ(ﷺ) ا اس آد ا وہ را آد ت رج آ ا س ے در وہ اس ا ر ا ے ں واٹ ا ظ : To say that Muhammad was sincere does not imply that he was correct in his beliefs. A man may be sincere but mistaken...what seems to man to come from outside himself, may actually come from his unconscious. (34) ( ر آپ ا آد و د آد رج آ س وہ ا ا اس ا ر آواز آپ ﷺ م و اور ل ز رى ڑ واٹ ا ں اس ا اور د ا ا ا ا از 32- W. Montgomery Watt, Islamic Revelation in the Modern World (Great Britain: Edinburgh University Press, 1969), Watt, Islamic Revelation, Watt, Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman, 17.

17 ٢٧ ڑ ں ا و وف ا ال ا ىﷺ ر م و آپ(ﷺ ( م د اس ى د اورا م ا ب ت ر م وروا ت اور ت و ت وہ : So good was the ground and the propagation so zealous,that the faith spread from house to house and from tribe to tribe.the Jews looked on in amazement. The people whom they had for ages sought in vain to convert from the errors of polytheism, were now casting their idols to the moles and to the bats, and professing belief in the One only God. The secret lay in the aptness of the instrument.it was native and congenial. Judaism, foreign in its birth, touched no Arab sympathies.islam, grafted on the faith and superstition, the customs and nationality of the Arabs, gained ready access to their heart. (35) زدہ ت دى اور ا م ش ا و اور د ت ز ر ا ت وہ ں اب ر ز ں ان ں اور اج ا م ا ل راز آ م ر ا ار او ى آ د ا ا ا ر اوہ ں درد ں ا م ں و ت ت اور ر م وروا ت وہ ان د ں ا اے آر (١٩٧١-١٨٩٥ Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb) رد آپ(ﷺ) اور درا ا م اور ع م ر(ﷺ) : ا ظ اس Mohammad was not at the outset the conscious preacher of a new religion.it was opposition and controversy with the Meccans that forced him on from stage to stage, as it was the later opposition in Medina that led to the final emergence of 35- Muir, Mahomet and Islam, 58.

18 ﷺ( ﷺ( ٢٨ Islam as a new religious community with its distinctive faith and institution. (36) ( ا ا رى د دا ا اورد آپ(ﷺ) ا ز ے آپ(ﷺ) ازاں ر ر اس ر ے ر ا اس و ز رىو ہ ا ت و ىﷺ ق ں ز آ ں د ب واٹ آپﷺ و آپﷺ ذا ا ر ا ف د ہا Companion to the ا ںQuran ا او و ا دل ) ق ﷺ( ا آپ (ﷺ) ر اب ا ا ن ں آ وہ ح وں آپ(ﷺ) وا آ ار د ح در اور اس اس ا ف دى اس آ ا ا ا ادوار و آ ا ا ( ﷺ( د د د ت ا ن ان ں ( ﷺ( اور ف ا آر ى آر آن ق ر واٹ د اس روادار ا واٹ دو ر اور ں و ر آر ى وا اس وہذا آناسز ا آر ى ا ر اوروا ا ں آ دو اورا ن ا ن (٣٧) ( و زل ادا ر ت وہاس 36- H. A. R. Gibb, Mohammedanism:An Historical Survey (New York: Oxford University press, 1964), ز در ا ا ا ٨ :٢٥ ( ٣٨ (٢٠١٣ Cf. William Montgomery Watt, Companion to the Quran (England: Oneword publication, 1994), 3. ٣٧

19 ﷺ ر ٢٩ آپﷺ وؤں آپﷺ ت و ا ات ں ں ز ں آپﷺ وا وارد اور آن ر د واٹ ا : A religious community developed, claiming to serve God, numbering some thousands in Muhammad s lifetime and now having several hundred million members. The quality of life in this community has been on the whole satisfactory for the saintliness of life, and countless ordinary people have been enabled to live decent and moderately happy lives in difficult circumstances. These points lead to the conclusion that the view of reality presented in the Qur an is true and from God, and that therefore Muhammad is a genuine prophet. (38) ( ت ر ا ن ر ا د ے ا ہ ا اد ﷺ( رز ت اس ے اوراب اروں اور ت گ اور اد ش ز ار ا ر تاس ﷺ( ( ا اور ا اور ر دہ آن واٹ اور ں اس ا اف : ح وں In his call and message, the Arabian Muhammad was as truly prophetic as any of the Hebrew prophets of the Old Testament. (39) ا د تاور م ا ر (ﷺ) ا ح ا ا ى ق آر زاZaehner) (١٩٧٤-١٩١٣ Robert Charles آپﷺ ا ار ت ان ا ار اس وا د ار ا ر و ر ت 38- William Montgomery Watt, Islam and Christianity Today: A Contribution to Dialogue (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1983), Philip K. Hitti, History of the Arabs (London: Macmillan, 1946), 113.

20 ٣٠ آپ ﷺ آن اس ار ا ے ﷺ ا آپ ر وا ت زا ا ظ : There is no criterion by which the gift of prophecy can be withheld from him unless it is withheld from the Hebrew prophets also. The Quran is in fact the quintessence of prophecy. In it you have, as in no other book, the sense of an absolutely overwhelming Being proclaiming Himself to a people that had not known Him. (40) ا ا رو ( آپ (ﷺ ت روك آنر اس آپ دو ى ب ھ ا ا در ا س د ں ا رف وار (٤١) ا Annie Besant) ١٩٣٣-١٨٤٧ ء) رﷺ ت و ت ا آپﷺ اے اور ز دہ ت و ا ار : It is impossible for anyone who studies the life and character of the great Prophet of Arabia, who knows how he taught and how he lived, to feel anything but reverence for that mighty Prophet, one of the great messengers of the Supreme. And although in what I put to you I shall say many things which may be familiar to many, yet I myself feel whenever I re-read them, a new way of admiration, a new sense of reverence for that mighty Arabian teacher. (42) آپ(ﷺ) و ت ت ( ﷺ( تو اس وہ اے ارى اس ز دىاور آپ ر ں ض ا اور س ے آپ ں 40- R. C. Zaehner, At Sunday Times: An Essay in the Comparison of Religions (London: Faber &Faber, 1958), 27. ق ا آزادى ا اورآ اور وا ر م ت راس و ت اس و ر 42 Annie Besant, The Life and Teachings of Muhammad(Madras:Adyar, 1932), 4. ٤١

21 ٣١ ں ا ں اا ا س ان رد ں اس ا ا ر ح و اور ت و س ں ب آواز ا ا ر ا م در اورا ا م ض اول ا دے ر رہ (Official) ت آپﷺ ں زور د ورت ر ہ ں آپﷺ از : ڈ ر ر It is essential for Christians to see Muhammad as a holy figure; to see him, that is, as Muslims see him... If they do not do so, they must cut themselves off from Muslims. (43) ں ورى ﷺ( ( ا س در د آپ(ﷺ) ا ح د ن د ا وہ ا وہ د ں ا اور د ا (١٩٢٨ا Hans Küng) د ت (Officially) ر ر ت ( ﷺ( ا ا ا ا م چ (٤٤) رﷺ م ں : زور د ورت The Christian who wishes to engage in dialogue with the Muslims acknowledges from the outset his or her own conviction of faith that for him or her Jesus is the Christ and so is normative and definitive, but he or she also takes very seriously the function of Muhammad as an authentic prophet. (45) ں ا وہ وع ب) ( اور ل ا د ر ا ﷺ( ( دار رى ر 43- Daniel, Islam and the West: The Making of an Image, See: HansKüng,Christianity and World Religions: Paths of Dialogue with Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism (New York, Maryknoln, Orbis Books, 1993), Hans Küng, "Towards an Ecumenical Theology of Religions: Some Theses for Clarification., Hans Küng & J. Moltmann, eds., Christianity among World Religions (Edinburgh: T&T Clark Ltd, 1986), 124.

22 ﷺ( ٣٢ ور ا اورو او ى ذ ا اورا م ں د ( ان د ار اس رو : ا ظ اس ا ار ت Do not these three Semitic religions Judaism, Christianity and Islam have the same origin? Does not One and the same God speak loudly and clearly in these religions? Does not the Old Testament s Thus says the Lord correspond to the Qur an s say, as the Old Testament s go and tell matches the Qur an s take your stand and warn it is only dogmatic prejudice when we [Christians] recognize Amos and Hosea, Isaiah and Jeremiah, as prophets, but not Muhammad. (46) آ وا اور ان ا ا ا اورا م د ں ا آن ا ا ا لر ا آ س ز ر ڈراؤ اور واور ؤ آن ا اور ار (ﷺ) ت ا ر - وا ذا ك( Salzburg ) ا م ز رپ ے ( ١٩٨٤ ء) وا ا ا ام ا ں ا اس ں ا اس دے ار ( ﷺ( د د ت : ا ا ى ا ا وہآپ(ﷺ) "Christians respect the prophetic tradition of the Old Testament. It calls people to repentance in the service of the One God. It is unjust to dismiss Muhammad out of hand as a false prophet. Christians may recognize Muhammad as part of the same prophetic tradition and in the past some have done so". (47) ت ىﷺ آ اوراس د ع 46- Küng, Christianity among World Religions, Conference of European Churches, Witness to God in Secular Europe (Geneva Conference of European Churches, 1984), 56.

23 ٣٣ اس ا وا اور ت ں آپﷺ فا ب ا ر ا ں ا رﷺ آ تاورد ا آ وہاس د آپﷺ آ ا روا ت ا ل ور ا آپﷺان ں ر لآ ر اور س رى آ دو آپﷺ اور دارى ذ آپﷺ م د ان ماور ا س ا ا ر ان ں م آپ ﷺ دردا و د ع آپﷺ ا ا ت وف اور دارا ت واٹآپﷺ و ہ ى رلار )ا ١٩٥٠ء) واٹ نآر ا اور ى : ور ا ا ب آپﷺ دے ت وں I maintain that the only reasonable explanation of this fact is that Muhammad was as truly inspired by God as were the Old Testament prophets. Moreover, while the latter were for the most part critics of an existing religion as it was being practiced, Muhammad had the mission of bringing belief in God to people with virtually no religion. (48) آ و ا ح ا ( ﷺ( ل اس ے د ا آں ں ا م داورز ذ دار ﷺ( ( ان ں ا د س از ا ل ا ر واٹ ا دو ے م : Muhammad was a prophet comparable to the Old Testament prophets, though his function was somewhat different. The latter were primarily critics of deviations from an existing religion, whereas he had to bring knowledge of God and of his commands to a people without any such knowledge. (49) 48- Watt, Companion to the Quran, William Montgomery Watt, Religious Truth for Our Time (Oxford: Oneworld, 1995), 80.

24 ٣٤ م آپ(ﷺ) ا ا ( ﷺ( ا د راہ وا ا ا ت ا ح وا ﷺ( ( ا ں ااوراس ا م ن ا ساس ع ت د ا م و رى د ا ا م ا ا و رلار there was never any requirement that Jews and Christians should have to convert to Islam. (50) ا د ںاور ں دا ۂا م دا : : د ى آر ا ن There is no evidence that Muhammad saw Islam as a universal religion which would supersede the revelations of the People of the Book. It was still a religion for the sons of Ishmael, as Judaism was a religion for the sons of Jacob. (51) ا دت (ﷺ) ا م ا ا آ رت د ا ب و ں ا د ا ا ﷺ آپ د ط ا ر ىﷺ آ ب آ ىاور د د ا ان ر ا ا اس آپﷺا د ت آپﷺ فا ب ے ور و ا ن ا ار اس ں ان ر اس ب ا ود ف ا ر آ ا دہ ہ ا و ں رے آ در آ آپﷺ ں ر آ ر وا د ار ت د 50- Carl W Ernst, Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the contemporary world (Chapel Hill & London: The University of North Carolina Press, 2003), Armstrong, Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet,

25 ٣٥ ا م اور ت ى ﷺ م ا اور ر ﷺ اس در ا اورد و آن از ان وا اس ر ا ں ف ال ت ﷺ د ں اور ں د ت ا م دى اور آپﷺ ا م ا بو ہ ں د ل آنو اور ر ا ف آپﷺ او ت ا ب ر ا از ار د : ذ ا اسد ت آ ت آن د تا مدى ٣ ٣ ٣ ٣ الکتب تعالوا ا lمة سوائ بيننا وبينکم الا نعبد الا اتخ ولا ن ک بہ شيي ا ولا ي ذ بعضنا بعضا ہل لق (٥٢) ٣ ٣ ار من دون اتخ ثفان تولوا فقولوا اشہدوا مسلمون ا ا رےدر ن ں رےاور ف آؤا ا ت!اےا ب! ا رب ا ا ا اور ا اس وہ(اس د ت ل )ا اض اہ! ر ا) (ر وا ا اور م : ٣ ٣ ٣ ٤ اد رہا ٣ ف دہا ہا الذين اوتوا الکتب امنوا ا نزلنا مصدقا لما معکم من قبل ان نطمس وجو يہا ٣ (٥٣) ٣ او نلعنہم lا لعنا ا ب السبت ثوkن امر اتخ مفعولا اےوہ بدى! اس ب ا ن آو ( ت ﷺ (زل اس د زدہ ان د ے ڑ رے س اس ب ح وا ں زدہ اور ا ر ( ذ د تا م ا ب دآ ت( د اوراس ع ان ت د ى ا وف و ز وراور و م ے ے د آپﷺ ف ا ب د ت ا م دى اور د و رى اس ض ٥٠ :٢٨ القرآن ٦٤:٣ القرآن ٤ : ٤٧ د : القرآن ٣ : ٢٠ القرآن ٣: ١١٠ القرآن ١٩٩ ٣: القرآن ١٩ ٥: القرآن ٥٢ ٥٣ و ہ

26 ں ٣٦ آن ان وا د ں وہ ت ا مﷺ ف د ں د ت ا م ا ت د ڈا ا ت ا م ع ت ا از م اس ان آپﷺ دے دے ر ى ا ا ہ ا م ا ب ىﷺ د ں م د ت ا ن اق ر ں ر اور د د ا ان اس ا ب ذ ر وا ا دى ز اور ذر اس ٣ ھ و ع د ں ا ن رت و ن ا ر لا مﷺ د مر ں اس اور د آپﷺ (٥٤) ان س ا ) ) ا م د تدى آن اور ت اس ا روزرو ح ں اسد ت ف د تا مد ر ا د ں د ا مﷺ د و ا اور آ ت ز ں ںا ز ں و ا اب آن ت آپﷺ اورا ا م د ں ا و ل ا ماور د ں رہ رو ں ذ ا م : ٣ ٤ رفونہ من بعد ما عقلوھ وہم افتطمعون ان يومنوا لکم وقد kن فريق منہم ي عون lم اتخ ثم ٣ ٣ يعلمون ڱواذا لقوا الذين امنوا قالوا امناي واذا خلا بعضہم ا بعض قالوا ا دثونہم ا فتح اتخ عليکم (٥٥) ٤ ٣ ربکم عند ل اجوکم بہ ٤ ثافلا تعقلونڱاو لا يعلمون ان اتخ يعلم ما ي ون ومايعلنون آ ا ن رے م ا ا وہا ان ں ا ر وہ اس ن لد اور ا نوا ں : ا ن ا وہ ا : دو ے ا اور ا ر لا م ز :ا) دارا سن) ٢٢٣ القرآن ٧٥ ٢: ٧٧ ٥٤ ٥٥

27 ٣٧ ا د رب رے رےاو ذر وہ اس اور الکتب لم تکفرون ي ت اتخحواتخ شہيد م ا ا دو ى ار د ا: قل ہل (٥٦) تعملون (! اےا ب! ںا آ ت ا ر اورا ر د ر و آ اور م آپﷺ اس ل ا ں ) ا ع ا ل د و رى د ت ا م د اس اس ف ا وا اوررو د آن آ ت تود ت ىﷺ و (٥٧) ٣ آ ر ا آ ر : وما ارسلنک الا ر ة للعلم (اور آپ(ﷺ) رے ن ر ) ا اور م ار د : وما (٥٨) ٣ ٣ ٣ ٣ ٣ ٣ ٣ ارسلنک الا kفة للناس بش ا ونذيرا ولکن ي مک الناس لا يعلمون ) آپﷺ م ا آ ر ) ا گ ڈرا وا وا اور ں ش ں ٣ ٤ (٥٩) اے! د پآ( ﷺ اتخ اليکم يعا رسول الناس ا قل يہا : آ ف ا ر ل ں ) ں م ر ل وا ا ت ىﷺ ر آ ت ر م ع ا ن ف اور و اس ف ب ود ار د ا م وہ آپﷺ د ا ا آ رﷺ آن ا ا ا ام د ت اورآ د ى سورة الشعرا ء دا ا ا ام القرآن ٩٨:٣ القرآن ١٠٧:٢١ القرآن ٢٨:٣٤ القرآن ١٥٨ ٧: ٥٦ ٥٧ ٥٨ ٥٩

28 ٣٨ د ت ذ اور ان ا از ں ان د ت ا ا م ود (٦٠) ن : ا اس ل ر ت I was sent only to the lost sheep of the house of Israel...It is not right to take the children's bread and toss it to the dogs. (61) ا ا وں ف ں رو ں آ ڈا روا ا م اور آن ے ا م آن ز وہ ا آپﷺ آد وا آپ ت آ ر اس آناس وا آپﷺ آ آن ا آپ اور آن ما ن وا ا د ا ا از ا ر آ آپﷺ س ب آپﷺ آ ا ں آپﷺ ا ب اس ت م آپﷺ آپﷺ ر آ ا ر اور آپﷺ : ا ظ ا دو ا ار ت ف لا ا قراربرسالته إلی العرب دون غيرهم مع ما ظهر من عموم دعوته للخلق كلهم قول متناقض ظاهر الفساد وكل ما دل عليه أنه رسول فا نه يستلزم رسالته إلی جميع الخلق وكل (٦٢) من اعترف با نه رسول لزمه الاعتراف با نه رسول إلی جميع الخلق. آپﷺ م ق د ت وا د آپ ﷺ ر ف ں آپ د ر آپﷺ وہ د ل و ا ا ار ے وا ا ار ر دال آپﷺ ق م آپﷺ م ق ف القرآن ١٩١-٩ ٢٦: 61- Mathew, part of the Holy bible: A New translation from the Greek by David Robert Palmer, February 2011 Edition, Chapter15, Verse24, 26. د : دارالعاصمة ٦٢ ا الجواب الصحيح لمن بدل دين المسيح و د (ا ١٩٩١ ء) ٤٤٨ ١: ٦٠

29 ٣٩ ا ت وا ت آپﷺ ا د آن (٦٣) قومه خاصة وبعثت إلى الناس عامة ( ف : وكان النبي يبعث إلى ا م ف ت ما ں ) ا آپﷺ وں ذ ( آپ ا اور دى ( خو ہ ف ث ں ) (٦٤) : ( بعثت إلی الا حمر والا سود وا : اس د ر ل ا م ﷺا ا ر ث م اور م ا ں اور ں ر را وا اور ا م ں د اور آ ت ہ آ وا ا فد دہ ادراك آپﷺ اس ز م ں ر رﷺ ت دہ ل ىد ا آ د ت آپﷺ وہ ر رہ زا رى ؤں م ز ا ذات ا د ا ﷺ ت رہ ں ے اور وف ا و ر ا ا ں ز ر ت ھ رام ر ز دار ں د ے اس ت ں و روں و ہ تز ان ا ن اور گ اس رہ رہ رے اس ر ا ر ا ن رہ ا ر د آج اور ص اور ر ز آپﷺ و ا م ا ا ا ا ا ا رى صحيح البخاري ز ا (دار طوق النجاة ١٤٢٢ ھ) ١٧٤ ١ ر : ٣٣٥ ا ا ا ار سنن الدارمي( وت:دارالكتب العلمية ١٤٠٧ ھ) ٢ : ٢٩٥ ٦٣ ٦٤

30 ٤٠ اور رہ ا ز رہ را ٹ ڈ د د آپﷺ ر آ ا ا م ں آپ ﷺ آ ى ہ ا ا م ا ا ر ار ا ت ارا ت ا ں ارا ت آپﷺ آ ں اور ں اور م آ اور د ا ر آپﷺ رہ اور رہ آپﷺ ں آپ ﷺ ا رآپﷺ ت ا ر اورآپﷺ ت ا رآپﷺ ا وہ ور ے آپﷺ ا آپﷺ ا ا ر ت د اے ا ارر ى ﷺ ار و آپﷺ ت آپ ﷺ ر ا ى د ر مقاصد الشرية الا سلامية ا را د ا : معلوم بالضرورة من الدين أن شريعة الا سلام جاءت شريعة عامة داعية جميع البشر إلى اتباعها لا نها لما كانت خاتمة الشراي ع استلزم ذلك عمومها لا محالة ساي ر أقطار المعمور وفي ساي ر أزمنة هذا العالم. والا دلة على ذلك كثيرة من نصوص القرآن والسنة الصحيحة بحيث بلغت مبلغ (٦٥) التواتر المعنوي. ورتد وا ا م عا ن ا ا ع د تد اس آ ى اس م اور م ا اور م از م اس ا آن اور تد ى ا در آپﷺ ل آ و ل آ ت زل ان وا ٣ ر اور ا ا ن ا ل ار د ا: اقرا سم ربک الذی ٣ ٣ ٣ الاکرم وربک ٤ ٻذ الذی ع لم لقلمٻذ ع لم الانسان ما لم خلقٱو خلق الانسان من علقٱو اقرا ا ا ر مقاصد الشريعة الا سلامية :) دار السلام دار ن ١٤٣٠ ھ) ١٠٠-٦٥

31 ٥ (ا رب م ا ا ن ح و د اور ٤١ (٦٦) يعلم آپ رب ا آد وہ وہ ) وہ از آن ع ا ن ب اس ت ت آپﷺ ر ب ود اس دا ہ م عا ن ت ىاوراس د ت ا ر ر ر ا د ت ا اد ا باور دو ىادوار : رى ا ز اور ا ر وف دور( ٦١٠ ء- ٦٢٢ ء) دور( ٦٢٢ ء- ٦٣٢ ء) ﷺ اور د ت ا ز و ہ م را ١ ٢ اس دوران پآ ر اس ا و م ا ىا ا تووا ت دار ىر ا ام ١ ھ ا ذر ا داع ا ١٠ ھ دو ا ٨ ھ م ر ا د ت د د ت ا ب ق آوازہ اور م ى ت ر آ ت ا ا و ہا ر اور ا آ م آپ ﷺ م ا اس م آ دت آن اور ا اس ت ر ا ناورا د وہاس ت دى ا آن ٣ ال وت السبع ٣ دتاور ا ا ن دت ا م د ار د : تسبح لہ (٦٧) ٣ ٣ ٣ والارض ومن فيہنث وان من qء الا يس بح مدھ ولکن لا تفق ہون تسب ہم ( ںآ ن ز اور ا ن اس اور اس ان ں ا ہ ا ن او راس ارد د دى ت ا ط ر ا ار د ) ما ا د ت ا ا تاور ا ت دات ٦٦ القرآن -٢ :٩٦ ٦٧ القرآن ٤٤:١٧

32 ﷺ ر س ٤٢ اس اسا از ا ناور ت ا ار ا م اورا در اور اس دور دراز ں د د ت آپﷺ و روں آ د ان و اس ت ا آپﷺ د ت م ع ا ن ا و د ا بر لﷺ وا ر ا تو آپﷺ م ا ف اس ت رﷺ ا د ت ف ں ار د اور آپﷺ ر ر ان ا ا م م ے ں آپ ﷺ ا داع ا ں درس وات د وہ آپﷺ آ ر آپ : يا لا واحد ربكم إن الناس! أيها لعربي علی عجمي ولا لعجمي علی عربي ولا لا حمر علی وإن أباكم واحد ألا أسود ولا لا سود علی را پا راربا دار! ا( ے! (٦٨) بالتقوی. فضل أحمر الا خ ہ اور ہ خ اے ى ) م ں ف ہ رﷺ د ر اس ا ظ آدم م آپﷺ ب ا ف د ت آپﷺ ا ا ن ع ا ں ا پ ہ اور خ ہ ل رے درس وات ر آپﷺ د رہ ؤں ط ا م ر د ان ا دى ال ا ا ان و ت ان ط و اس ا ڈا دى ى اوراس ا ان در ى د ت ا ں ٦٨ ا ا ا شعب الا يمان ت ا ا (ا ض: مكتبة الرشد ٢٠٠٣ ء) ٧ : ١٣٢ ر : ٤٧٧٤

33 ٤٣ (٦٩) ا ا ت ا تد ا ں آپﷺ ط ف ز دہ اد ان ان ط اد ادو ا ط د د ز ر د طاب ا ا د اان ط ار د ف ان ار ت آ ىﷺ ا ا ب آ وا د ف آ ب ز ف ا ب د ر و ا وہ و در اس آپﷺ د ا ا تو ا ا تاورا ب آپﷺ ں د د ت ف ا ب ا دل اور اس وا د آ د ع اور ز ن ل ر ر رہ دا ا م دا ہ ا و دى وہ د ب وا د ار ر ان لا ماس ت ا ن رﷺ آ اور آپ ﷺ د ت ح ا ب ا ب اور د ا ﷺ ت ى Preaching of Islam ١٩٣٠ ء) وا آر ١٨٦٤)ء- آ ا اور اد آر اور زورا از اس ت د د ت ا د آپ ﷺ اور ب ا ف رﷺ آ د ار و آ ر وا دار ا ا م ا ں آ ت اورآپﷺ ت اس د آپﷺ ف ا م آ اور ار د اس ں ب ں ان و آر ا م روح اس ر ا اس روح وع آج : وہ آ ں ح اور روزرو ر ا ع From the very beginning, Islam bears the stamp of a missionary religion that seeks to win the hearts of men,to ٦٩ د : ا ر لا م ز ١٦٤-١٠٦

34 ﷺ ر ٤٤ convert them and persuade them to enter the brotherhood of the faithful; and as it was in the beginning, so has it continued to be up to the present day (70) ا م وع ا ں دا ہ ا م اور ا ا ن ر ا ت دا رى آج و آ ز رت ود ت اور دل ان ض : ص ارد ا ب م ىﷺ ر That the heritage of Islam is the world was an afterthought The revelation ran in simple Arabic for the teaching of its people. From first to last the summons was to Arabs and none other. (71) و ا ب ز ن دہ و اوار ور ا م رىد آ ر ا م از اول آ اور ف ں آر ر اس ل رد وا ا م ں ا ا ا م ع ا ن ا ت : The duty of missionary work is no after-thought in the history of Islam, but was enjoined on believers from the beginning (72) آر د آ آ ت ا دے ا م وع دن ى و دو ظ ا ﷺ( ( و د ت آ ت ا ل (٧٣) آپﷺ ں دا ہ ا م وا ر دار اس Leone Caetani) راور ن ہ آ ت ا م آ ١٨٦٩ ء ١٩٣٥ ء) ا ت ا ر ان وا ا ا ں وا آ ور ا!ا م آ ﷺ( ( ا ا ر اس 70- T. W. Arnold, The preaching of Islam: A history of the propagation of the Muslim faith (London: Constable, 1913), Sir William Muir, The Caliphate: Its rise, decline, and fall (Religious tract society, St. Paul s churchyard, 1892), Arnold, The preaching of Islam, Arnold, Ibid., 3-5.

35 ﷺ ٤٥ آ ا ا ں اور ر آ ت : آر د ر It seems strange that in the face of these passages, some have denied that Islam was originally intended by its founder to be a universal religion. (74) ا م ا ر اس ت ں ت ان آ ا ت ك ا ا آ ود اور فا ب وآ ا ر ا اج ما م وا آر : The message of Islam was not for Arabia only; the whole world was to share in it.as there was but one God, so there was to be but one religion into which all men were to be invited. (75) ا م م ف ں ا اا ا ا آ ں د تدى ا ا آپﷺ آ آپﷺ ا ان ا م د ت م آپﷺ ت ع ارد اور ں : آر د ارد آ ا م رو دار Claim upon the acceptance of all mankind which the Prophet makes is further prophetically indicated in the words" firstfruit of Abyssinia," used by Muhammad in reference to Bilal, and "first-fruit of Greece ", to Suhayb ; Salman, the first Persian convert, was a Christian slave in Medina, who embraced the new faith in the first year of the Hijrah. Thus long before any career of conquest was so much as dreamed of, the Prophet had clearly shown that Islam was not to be confined to the Arab race. (76) 74- Arnold, Ibid., Arnold, Ibid., Arnold, Ibid.,

36 ﷺ ﷺ ر ﷺ ر ٤٦ ل ا از ا م آدم د ت د ے ت ﷺ( ( ( ل ا م س ت ں م )ن اور ن ل اس ح ت ا ظ ارد رس ا م (ﷺ) وا د ا م ف ب ود د ط ت ىﷺ آ را ں آر ا تا ان ط ا ا د رو ا (٧٧) د آ د ط ا م رﷺ ا رہ ف كو ت ا ارد س وہ ط ى ا ا ت ا ور ا آ ان م ىﷺ آ اس در رو ان ط : اور د ا ط وہ However absurd this summons may have seemed to those who then received it, succeeding years showed that it was dictated by no empty enthusiasm. These letters only gave a more open and widespread expression to the claim to the universal acceptance which is repeatedly made for Islam in the Quran. (78) ز آ ں ں اسو ا و ل ں ان ں ط ق و ا ق ا ط ف اس د ے ا وا اور ار ر آ ا م آن ت وا اس ر ط ا ں د آپﷺ ا اور ا ظ ا ل وا ق ان و ا ر اس آپ ﷺ و ا ں اور : وہ ر ا مو وفوا رد ط داروں Even before the conquest of Mekka he had sent messengers to the neighbouring princes of Persia, Byzantium, Abyssinia. He 77- Arnold, The preaching of Islam, 28.cf.LeoneCaetani, (Milan, Ulrico Hoepli, ), 1/725 sqq. 78- Arnold, op.cit., 28.

37 ٤٧ also invited the Christian governor of Egypt and several Arab chiefs under Persian and Byzantine sway to accept his religion. These messengers received more or less a hostile reception. Only the Greek governor treated them in a friendly spirit and sent valuable presents to the Prophet though he did not accept Islam. (79) س ادوں اور ز ا ان آپ ) ﷺ) ں دى آپ(ﷺ) ر اورا انو ز ز ا ب داروں د تا م ان وں و رد ا ف ر ا دو ا از ش آ اور (ﷺ) ر ا اس ا م ل اس اس دل د ذ ا و ں لآپﷺ ں اور ا آ ا م ر د وا وہ ا از اس ل ا ا و ا ں ا م م عا ن ل ں د آپﷺ اس Between 628 and 629 A.D. several other campaigns were undertaken against the Beduins. The number of the faithful steadily grew, and the idea became fixed in Mohamed's mind that Islam, as the only true religion, was a religion meant not only for the Arabs but for all mankind. (80) ٦٢٨ ءاور ٦٢٩ ء در ن وؤں ف د اور ت روا ا ا ن اد د ے د ےا ا اور (ﷺ) ذ ر ا م وا د ا فا ب رىا : ا ظ ت ں 79- Weil, op.cit., Weil, op.cit., 17.

38 ٤٨ و ا ب رﷺ ز آ ت ں ا وہ ورت س فر ع ا ا ذا دات ض و ڈ ر اور اس اق آپﷺ ا ا ا ام ا ں لو روا ت ا ام د ا ام آپﷺ ات اس در ا ر ف م و ہ ار ب ار د اور ب اسا ام د ا اس د ا لو ر ار ا ب ںو ى ﷺ آ رﷺ ت و رات و ا و آ و آپﷺ ا ے ر آپ ﷺ ا وہ ز د ں ت ار اور ا ب و م ز د م ڈ د اس پاور آپﷺ آ اور اس ر ق ى واٹ د ا اف آپﷺ و آپ ﷺ ذا ا ر ا ف ا م م وا ں ا ر ان ں ا و ا آپﷺ ا (٨١) آپﷺ ت فا ب د آپﷺ د و رى ا اس دى د تا م ان اآپﷺ و ا د س د د ور ا آر م د ف ب ا ا د ان ر ا ان فاس ا وہ آپﷺ و ا دور دہ ب ب ا م ا آپﷺ د ى آپﷺ ا ود ر ٨١

39 ٤٩ وا ل ا م اد ا م ب ا ف م آپﷺ ا ت ىﷺ آ د ا ا ىﷺ ت و و ر اس ار آج ب ںاور ہا آپﷺ ت وا ا ار ر (٨٢) آج آپﷺ ح ا ب ر اس ہ ر ا ر رے ر آپﷺا ب ا ے آپ آ ى و آ ا آر ا ب اس ت وا ﷺ ا ا ب ود ر ب م ا ں ا رﷺ و ہ اورار ن ا از واٹ و آ ا از اس وفا آپﷺ ا ب ہ ا و ں ر ىﷺ ا ت ا فا ا ق ں ں ان ں آ ں و ہ اس وا ہ ا اس وسان م او د ٤ ا ق (٨٣) ٣ ٣ ٥ ( ا ا ں س يہم ايتنا w الاف اق وw انفسہم ح a يتب لہم انہ وہ تو ى (Prophet) رﷺ ا ب وا ر ں اور د ا ا ا (اور ر ا اور ے ر ا ا ان ء و ر ت ر د ں اور ا د ؤ ں د م اسد ے وہآپﷺ م اس ( ﷺ )ذا ( د ى ت ا ن اور ت ز رى آپ ﷺ م دا ا ب ا ر اور د ى ز ا ب ا راہ ار اور ا آج ز ں القرآن ٥٣ ٤١: ٨٢ ٨٣

40 ٥٠ آ ق و ا د ان وا وہ( آن) ) ا ان او اور ہ ف مو ا ام ر ار ا ت ا ں ت ى رد ت ىﷺ ف ا ب ود د ى ا ت ں خ خ خ خ خ خ