A Critical Review of Du Yongbing s. Biographical Study on dge dun chos phel

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3 223 A Critical Review of Du Yongbing s Biographical Study on dge dun chos phel Lawrence Y.K. Lau Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy, Chinese University of Hong Kong Abstract This is a critical review of Du Yongbing s book-volume biographical study on dge dun chos phel. I try to argue two main points in this article. Firstly, the role of dge dun chos phel in modern Tibet is so complicated that we should not reduce the issue in a dualistic discourse of Union vs. Independence. Otherthan arousing antinomy, this dualism can do nothing to help us to clarify the problem. Secondly, from the viewpoint of historical development of Mādhyamika Philosophy in Tibetan Buddhism, Du s claim that dge dun chos phel is a original thinker within Mādhyamika tradition is philosophically groundless. Finally, this article will take Du s study as an example to illustrate the general situation of Tibetology in Mainland China.

4 224 Keywords: Tibtan Buddhism, Chinese Tibetology, Modern Tibet, dge lugs pa, dgedun chos phel

5 225 ( ) (dge dun chos phel 1, ) 2 3 (represent) 1 - (Turrell Wylie) (transliteration) (phoneticize) T.Wylie, A Standard System of Tibetan Transcription, in Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Vol.22, 1959, pp () () pp.1-8() pp

6 226 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) () () ( ) (bla ma rgyud ) (rnam thar) 4 4 J.D.Willis, On the Nature of rnam thar: Early dge lugs pa Siddha Biographies in B.N.Aziz and M.Kapstein (ed.)sounding in Tibetan Civilization (Manobar 1985), pp

7 227 (synchronic) (chronic)

8 228 (kong sprul blo gros mtha yas, ) (ris med) 5 (thub bstan kun phel) (Agvan Dorzhiev, , ) 6 5 ris med B R.A.Ray, Indestrucible Truth (Boston: Shambhala Publ., 2000) pp Geoffery Samuel,Civilized Shamans: Buddhism in Tibetan Society (Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1993),pp , pp pp S.K.Hookham, The Buddha Within (SUNY 1991) p.136, p p.175 Ringu Tulk, The Rime Movement of Jamgon Kongtrul the Great, in E.Steinkellner (ed.), Tibetan Studies Vol.II (Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1997), pp ; Ngawang Zangpo (trans.), Jamgon Kongtrul s Retreat Manual (New York: Snow Lion Publications 1994), pp.24-39; E.G. Smith, Jan mgon Kong sprul and the Nonsectarian Movement, in K.R. Schaeffer (ed.), Among Tibetan Texts: History and Literature of the Himalayan Plateau (Boston: Wisdom Publications 2001), pp ; Ringu Tulku, The Ri me Philosophy of Jamgon Kongtrul the Great: A Study of the Buddhist Lineages of Tibet (Boston: Shambhala Publications 2006) 6 (KGB) (NKVD) J.Snelling, Buddhism in Russia (Element Book 1993), p.193pp p.212 (A. Andreyev) pp Alexandre Andreyev, An Unknown Russian Memoir by Aagvan Dorjiev, Inner Asian 3, pp A. Andreyev, Soviet Russia and Tibet: The Debacle of Secret Diplomacy, s (Vol. 4 of Brill s Tibetan Studies Library, Leiden: E.J. Brill 2003) 1993 pp

9 (nub bod legs bcos skyid sdug) ( ) () ( ) (evidence) (1) 7 M.Goldstein, A History of Modern Tibet (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), Ch.5-6, pp (John F. Avedon) (In Exile from the Land of Snows 1988 p.108

10 230 (2) (3) (evidence) (1) (hor khang bsod nams dpal bar ) ( 357 )(2) (3) (4) ( 365 )

11 231 9 ( ) ( ) 10 (political 9 H.Stoddard, Tibetan Publication and National Identity, in R.Barnett (ed.), Resistance and Reform in Tibet (Bloomington : Indiana University Press 1994), p (political bhikkhu)

12 232 bhikkhu) (Nationalism) ( p ) (rtsa khrims yi ge) ( 488 ) ( 489 ) ( 356 ) (Nation-state) 2000 p C.Queen and S.King (ed.)engaged Buddhism: Buddhist Liberation Movements in Asia (SUNY, 1996)

13 ( 356 ) 233 (deb ther dkar po) ( ) 11 (sum pa mkhan po ye shes dpal byor, ) (grub mtha i rnam bzhag nyung dus)(1748 ) (dkon mchog jigs med dbang po, ) (1773 ) (thu u bkwan blo bzang chos kyi nyi ma, ) (grub mtha shel gyi me long)(1801 ) Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales) pp pp , 1995 pp pp

14 234 (Heather Stoddard) Le mendiant de l Amdo) ( ) 13 nation ( ) ( 490 ) 13 Heather Stoddard, Le mendiant de l Amdo (Societe d ethnographie 1985), p.287 :

15 235 ( ) A A

16 236 (H.Stoddard) 225 (metaphysics) (logic) (hetu-vidyā) (rtags rigs) (gtan tshig) 15 (Pramāṇavāda) (tshad ma rigs pa) (bod rga tshad ma rig pa i tshig mdzod, 1988 p.118 p Anne C. Klein, Knowledge and Liberation: Tibetan Buddhist Epistemology in Support of Transformative Religious Experience (New York: Snow Lion Publications 1986)

17 (bsdus grwa) Collected Topic of Logic and Epistemology (1) (bsdus gzhung) (2)(blo rigs) (3) (rtags rigs) (bsdus tshan) (rigs lam) (bsdus grw cheng bring chung gsum) (bsdus) (chung) ( bring) (cheng) 18 (gdan sa chen po) (dge ba i bshes gnyen) (mtshan ( 2008 ) 17 B 18 (bod rgw tshig mdzod chen mo, 2000, pp , 1925,1069,2693

18 238 nyid grwa tshangs ) (yig cha) 19 (Mādhyamika) ( 328 ) ( 3 ) tsong kha pa blo bzang graga pa, (sera dgon pa) (byes pa grwa tshang) (dga ldan rnam par rgyal ba i lugs dgon pa) (byang rtse grwa tshang) (phur bu lcog byams pa, ) (phur kog bsdus grw) (dpal ldan bras spungs phyogs thams cad las rnam par rgyal ba gling) (sgo mang grwa tshang) (blo gsal gling grwa tshang) (bla brng dgon pa) (bkra shis ihun po dgon pa) 20 < > (Elizabeth Napper)

19 21 22 mi pham rnam rgyal rgya mtsho, (dbu ma i zab gdad snying por dril ba i legs bshad klu sgrub gongs rgyan) E.Napper, Dependent-Arising and Emptiness (Boston : Wisdom Publications 1989), pp (lam rim chen mo) (lhag mthong) 22 G.Samuel, Civilized Shamans: Buddhism in Tibetan Society (Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1993), p J.W.Pettit, Mipham s Beacon of Certainty: Illuminating the View of Dzogchen (Boston: Wisdom Publications 1999), p.17, 19, 21.

20 ( 105 ) 25 (rang bzhin gyis yod pa, svabhāva)( yod pa, : bhāva) (rang bzhin gyis med pa, nihsvabhāva) ( ye med pa, abhāva) ( jam dbyangs bzhad pa, ) (sgo mang) 24 (= ), : (=, dbu ma i zab gdad snying por dril ba i legs bshad klu sgrub dgongs rgyan, 2003, 2002 ; D.Lopez, Jr., The Madman s Middle Way: Reflections on Reality of a Modernist Tibetan Monk Gendun Chopel (New York : Snow Lion Publications 2005), pp , p Jeffrey Hopkins Meditation on Emptiness (Boston: Wisdom Publications 1983), p.544 Tibetan Arts of Love: Sex, Orgasm & Spiritual Healing (New York: Snow Lion Publications 1992), pp Donald S. Lopez Jr. dge don Chos phel s Klu sgrub dgongs rgyan: A Preliminary Study, in P.Kvaerne (ed.)tibetan Studies (Oslo, 1994), pp ; Pointing the Target: On the Identification of the Object of Negation (dgag bya), in G.Newland (ed.)changing Minds (New York: Snow Lion Publications 2001), pp.73-80

21 (Candankirti) (Saūtrantika) (Sarvāstivādin) (sgras zin) (1) (2) 28 (sgra ji bzhin pa) 29 (Dharmakirti) B 28 T. Jinpa, Delineating Reason s Scope for Negation: Tsongkhapa s Contribution to Mādhyami ka s Dialectical Method, Journal of Indian Philosophy 26 (4), 199p E. Napper, Dependent Arising and Emptiness, p.35, R. Hayes, Matching Concepts: Deconstructive and Foundationalist Tendencies in Buddhist Thought, Journal of American Academy of Religions LVII13, 1989, p.583.

22 (mkhas grub dge legs dpal bzang, , ) (stong thun chen mo) 32 (dbu tshad seng ge rgyab sprod) 33 (Richard Hayes) (deconstruction) (construction) (Paul Williams) 36 (D. Seyfort-Ruegg) 31 D.S. Lopez, Jr., On Relationship of Emptiness and Dependent Arising: Some dge lugs pa Views, Tibetan Journal 14 (1), 1989, pp J.L. Garfield, Nāgārjuna s Theory of Causality: Implication Sacred and Profane, Philosophy East and West 51(4), 2001, p (stong thun chen mo, ) (dbu ma la jug pa i rgya cher bshad pa dgongs pa rab gsal) (legs bshad snying po) (yig cha), Mundgod: Gaden Jangtse Library, T1327, 2007 ; J. I. Cabezon, A Dose of Emptiness: An Annotated Translation of the stong thun chen mo of mkhas grub dge legs dpal bzang ( SUNY 1992), p.3 34 R. Hayes, Matching Concepts, p T. Jinpa, Tsongkhapa s Qualms about Early Tibetan Interpretations of Mādhyamika Philosophy, Tibetan Journal 24 (2), 1999, p P. Williams, Introduction: Some Random Reflections on the Study of Tibetan Mādhyamaka, Tibetan Journal 14 (1), 1989, p.8.

23 (On Pramāṇa Theory in Tsongkhapa s Mādhyamaka Philosophy) ( ) (rapprochement) D.Seyfort Ruegg, On Pramāna Theory in Tsongkhapa s Mādhyamaka Philosophy, in E.Steinkellner (ed.), Studies in the Buddhist Epistemological Tradition (Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 1991), p P. Williams, Introduction: Some Random Reflections on the Study of Tibetan Mādhyamaka, p.4; A. Klein, Knowledge and Liberation (Snow Lion Publ. 1986)

24 244 ( ) pp

25 245 ) p , p.3, 5

26 p p.27

27 p p G.Nakane( ), New Trends in Tibetan Studies: Towards an Elucidation of Tibetan Society, in Acta Asiatica: Bulletin of the Institute of Eastern Culture No. 76 ( 1999) pp ( ) pp

28 A :

29 ( 2001 ) ( ), pp ( ), pp ( )( 1999 ) 5. ( 1998 ) 6. ( 1993 ) ( ) ( 1999 )

30 (A. Andreyev) 70 ( ), pp (John F. Avedon) (In Exile from the Land of Snows, 1988 ) 13. ( 1996 ) 14. (Heather Stoddard), - (Le mendiant de l Amdo, Societe d ethnographie ) 15. (= ), (=, dbu ma i zab gdad snying por dril ba i legs bshad klu sgrub dgongs rgyan, 2003, 2002 ) ( ) R.A.Ray, Indestrucible Truth (Boston: Shambhala Publications 2000) 18. Geoffery Samuel,Civilized Shamans: Buddhism in Tibetan Society (Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press 1993) 19. Ngawang Zangpo (trans.), Jamgon Kongtrul s Retreat Manual (New York: Snow Lion Publications 1994), pp.24-39

31 20. E.G. Smith, Jan mgon Kong sprul and the Nonsectarian 251 Movement, in K.R. Schaeffer (ed.), Among Tibetan Texts: History and Literature of the Himalayan Plateau (Boston: Wisdom Publications 2001), pp Ringu Tulku, The Ri me Philosophy of Jamgon Kongtrul the Great: A Study of the Buddhist Lineages of Tibet (Boston: Shambhala Publications 2006) 22. Ringu Tulk, The Rime Movement of Jamgon Kongtrul the Great, in E.Steinkellner (ed.), Tibetan Studies Vol.II (Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1997), pp Alexandre Andreyev, An Unknown Russian Memoir by Aagvan Dorjiev, Inner Asian 3, 2001, pp Alexandre Andreyev, Soviet Russia and Tibet: The Debacle of Secret Diplomacy, s (Vol. 4 of Brill s Tibetan Studies Library, Leiden: E.J. Brill 2003) 25. M.Goldstein, A History of Modern Tibet (Berkeley: University of California Press 1991) 26. H.Stoddard, Tibetan Publication and National Identity, in R.Barnett (ed.), Resistance and Reform in Tibet (Bloomington: Indiana University Press 1994) 27. J.W.Pettit, Mipham s Beacon of Certainty: Illuminating the View of Dzogchen (Boston: Wisdom Publications 1999) 28. Jeffrey Hopkins, Meditation on Emptiness (Boston: Wisdom Publications 1983)

32 Jeffrey Hopkins, Tibetan Arts of Love: Sex, Orgasm & Spiritual Healing (New York: Snow Lion Publications 1992) 30. Donald S. Lopez Jr., dge don Chos phel s Klu sgrub dgongs rgyan: A Preliminary Study, in P.Kvaerne (ed.), Tibetan Studies (Oslo 1994), pp Donald S. Lopez Jr., The Madman s Middle Way: Reflections on Reality of a Modernist Tibetan Monk Gendun Chopel (New York: Snow Lion Publications 2005) 32. G.Nakane( ), New Trends in Tibetan Studies: Towards an Elucidation of Tibetan Society, in Acta Asiatica: Bulletin of the Institute of Eastern Culture No. 76 ( 1999)