8th c. Mon inscribed terracotta stupas from Nakhorn Sawan

Transcription

1 8th c. Mon inscribed terracotta stupas from Nakhorn Sawan Christian Bauer Humboldt -Universitat zu Berlin their Khmer affinities and further forays into medieval dialectology SEALS 22 Agay, France 30 May - 2 June, 2012 National Museum Bangkok room 303 cupboards 19 and 27 I. Introduction 3 h: 35 cm Nakhorn Pathom ca. 8th c. AD [ photo 1983 I 4

2 »ye dhamma«formula in Pali verse 5 Bangkok Museum stupas 6 ye dharnma hetuppabhava yesarn heturn tathagato aha yesarnca yo nirodho evarp vadt maha samaljo Of things that proceed from a cause their cause the Tathagatha has told and also their cessation Thus teaches the great ascetic known from excavations and (museum inventory) provenance: Nakhorn Pathom and Nakhorn Sawan first transcriptions of Pali inscribed stupas: Halliday, undated letter to Blagden (1920s [?)) Robert Halliday in Nakhorn Pathom note to Blagden... ) I ~..,. _,. ~ l..,...-i....(: stupa catalogue Guimet 2009 National Museum, Nakhorn Pathom 7 N.:1."CIl.ahu.11 ""- "/1«":'1'.(1 M.'J.l.t'ff~Cut. '01 P,;(f,;tTl (~t<l ct' N~~hon F'ol ~,om 8 7

3 Lopburi Museum 9 other collections 10 2x inscribed terra cotta stupas Nakhorn Pathom, Museum Thap Chumphol, Nakhorn Sawan Wat Nong Kradon, A. Muang, Nakhorn Sawan excavated March terracotta stupas, types 11 sub-types 12 lid plain (no writing) with, without Pali only (ye dhamma) Mon and Pali (ye dhamma) -+ Nitaya Kanokmongkol, Silpakorn Univ., MA, 2004 (art history) -+ Adrian Snodgrass,

4 usage 13 inscribed terracotta stupas 14 Nakhorn Pathom (2x Pali only) Lopburi/Singhburi (2x Pali only) symbolic reliquary Pattani (1x Pali only, miniature stupa) Nakhorn Sawan (7x Pali-Mon) --+ unknown elsewhere --+ date: 8th - 9th c. --+ recovered 1923, 1961, s terracotta stupas 15 stupa traditions, distribution 16 of local manufacture tradition unknown elsewhere in Thailand exc. Yarang (Pattani), different styles, earlier (7) from different sites in Nakhorn Sawan province writing in different hands northeastern Thailand, Laos»spine«on Sima stones southern Thailand on votive tablets, miniature stupas in fragments central Thailand terracotta stu pas 15 16

5 text: 17 II. Man inscribed stupas 18 line 1: ye dhamma formula line 2: donor note: ne' kyak pun tarla' x x x x x Man text 19 text 20 ne' kyak pun trala' jrap wihar variants tarala' ne' kyak pun trala' jrap wihar wo' kyak pun trala' jrap wihar -stupa -elsewhere 19 20

6 questions 21 parallels 22 ne' - etymology votive tablets Khmer? Mg.2, Mg.3 OKhm. neb - nebh, MKhm. neh - naeh nai' wo' kyak pun nai stu pas AA? NW.7, etc. OM - how many dialects? ne' kyak pun tarla' x x x x x parallels (2) 23 Mg.2 24 nai' WO' pul)ya tarala' - tarla', trala' 'lord, master' garalir'l - garlir'l, garlur'l 'number, numerous' Sakal Nakhorn, Sima stone E :::l '"VI :::l ::E c: nl '" ::.: c: 0.r: ::.: 0 c{ LL. 0 (5.r: a. kamrateli pqay ka rom 'or skurh da s jati smar 23 24

7 Mg.3 25 a Khmer calque? 26 nai' wo' pun Mahasarakham Mg.2, Mg.3 nai' wo' neh gi pun OKhm. ne' kyakpun Nakhorn Sawan stupas D ~ o '0.r: a. pul)ya kamr wo' kyakpin Kalasin moulds KS.1, KS Nakhorn Sawan 2001, Wat Nang Kradan Ila. Samples

8 /04 - Nang Krot Bangkok National Museum rubbing : FAD NW , Lopburi Museum

9 /04 - Nong Krot Bangkok National Museum (lower part, fragment) rubbing : FAD 286/04 rubbing: FAD /04, detail [... ]/04, illegible rubbing : FAD 35 36

10 37 [... ]104, script? - Pali only rubbing: FAD III. Interpretations

11 Khmer-Mon axis (isogloss?) across Si Thep? 41 Language shift scenario in Nakhorn Sawan 42 Mon> Khmer Khmer influence in NE limited across axis to NW? Khmer> Thai (earliestthai inscription #11 / Nw.1 (AD 14th c.) Mon inscriptions of Laos - all wo'-type Crodes 1958, JA, hypothesis (K 966, Nakhorn Sawan, Banpot Pisai, AD 1167, Pali-Khmer inscription) implication: Khmer influence in NW/NC-Thai through Mon speakers in C-Thai direct Ban Thalat discovered photo: 2011 late 1960s

12 .. '".. 0>

13 AA cognates? - Shorto AA cognates? - Shorto '191 'nl?; 'nih lhi.. a: (Katuic, Bahnaric, Khmuic, Khasi, Viel-Muong, Nicobaric) Kuy nl:, Slieng ne:l, nl: Ihis.he", Sre ne Ihere, Bahnar?n y,?nl: Ihal, Kammu-Yuan nl? Ihis near al hand, Khasi [!! &c. J~, Muong nl lhis (Barker ), Cenlral Nicobarese ane Ihal (pronoun). b: (Khmer, Palaungic) Old Khmer neh, Middle Khmer neh neh, nih neh, Riang- Lang _nl Ihis. Bahnar?n-in deictic also in following, which compare.; as 1475 'naay, 1435a '?[ay]? &c. Jakun & Sakai (Lanoh) forms at Skeat & Blagden 1906 T 89 are _ Malay. Sora -ne- in e.g. ten-ne- here, Kurku Inl Ihis, &c. (Pinnow ). proto-austronesian 'In,1 Ihis: Malay 1nl, &c. (Oempwolff ; Oyen 1953 S 133; Dahl 1973 S 15.2). See Benedict (pou & Jenner 1975 no. 44. ) 1475 'n,aay deictic. a: (Khmer, Khmuic, Viet-Mliong) Khmer ni:ay onthejarside.overthere, Kammu-Yuan na:y that, Vietnamese Dill' (beside llily) this. Cf. 91 'nl? &c. this; original compound, as perhaps 1466 't,aay that... of 65 't,l? &C.? But conceivably - Tai, cf. Benedict Christian Bauer, unless stated otherwise christian.bauer@staff,hu-beriin,de 5'

14