RELIGION & PHILOSOPHY
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1 DUS (Sindhu Saraswati) Civilization RELIGION & PHILOSOPHY Chandrika Govardhan July 23,
2 In the eyes of the FDA. IF it is not written, it does not exist IF it is not decipherable, it does not exist FDA wants to take the guesswork out BUT with INDUS Artifacts, It is all GUESSWORK. Religion & Philosophy 2
3 INDUS VALLEY EXPANSE Religion & Philosophy 3
4 Religion & Philosophy are DISTINCT Religion Set of beliefs, feelings, dogmas and practices that define the relation between human being and divinity. Based on Faith Philosophy Rational investigation of truth. Philosophy pushes us to question our assumptions of common sense and what appears logical. Philo for love; Sophia wisdom. Philosophers are devoted to wisdom. They are unafraid to ask and think about big questions. Geography and People 4
5 Religion & Philosophy are DISTINCT (2) Philosophy Rational investigation of truth. As I absorbed this definition, it dawned on me Isn t this what Indian tradition is about? It asks us not to accept anything but to test everything by experience i.e. ANUBHAVA. Geography and People 5
6 INDUS SCRIPT NOT DECIPHERED Challenge Move from the Material World to the Religious Ideological System in the absence of Written Texts. What can be learned from Religious Structures Iconography Ritual Practices Treatment of the Dead / Burials Geography and People 6
7 Basis for the interpretation and Deductions from the Artifacts Direct historical approach From better known historical imagery & texts from present day South Asian religions Comparative analyses with Mesopotamia and Sumerian civilization Indus people were into ritualistic practices Trees and animals were venerated No evidence of religious structures Worship of deity, Mother Fertility Goddess Belief in life after death Religion & Philosophy 7
8 Religious practices - Purification Purification of body with a bath Presence of a large rectangular water tight basin despite bathing platforms in every house block Is it a religious structure? THE GREAT BATH Religion & Philosophy 8
9 Wells in DHOLAVIRA & KUTCH (Oct 2014) Kutch 3X bigger than the Great Bath Bathing platforms at Lothal & Kalibangan Geography and People 9
10 Religious practices Purification (2) Why need the GREAT BATH structure when bathing platforms are found in every house block? Possibly for purposes of purification prior to a ritual which is a practice still observed Rituals coinciding with season changes & astronomical events such as eclipses?? ; goddess propitiation??? Body of water is normally found within or outside temples certainly in South India that is used for rituals (FLOATS) and for purification purposes before certain rituals Religion & Philosophy 10
11 Preparation of mind & body Religion & Philosophy 11
12 Ritual practices Female figurines with red pigment Religion & Philosophy 12
13 Elephant Head figurine with traces of red and white pigment 4,500 year old Elephant head figurine with stylized widespread ears Traces of white and red paint bands visible on the face suggest that some wild elephants may have been tamed and ritually decorated, a practice done even now in India Religion & Philosophy 13
14 Fire pits in Kalibangan Religion & Philosophy 14
15 Did rituals involve FIRE? Fire Equally important in Indian religion Fire altars uncovered in Kalibangan 7 oblong clay-lined pits containing charcoal, ash & terracotta cakes, the latter used in kilns to retain heat Each pit had a cylindrical clay stele (an upright stone or slab with an inscription) probably representing the lingam Paved bathing platform associated with these pits Houses in Kalibangan have a room with a fire altar Cattle bones in some pits animal sacrifice? Could these have been cooking hearths or kilns for pottery? Geography and People 15
16 Religious Practices (Fire) Terracotta figurines had headgear with side extensions believed to hold oil lamps Traces of oil and black residue found in these Religion & Philosophy 16
17 Where did they conduct their religious practices? NO Shrines Citadel mound in Mohenjo-Daro Complex pillared hall for public assembly Other unusual buildings Can t confirm their use for religious purpose No evidence of ritual practices or objects Geography and People 17
18 Religious Practice under trees.. Possibly and likely Seal Features Deity like figure in Pipal tree Individual adorned with horns and headdress bowed before figure Ritual or rite of passage Religion & Philosophy 18
19 TREE MOTIFS (2) Heart shaped pipal tree leaves often arranged in groups of 3 were commonly painted on small and large jars, domestic vessels, seals and as part of narrative scenes on terra cotta tablets Religion & Philosophy 19
20 TREE MOTIFS (3) Human figures with water jars bow before tree under an arch of pipal leaves Trees: Are being worshipped as sacred spaces and symbols Are a place of refuge and sustenance Are symbols of fertility and protection Pipal tree was considered the abode of a horned deity Religious activities involving numerous worshippers take place at the foot of the tree even now Geography and People 20
21 Animals, chimeric - animals & human combined, multiple heads Tiger common motif Struggle between animals and humans probably used to tell stories to children and impart morals Were the terracotta animals used as Votive offerings in place of actual sacrifice Miniature ones as amulets Geography and People 21
22 Animals Motifs (2) Religion & Philosophy 22
23 Animal Motifs (3) Religion & Philosophy 23
24 Ritual Utensils & Paraphrenalia Geography and People 24
25 Goddess Figurines? LLLLL Religion & Philosophy 25
26 Who conducts the ritual practices PRIEST-KING? Religion & Philosophy 26
27 Other icons and symbols Endless Knot & Swastikas Religion & Philosophy 27
28 Other Motifs (2) Endless knot copper tablets in Mohenjodaro. Does not appear on other objects. May be specific to a cult or community Swastika Could represent the Purushartha (Dharma, Artha, Kama, Moksha) Left or right turning may represent different philosophy schools Fish seal fertility or protection Checker-board design Circle & dot Circle a protective symbol Sun, moon, eye or navel Defense against evil powers Conical stone objects Phallic symbols or Pestles Amulets or gaming pieces Geography and People 28
29 Burials with pottery Excavated grave in Rakhigari (India) had terracotta pots as funerary objects arranged around the head of the deceased suggesting a belief in life after death No signs of trauma Religion & Philosophy 29
30 Burial (2) A -Burial in Clay box (Harappa) B - Pit with side chamber closed by mud bricks (Mehrgarh) C Pot Burial with skeleton (Kalibangan) D Brick-lined burial (Kalibangan) E Lothal Brick line double burial Religion & Philosophy 30
31 Burial according to socio-religious status (3) Sometimes with expensive jewelry Group Burial of the same community Shell bangles vs. Terracotta Jewelry associated with initiation or protection not passed on Female burials with jewelry but male burials barely had any Religion & Philosophy 31
32 In Conclusion. Indus society was a ritualistic society Purification of body through bath and yoga Rituals included Fire Trees were used as sacred space and symbols Animals and trees were venerated Used Utensils, Conch and Ladles Worship of Fertility Goddess Burial finds leads one to conclude that they believed in life after death A number of these religious beliefs continue to this day Religion & Philosophy 32
33 Bibliography The Archaelogy of South Asia, Cuningham & Young The Ancient Indus, Rita Wright India by Michael Wood Ancient cities of the Indus Valley Civilization The Indus river by Shane Mountjoy Civilizations of the Indus valley and beyond, Sir Mortimer Wheeler A cultural history of India by A.L. Basham A brief history of India by Alain Danielou Cradle of civilization by Fuertsein, Frawley & Kak A peaceful Realm, The rise & fall of Indus Civilization by Jane Mcintosh Ancient India: Land of Mystery 934 ANC Vanished Civilizations (Revel and Barbier) Religion & Philosophy 33
34 Bibliography Religion & Philosophy 34
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