or. SOCRATES. VOL. IV. 3 C

Transcription

1 THE APOLOGY or. SOCRATES. VOL. IV. 3 C

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3 INTRODUCTION TO THE APOLOGY OF SOCRATES.. Pi ^ 1 HE elevation and greatnefs of mind for which Socrates was fo juftly* celebrated by antiquity, are perhaps no where fo confpicuoufly difplayed as in this his Apology. In a fituation in which death itfelf was prefented to his view, he neither deviates from the molt rigid veracity, nor has recourfe to any of thofe abject arts, by which in limilar circumftances pity is generally folicited and punifhment fometimes averted. His whole difcourfe, indeed, is full of fimplicity and noble grandeur, and is the energetic language of confeious innocence and offended worth. The caufes that occafioned this Apology were as follow : Ariftophanes, at the mitigation of Melitus, undertook, in his comedy of The Clouds, to ridicule the venerable character of Socrates, ON the ftage; and the way BEING once open to calumny and defamation, the fickle and licentious populace paid no reverence to the philofopher, whom they had before regarded as a being of a fuperior order. When this had fucceeded, Melitus* flood forth to criminate him, together with Anytus and Lycon ; and the philofopher was fummoned before the tribunal of the Five Hundred. He was accufed of * making innovations in the religion of his country, and corrupting the. youth. But as both thefe accufations muft have been obvioufly falfe to y an unprejudiced tribunal, the accufers relied for the fuccefs of their caufe ON perjured witneffes, and the envy of the judges, whofe ignorance would readily yield to mifreprefentation, and be influenced and guided by falfe eloquence and fraudulent arts. That the perfonal enemies indeed of Socrates, vile chaa c 2 RACTERSJ^

4 196 INTRODUCTION TO rafters, to whom his wifdom and his virtue were equally offenfive, mould have accufed him of making innovations in the religion of Greece, is by no means furprifing; but that very many of modern time6 fhould have believed that this accufation was founded in truth, and that he endeavoured to fubvert the doctrine of polytheifm, is a circumftance which by the truly learned reader muft be ranked among the greateft eccentricities of modern wit. For to fuch a one it will moft clearly appear from this very Apology, that Socrates was accufed of impiety for afferting that he was connected in a very tranfcendant degree with a prefiding daemon, to whofe direction he confidently fubmitted the conduct of his life. For the accufation of Melitus, that he introduced other novel daemoniacal natures, can admit of no other conftruction. Befides, in the courfe of this Apology he afferts, in the moft unequivocal and folemn manner, his belief in polytheifm ; and this is indubitably confirmed in many places by Plato, the moft genuine of his difciples, and the moft faithful recorder of his doctrines. The teftimony of Xenophon too on this point is no lefs weighty than decifive. " I have often wondered, 1 ' fays that hiftorian and philofopher J, "by what arguments the Athenians who condemned Socrates perfuaded the city that he was worthy of death. For, in the firft place, how could they prove that he did not believe in the Gods in which the city believed? fince it was evident that he often facrificed at home, and often on the common altars of the city. It was alfo not unapparent that he employed divination. For a report was circulated, that fignals were given to Socrates, according to his own affertion, by a daemoniacal power; whence they efpecially appear to me to have accufed him of introducing new daemoniacal.natures. He however introduced nothing new, nor any thing different from the opinion of thofe who, believing in divination, make ufe of auguries and oracles, fymbols and facrifices. For thefe do not apprehend that either birds, or things which occur, know what is advan- 1 FLoMaxis c6av(aa(ra y TIAI ttote Xoyo/f AQrivaiouf t7rei<rav bi ypa-^a^tvoi 'Luxpamy i u( afrof ei* Bavxrov tjj WOXEi. TlpUTOV [A V OUV US OUH EV0/AL{sv bug h 7T0Xlf VO/XL^TL $?!/, TTOTU fltot' IXpYWOCffO TEXFIVPIU *, $*/0J» T yap xpxnpoi nv TroXXaxif fxtv o»xoi, woxxa*i$ fo em to>v KOIVUV TH$ iroxewj ^UfxaV xai (xavnxn Xpaptiof, oux a<pavri{ W 3iET T^*7]To yap y w{ (pain Tuxparnf r» iai/xoviov eavrco <m/<tajv iv, Mtv in xai (xahurta fioi <W>wiv CIUTO* artuzaacrqaiy xaiva SatfAona tiatptpuv, b ovfov xaivo/xivov u<rt<ptpt TUV axxwv, bfoi fxavxixw vo/xi^ovtej, (Mttvoi? Tt xp^vrat, xsct Qyifsiais, xai avfiqoxoi^ xai Svataic buroi rs yap U7ROHAIJI. avou<th/ I bu rout opvtdas, oufo rovs asravtwvras tifovai ta <ri>ix<p pona tojj fwfl>t t/oji*woff, atta rovi Seoi/j Jia tovtwv aura cm^mvfiv* xaxuvos ut«? tvopttiv. P tageous

5 T H E A P O L O G Y OF S O C R A T E S. 107 tageous to the diviners; but they are of opinion that the Gods thus fignify to them what is beneficial; and he alfo thought the fame. Again, in another place, he obferves as follows: " Socrates 1 thought that the Gods take care of men not in fuch a way as the multitude conceive. For they think that the Gods know fome things, but do not know others. But Socrates thought that the Gods know all things, as well things faid and done, as thofe deliberated in filence. That they are alfo everywhere prefent, and fignify to men concerning all human affairs. I wonder, therefore, how the Athenians could ever be perfuaded that Socrates was not of a found mind refpecting the Gods, as he never faid or did any thing impious concerning them. But all his fayings and all his actions pertaining to the Gods were fuch as any one by faying and doing would be thought to be moft pious." And lafuy, in another place he obferves, "That it was evident that Socrates worfhipped the Gods the moft of all men V After fuch unequivocal tcftimony, no other reafon can be afligned for that ftrange pofition of the- moderns, that Socrates ridiculed the religion of his country, than a profound ignorance of one of the moft important tenets of the heathen religion, and which may alfo be confidered as ranking among the firft of the moft magnificent, fcientific, and divine conceptions of the human mind. The tenet I allude to is this, that the effential, which is the moft perfect energy of deity, is deific ; and that his firft and immediate progeny muft as neceffarily be Gods, that is, beings tranfeendantly fimilar to himfelf, and poffeffing thpfe characteriffics fecondarily which he poffeffes primarily, as heat is the immediate offspring of fire, and coldnefs of fnow. From being unacquainted with this mighty truth, which is coeval with the -univerfe itfelf, modern theologifts and fophifts have dared to defame the religion of Greece, and, by offering violence to the facred pages of antiquity, 1 Kai yap zmy-txtiaqai Stous evofxi&v avopuirxv^ oux bv rpo-rrov ci fro\koi ]>Ofju ou<riv. bvroi ptv yap oiovrzi rovg Beoug ra put eifovxi, ta <T OVK Eifovai' Zuxparng fo navra /tttv nyeiro $:ou$ tifovai, ra re Xeyofitva KM wpattoixeva, xai ra navraxou fo TtapEivai xai cnplxiveiv rag avqpwxoig <ntpi ruv avqpwrrtwt irxvtcov. au[j.x a OI/V, b?rug nore itteuronrav AFLNVAIOI, Laxparrw vrepi roug toug /AH cruqpovv.v, rov aatzig fxsv tufo-rrore nipi roug Stoug our' tnrovrx oure 7rpa avra' roiaura fo xai htyovra xai 7rparrovra nifi $ «V, bia <rig av xai teycov xai -npartm E;>J TE xai vo/j-i^otro eucri^etrrarog. P a $wpo-, MV Sspamuuiv roug SEOI/J, pzhhtra TO>» A M «V avfyunuv, P have

6 198 INTRODUCTION TO THE APOLOQY OF SOCRATES, have made the great Socrates himfelf become the patron of their own mallow and diftorted conceptions. But to return to the Apology. Lyfias, one of the moft celebrated orators of the age, compofed an oration, in a laboured and pathetic ftyle, which he offered to Socrates to be pronounced as his defence in the presence of his judges. Socrates however refufed it, obferving, that a philofopher ought to bp confpicuous for magnanimity and iirmnefs of foul. Hence, in his Apology, he paid no attention to the fplendor of diction, but trufted wholly to the intrinfic dignity of his fentiments. He contented himfelf with fpeaking to his judges as he ufed to do in common difcourfe, and with propofing queftions to his accufers. Hence his defence was entirely the fpontaneous effufions of his genius; fimple and plain, yet nervous and dignified. Several perfons who aflifted in the court upon this occafion, befides Plato, drew up the Apology of Socrates. Among the reft Xenophon compiled one from the relation of Hermogenes the fon of Hipponicus, for he himfelf was not then at Athens. None of them arc extant, however, but thofe of Plato and Xenophon. And of thefe, thefirftis in every refpect worthy the greateft difciple of Socrates; but the other prefents us with an imperfect copy, becaufe compofed by a difciple that was abfent. This imperfect copy, however, fufficiently proves that the fubftance of this Apology is accurate, how much foever it may have been amended by pafling through fuch a hand as., that of Plato. THE

7 THE APOLOGY OF SOCRATES. I KNOW not, O Athenians, how you may be affected by my accufers : I indeed have through them almoft forgotten myfelf, fo perfuafively have they fpoken; though, as I may fay, they have not afferted any thing which is true. But among the multitude of their falfe affertions I am mod: furprifed at this, in which they fay that you ought to beware of being deceived by me, as if I were an eloquent fpeaker. For that they fhould not be afhamed of afferting that which will be immediately confuted by me in reality, fince in the prefent inftance I fhall appear to you to be by no means eloquent, this feems to me to be the confummation of impudence; unlefs they call him eloquent who fpeaks the truth. For, if they affert this, I fhall indeed acknowledge myfelf to be a rhetorician, though not according to theirconceptions. They have not then, as I faid, afferted any thing which is true ; but from me you will hear all the truth. Not, by Jupiter, O Athenians, that you will hear from me a difcourfe fplendidly decorated with nouns and verbs, and adorned in other refpects, like the harangues of thefe men ; but you will hear me fpeaking in fuch language as may cafually prefent itfelf. For I am confident that what I fay will be juff, nor let any one of you expect it will be otherwife : for it does not become one of my age to come before you like a lad with a ftudied difcourfe. And, indeed, I very much requeft and befeech you, O Athenians, that if you fhould hear me apologizing in the fame terms and modes of expreffion which I am accuftomed to ufe in the Forum, on the Exchange and public Banks, and in 5 other

8 too THE APOLOGY OF SOCRATES. other places, where many of you have heard me, that you will neither wonder nor be difturbed on this account; for the cafe is as follows : I now for the firff time come before this tribunal, though I am more than feventy years old * r and confequently I am aftrangerto the mode of fpeaking which is here adopted. As, therefore, if I were in reality a foreigner, you would pardon me for ufing the language and the manner in which I had been educated, fo now I requeft you, and this juftly, as it appears to me, to fuffer the mode of my diction, whether it be better or worfe, and to attend fo this, whether I fpeak what is juft or not: for this is the virtue of a judge, as that of an orator is to fpeak the truth. In the firft place, therefore, O Athenians, it is juft that 1 fhould anfwer the firft falfe accufations of me, and my firft accufers, and afterwards the latter accufations, and the latter accufers. For many have been accufers of me to you for many years, and who have afferted nothing true, of whom I am more afraid than of Anytus'and his accomplices, though thefe indeed are powerful in perfuading; but thofe are ftill more fb, who having been converfant with many of you from infancy, have perfuaded you, and accufed me falfely. For they have faid, that there is one Socrates, a wife man, ftudious of things on high, and exploring every thing under the earth, and who alfo can make the worfe to be the better argument. Thefe men, O' Athenians, who fpread this report are my dire accufers. For thofe who hear it think that fuch as inveftigate thefe things do not believe that there are Gods. In the next place, thefe accufers are nvfmerous, and have accufed me for a long time. They alfo laid thefe things to you in that age in which you would moft readily believe them, fome of you being boys and lads; and they accufed me quietly, no one fpeaking in my defence. But that which is moft irrational of afl is this, that neither is it poffible to know and tell their names, except fome one of them fhould be a comic 1 poet. Such however as have perfuaded you by employing envy and calumny, together with thofe who being perfuaded themfelves have perfuaded others, with: refpecl to all thefe, the method to be adopted is moft dubious. For it is not poffible to call them to account here before you, nor to confute any one of them ; but it is neceflary, as if fighting with fhadows, to make my defence and refutation without any to anfwer me. Confider, therefore, as I have Meaning Ariftophanes.

9 THE APOLOGY OF SOCRATES. faid that my accufers are twofold, fome haying accufed me lately, and others formerly; and think that it is neceffary I mould anfwer the latter of thefe firft; for you alfo have heard thefe my accufers, and much more than ypu have thofe by whom I have been recently accufed. Be it fo. I mufl defend myfelf then, O Athenians, and endeavour in this fo fhort a fpace of time to remove from you the calumny which you have fo long entertained. I wifh, therefore, that this my defence may effect fomething better both for you and me, and that it may contribute to fome more important end. I think however that it will be attended with difficulty, and I am not entirely ignorant what the difficulty is. At the fame time let this terminate as Divinity pleafes. It is my bufinefs to obey the law, and to make my apology. Let us repeat, therefore, from the beginning what the accufation was, the fource of that calumny in which Melitus confiding brought this charge againft. me. Be it fo. What then do my accufers fay? For their accufation muft be formally recited as if given upon oath. It is this: SOCRATES ACTS WICKEDLY, AND WITH CRIMINAL CURIOSITY INVESTIGATES THINGS UNDER THE EARTH, AND IN THE HEAVENS. HE ALSO MAKES THE WORSE TO BE THE BETTER ARGUMENT ; AND HE TEACHES THESE THINGS TO OTHERS. Such is the accufation : for things of this kind you alfo have yourfelves feen in the comedy of Ariffophanes 1 : for there one Socrates is carried about, who affirms that he walks upon the air, and idly afferts many other trifles of this nature ; of which things however I neither know much nor little. Nor do I fay this as defpifing fuch a fcience, if there be any one wife about things of this kind, left Melitus fhould charge me with this as a new crime; but becaufe, O Athenians, I have no fuch knowledge. I adduce many of you as witneffes of this, and I call upon fuch of you as have at any time heard me difcourfing, and there are many fuch among you, to teach and declare to each other, if you have ever heard me fpeak much or little about things of this kind. And from this you may know that other things alfo, which the multitude affert of me, are all of them of a fimilar nature : for no one of them is true. For neither if you have heard any one affert that I attempt to teach men, and that I make money by fo doing, VOL. IV. 1 See The Clouds of that poet, ver. 1x2 et feq. et ver D neither

10 002 THE APOLOGY OF SOC RATES. neither is this true. This indeed appears to me to be a beautiful thing, if fome one is able to inftruct men, like Gorgias the Leontine, Prodicus the Cean, and Hippias the Elean. For each of thefe, in the feveral cities which he vifits, has the power of perfuading the young men, who are permitted to apply themfelves to fuch of their own countrymen as they pleafe without any charge, to adhere to them only, and to give them money and thanks befides for their inftruction. There is alfo another wife man, a Parian, who I hear has arrived hither. For it happened that I once met with a man who fpends more money on the fophifts than all others, I meancallias the fon of Hipponicus. I therefore afked him, for he has two fons, O Callias, faid I, if your two fons w-ere two colts or calves, mould we not have fome one to take care of them, who would be paid for fo doing, and who would make them beautiful, and the polteffors of fuch good qualities as belong to their nature? But now, fince your fons are men, what mafter do you intend to have for them? Who is there that is fcientifically knowing in human and political virtue of this kind? For I think that you have confidered this, fince you have fons. Is there fuch a one, faid I, or not? There certainly is, he replied. Who is he? faid I. And whence is he? And for how much money does he teach? It is Evenus the Parian, faid he, Socrates, and he teaches forfiveminae (15L). And I indeed have confidered Evenus as bleffed,. if he in reality poffeffes this art, and fo elegantly teaches. I, therefore, fhould alfo glory and think highly of myfelf, if I had a fcientific knowledge of thefe things; but this, O Athenians, is certainly not the cafe. Perhaps, however, fome one may reply: But, Socrates, what have you done then? Whence have thefe calumnies againft you arifen? For unlefs you bad more curioulty employed yourfelf than others, and had done fomething different from the multitude, fo great a rumour would never have been raifed againft you. Tell us, therefore, what it is, that we may not pafs an unadvifed fentence againft you.. He who fays thefe things appears to me to fpeak juftly, and I will endeavour to fhow you what that is which has occasioned me this appellation and calumny. Hear, therefore ; and though perhaps I fhall appear to fome of you to jeft, yet be well affured that I fhall tell you all the truth. For I, O Athenians, have acquired this name through nothing elfe than a certain wifdom. But of what kind is this wifdom? Perhaps it is human wifdom. For this in reality I appear to poffefs. Thofe indeed

11 THE APOLOGY OF SOCRATES indeed whom I jun: now mentioned poffeffed perhaps more than human wifdom, which I know not how to denominate : for I have no knowledge of it. And whoever fays that I have, fpeaks falfely, and afferts this ta calumniate me. But, O Athenians, be not diffurbed if I appear to fpeak fomewhat magnificently of myfelf. For this which I fay is not my own affertion, but I fhall refer it to one who is confidered by you as worthy of belief. For I mall adduce to you the Delphic Deity himfelf as a teflimony of my wifdom, if I have any, and of the quality it poffeffes. You certainly then know Chcerepho: he was my affociate from a youth, was familiar with moft of you, and accompanied you in and returned with you from your exile. You know, therefore, what kind of a man Chasrepho was, and how eager in all his undertakings. He then, coming to Delphi, had the boldnefs to confult the oracle about this particular. Be not, as I faid, O Athenians, diffurbed: for he afked if there was any one more wife than I am. The Pythian prieftefs, therefore, anfwered that there was not any one more wife. His brother can teff ify to you the truth of thefe things; for Chacrepho himfelf is dead. Confider then on what account I affert thefe things: for I am going to inform you whence this calumny againfl me arofe. When, therefore, I had heard this anfwer of the oracle, I thus confidered with myfelf, What does the God fay? and what does he obfcurely fignify? For I am not confcious to myfelf that I am wife, either in a great or in a fmall degree. What then does he mean in faying that I am moft wife? For he does not lie, fince this is not lawful to him. And for a long time, indeed, I was dubious what he could mean. Afterwards with confiderable difficulty I betook myfelf to the following mode of inveftigating his meaning. I went to one of thofe who appear to be wife men, that here if any where I might confute the prediction, and evince to the oracle that this man was more wife than I. Surveying, therefore, this man, (for there is no occafion to mention his name, but he was a politician ;) while I beheld him and difcourfed with him, it fo happened, O Athenians, that this man appeared to me to be wife in the opinion of many other men, and efpecially in his own, but that he was not fo. And afterwards I endeavoured to mow him that he fancied himfelf to be wife, but was not. Hence I became odious to him, and alfo to many others that were prefent. Departing, 2 D 2 therefore,

12 THE APOLOGY OF SOCRATES. therefore, I reafoned with myfelf that I was wifer than this man. For it appears tr\at neither of us knows any thing beautiful or good : but ne indeed not knowing, thinks that he knows fomething; but I, as f do not know any thing, neither do I think that I know. Hence in this trifling particular I appear to be wifer than him, becaufe I do not think that I know things which I do not know. After this I went to another of thofe who appeared to be wifer than him ; and of him alfo I formed the fame opinion. Hence. alfo I became odious to him and many others. Afterwards however I went to others, fufpecling and grieving and fearing that I mould make enemies. At the fame time however it appeared to me to be neceffary to pay the greateft attention to the oracle of the God, and that, considering what could be its meaning, 1 fhould go to all that appeared to poffefs any knowledge. And by the dog O Athenians, (for it is neceffary to tell you the truth,) that which happened to me was as follows. Thofe that were moft celebrated for their wifdom appeared to me to be moft remote from it; but others who were confidered as far inferior to them poffeffed more of intellect. But it is neceffary to relate t» you my wandering, and the labours as it were which 1 endured, that the oracle might become to me unconfuted. For after the politicians I went to the poets both tragic and dithyrambic, and alfo others, expecting that I fhould here immediately find myfelf to be lefs wifp than thefe. Taking up, therefore, fome of their poems which appeared to me to be the moft elaborately written, 1 afked them what was their meaning, that at the fame time I might learn fomething from them. I am afhamed indeed, O Athenians, to tell you'the truth; but at the fame time it muft be told. For, as I may fay, all that were prefent would have fpoken better about the things which they had compofed. I difcovered this, therefore, in a fhort time concerning the poets, that they did not effect, by wifdom that which they did, but by a certain genius and from enthufiaftic energy, like prophets and thofe that utter oracles. For thefe alfo fay many and beautiful things, but they underftand nothing of what they fay. Poets, therefore, appeared to me to be affected in a fimilar maimer. And at the fame time I perceived * 'PAJAJUTATV^oj opxe$ oj/toj, b Kara xi/voj, i? x*l v S> * Tr^aravov^ ij xptov, % nvo( axxov roiovrov, SchoJ. Griec. in Plat. p. 5. i. c " This is the oath of Rhadamanthus, who fwore by the dog, or the goofe, or the plane tree, or the ram, or fomething elfe of this kind." that

13 THE APOLOGY OF SOCRATES. 205 that they confidered themfelves, on account of their poetry, to be the wifeft of men in other things, in which they were not fo. I departed, therefore, alfo from them, thinking that I furpaffed them by the very lame thing in which 1 furpaffed the politicians. In the laff place, therefore, I went to the artificers. For I was confeious to myfelf that I knew, nothing, as I may fay, but that thefe men poffeffed knowledge, becaufe I had found them acquainted with many and beautiful things. And in this indeed I was not deceived ; for they knew things which I did not, and in this they were wifer than I. But, O Athenians, good artificers alfo appeared to me to have the fame fault as the poets. For each, in confequence of performing well in his art, thought that he was alfo moft wife in other things, and thofe the greateft. And this their error obfeured that very wifdom which they did poffefs. I therefore afked myfelf in behalf of the oracle, whether I would choofe to be as I am, poffefling no part either of their wifdom or ignorance, or to have both which they poffefs. I anfwered, therefore," for myfelf and for the oracle, that it was advantageous for me to be as I am. From this my inveftigation, O Athenians, many enmities were excited againft me, and fuch as were moft grievous and weighty, fo that many calumnies were produced from them ; and hence I obtained the appellation of the wife man. For thofe that hear me think that I am wife in thefe things, the ignorance of which I confute in others. It appears however, O Athenians, that Divinity is wife in reality, and that in this oracle he fays this, that human wifdom ' is but of little, or indeed of no worth ; and it feems that he ufed my name,, making me an example, as if he had faid, He, O men, is the wifeft among you, who, like Socrates, knows that he is in reality of no worth with refpect to wifdom. Thefe things, therefore, going about, I even now inquire and explore in obedience to the God, both among citizens and ftrangers, if any one of them appears to me to be wife ; and when I find he is not, giving affiftance to the God, I demonftrate that he is not wife. And in confequence of this employment I have no leifure * 1 his is the key to the profound meaning of Socrates when he faid that he knew that he knew nothing. For, as I have elfcwhere obferved, he only intended by this tofignifythe nothingnefs of human when compared with divine knowledge. worth

14 26ft THE APOLOGY OP SOCRATES. worth mentioning either for public or private tranfadions; but I am in great poverty through my religious cultivation of the God. Befides, the youth that fpontaneoufly follow me, who efpecially abound in leifure, as being the fons of the moft wealthy, rejoice on hearing men confuted by me ; and often imitating me, they afterwards endeavour to make trial of others. In which attempt I think they find a numerous multitude of men who fancy that they know fomething, but who know little or nothing. Hpnce, therefore, thofe who are tried by them are angry with me, and not with them, and fay that there is one Socrates a moft wicked perfon, and who corrupts the youth. And when fome one afks them what he does, and what he teaches, they have nothing to fay, but are ignorant. That they may not however appear to be dubious, they affert things which may be readily adduced againft all that philofophize, as, that he explores things on high and under the earth, that he does not thinkthere are Gods, and that he makes the worfe to be the better reafon. For I think they are not willing to fpeak the truth, that they clearly pretend to be knowing, but know nothing. Hence, as it appears to me, being ambi* tious and vehement and numerous, and fpeaking in an elegant and perfuafive manner about me, they fill your ears, both before and now calumniating in the extreme. Among thefe, Melitus, Anytus, and Lycon, have attacked me; Melitus indeed being my enemy on account of the poets; but Anytus on account of the artificers and politicians; and Lycon on account of the orators. So that, as I faid in the beginning, I fhould wonder if I could remove fuch ah abundant calumny from your minds in fo fhort a time. Thefe things, O Athenians, arc true; and I thus fpeak, neither concealing nor fubtracling any thing from you, either great or fmall; though I nearly know that I fhall make enemies by what I have faid. This however is an argument that I fpeak the truth, that this is the calumny which is raifed againft me, and that the caufes of it are thefe. And whether. now or hereafter you inveftigate thefe things, you will find them to be as I have faid. Concerning the particulars, therefore, which my firft accufers urged againft me, let this be a fufficient apology to you. In the next place, I fhall endeavour to reply to Melitus, that good man and lover of his country, as he fays, and alfo to my latter accufers. For again, as being different from the former accufers, let us take the oath 6 f

15 THE APOLOGY OF SOCRATES. 0O7 of thefe. men for calumny. The accusation then is as follows: So^ crates, it fays, acls unjuftly, corrupting the youth ; and not believing in thofe Gods in which the city believes, he introduces other novel daemoniacal natures. Such then is the accufation; of which let us examine every part. It fays, therefore, that I aft unjuftly by corrupting the youth. But I, O Athenians, fay that Melitus a&s unjuftly, becaufs he intentionally trifles, rafhly bringing men into danger, and pretending to beftudiousand folicitous about things which were never the objects of his care. But that this is the cafe I will endeavour to (how you. Tell me then, O Melitus, whether you confider it as a thing of the greateft confequence, for the youth to become the bed: of men? I do. Come, then, do you therefore tell them what will make them better r For it is evident that you know, lince it is the object: of your care. For, having found me to be a corrupter of youth, as you fay, you have brought me hither, and are my accufer ; but come, inform me wko it is that makes them better, aad fignify it to this affembly. - Do you fee, O Melitus, that you are filent, and have not any thjng to' fay? Though, does it not appear to you to be fhameful, and a fufficient argument of what I fay,-.that this is not the objeft of your attention? But tell me, O gtood man, who it is that makes them better. The laws. I do not, however, alk this, O bed of men, but what man it is that firft knows this very thjng, the laws. Theft men, Socrates, arc the judges. How do you fay, Melitus? Do they know how to inftrucl: the youth, and to make them better? Efpecially fo. But whether dp all of them know how? or do fome of them know, and others not? All of them.- You fpeak well, by Juno, and adduce a great abundance of thofe that benefit. But what? Can thefe auditors alfo make the youth better, or not? Thefe alfo. And what of the fenators The fenators alio can effeft this. But, O Melitus, do fome of thofe that harangue the people in an aftembly corrupt the more juvenile ; or do all thefe make them better I All thefe. All the Athenians therefore, as it feems, make them to be worthy and good, except me, but I alone corrupt them. Do you fay fo? Thefe very things I ftrenuoufly affert. You charge me with a very great infelicity.. But anfwer me : Does this alfo appear to you to be the cafe refpecling horfes," viz. that all men can make them better, but that there is only one pcrfon that

16 206 THE APOLOGY OF SOCRATES. that corrupts them? or does the perfect contrary of this take place, fo that it is one perfon who can make them better, or, at leaft, that thofe poffeffed of equeftrian fkill are very few ; but the multitude, if they meddle with and make ufe of horfes, corrupt them? Is not this the cafe, O Melitus, both With refpect to horfes and all other animals? It certainly is fo, whether you and Anytus fay fo, or not. For a great felicity would take place concerning youth if only one perfon corrupted, and the reft benefited them. However, you have fufficiently fhown, O Melitus, that you never beftowed any care upon youth ; and you clearly evince your negligence, and that you pay «o attention to the particulars for which you accufe me. Further ftill, tell me, by Jupiter, O Melitus, whether it is better to dwell in good or in bad polities? Anfwer, my friend: for I afk you nothing difficult. Do not the depraved always procure fome evil to thofe that continually refide near them ; and do not the good procure fome good? Entirely fo. Is there then any one who wifhes to be injured by his affociates, rather than to be benefited? Anfwer, O good man : for the law orders you to anfwer. Is there any one who wifhes to be injured? There is not. Come then, whether do you bring me hither, as one that corrupts the youth, and makes them depraved willingly, or as one who docs this unwillingly? I fay that you do it willingly. But what, O Melitus, is it poffible that you,, who are fo much younger than I am, mould well know that the depraved always procure fome evil to thofe that are moft near to "them, and the good fome good ; but that I fhould have arrived at fuch ignorance as not to know that, if I make any one of my affociates depraved, I fhall be in danger of receiving fome evil from him ; and that I, therefore, do this fo great an evil willingly, as you fay? I cannot be perfuaded by you, O Melitus, as to thefe things, nor do I think that any other man would: but either I do not corrupt the youth, or I corrupt them unwillingly. So that you fpeak falfely in both affertions. But if I unwillingly corrupt them, the law does not order me to be brought hither for fuch-like involuntary offences, but that I fhould be taken and privately taught and admonifhed. For it is evident that, if I am taught better, 1 fhall ceafe doing that which I unwillingly do. But you, indeed, have avoided me, and have not been willing to affociate with and inftruct me; but you have brought me hither, where the law orders thofe who require

17 THE APOLOGY OF SOCRATES. log require punishment, and not difcipline, to be brought. Wherefore, O Athenians, this now is manifeft which I have faid, that Melitus never paid the fmalleft attention to this affair. At the fame time, however, tell us, O Melitus, how you fay I corrupt the youth. Or is it not evident, from your written accufation, that I teach them not to believe in the Gods in which the city believes, but in other new divine powers? Do you not fay that, teaching thefe things, I corrupt the youth? Perfectly fo: I ftrenuoufly affert thefe things. By thofe very Gods, therefore, Melitus, of whom wc are now fpeaking, fpeak in a ftill clearer manner both to me and to thefe men. For I cannot learn whether you fay that I teach them to think that there arc not certain Gods, (though I myfelf believe that there are Gods, for I am by no means an atheift, nor in this refpect do I act iinjuftly,) not, indeed, fuch as the city believes in, but others, and that this it is for which you accufe me, that I introduce other Gods; or whether you altogether fay that I do not believe there are Gods, and that I teach this doctrine alfo to Others. I fay this, that you do not believe that there are Gods. O wonderful Melitus, why do you thus fpeak? Do I then think, unlike the reft of mankind, that the fun and moon are not Gods? He does not, by Jupiter, O judges : for he fays that the fun is a ftone, and that the moon is earth. O friend Melitus, you think that you accufe Anaxagoras ; and you fo defpife thefe judges, and think them to be fo illiterate, as not to know that the books of Anaxagoras the Clazomenian are full of thefe affertions. Befides, would the youth learn thofe things from me, which they might buy for a drachma at moft in the orcheftra, and thus might deride Socrates if he pretended they were his own, ESPECIALLY SINCE THEY ARE LIKEWISE so ABSURD 1? But, by Jupiter, do I then appear to you to think that there is no God? None whatever, by Jupiter. What you fav, O Melitus, is incredible, and, as it appears to me, is fo even to yourfelf. Indeed, O Athenians, this man appears to me to be perfectly infblent and intemperate in his fpeech, and to have in reality written this accufation, impelled by a certain infolence, wnntonnefs, and youthfulncfs. For he feems, as it were, to have compofed an aenigma in order to try me, and to have faid 1 This aflcriion, among many others, affords an inconteftable proof that Socrates believed in the religion of his country : for he here clearly fays, that the doctrine of Anaxagora*, which made the fun and moon to be no Gods, is akfurd. VOL, IV. 2 to

18 210 THE APOLOGY OF SOCRATES: to himfelf, Will the wife Socrates know that I am jetting, and fpeaking corrw trary tomyfelf? Or (hall I deceive him, together with the other hearers? For he appears to me to contradict himfelf in his accufation, as if he had faid, Socrates is impious in not believing that there are Gods, but believing that there are Gods. And this, indeed, muft be the afiertion of one in jeft. But let us jointly confider, O Athenians, how he appears to me to have aflerted thefe things. And do you, O Melitus, anfwer us, and, as I requeued you at firir, be mindful not to difturb me if I difcourfe after my ufual manner.. Is there then any man, O Melitus, who thinks that there are human affairs,, but does not think that there are men? Pray anfwer me, and do not make fo much noife. And is there any one who does not think that there are horfes, but yet thinks that there are equeftrian affairs? or who does not think that there are pipers, but yet that there are things pertaining to pipers? There is not, O heft of men. For I will fpeak for you, fince you are not willing to anfwer yourfelf. But anfwer alfo to this : Is there any one who thinks that there are daemoniacal affairs, but yet does not think that there are daemons r There is not. How averfe you are to fpeak! fo that you (carcely anfwer, compelled by thefe things- Do you not, therefore, fay that I believe in and teach things daemoniacal, whether they are new or old? But indeed you acknowledge that I believe in things daemoniacal, and to this you have iworn in your accufation. If then I believe in daemoniacal affairs, there is an abundant neceffity that I fhould alfo believe in the existence of daemons* Is it not fb? It is. For I fuppofe you to aftent, fince you do not anfwer. But with refpedr. to daemons *, do we not think either that they are Gods, or the fons of Gods? Will you acknowledge this or not? Entirely fo. If, therefore, I believe that there are daemons as you fay, if daemons are certain Gods, will it not be as I fay, that you fpeak aenigmatically and iix jeft, fince you affert that I do not think there are Gods, and yet again think that there are, fince I believe in daemons? But if daemons are certain fpurious fbns of the Gods, either from Nymphs, or from certain others, of whom they are faid to be the offspring, what man can believe that there are fbns of the Gods, and yet that there are no Gods? For this would be jufb as abfurd, as if fome one fhould think that there are colts and mules, but * For a copious account of diemons, fee the Notes on The Banquet.. fhoultf

19 THE APOLOGY OF SOCRATES. 211 jfhould not think that there are horfes and affes. However, O Melitus, it cannot be otherwife but that you have written this accufation, either to try -me, or becaufe there vwas not any crime of which you could truly accufe me. For it is impoffible that you lhould perfuade any man who has the fmalleft degree of intellect, that one and the fame perfon can believe that there are daemoniacal and divine affairs, and yet that there are neither daemons, nor Gods, nor heroes. That I am not, therefore, impious, O Athenians, according to the accufation of Melitus, does not appear to me to require a long apology; but what I have faid is fufficient. As to what I before obferved, that there is a great enmity towards mc among the vulgar, you may be well affured that it is true. And this it is which will condemn me, if I lhould happen to be condemned, viz. the hatred and envy of the multitude, and not Melitus, nor Anytus; which indeed has alfo happened to many others, and thofe good men, and will I think again happen in futurity. For there is no reafon to expect that it will terminate in me. Perhaps, however, fome one will fay, Are you not afhamed, Socrates, to have applied yourfelf to a ftudy, through which you are now in danger of being put. to death? To this perfon I fhall juftly reply, That you do not fpeak well, O man, if you think that life or death ought to be regarded by the man who is capable of being ufeful though but in a fmall degree; and that he ought not to confider this alone when he acts, whether he acts juftly, or unjuftly, and like a good or a bad man. For thofe demigods that died at Troy would, according to your reafoning, be vile characters, as well others as the fon of Thetis, who fo much defpifed the danger of death when compared with difgraceful conduct, that when his mother, who was a goddefs, on his defiling to kill Hector, thus I think addreffed 1 him My fon, if you revenge the (laughter of your friend Patroclus, and kill Hector, you will yourfelf die, for faid fhe, death awaits you as foon as Hector expires : Notwithftanding this, he confidered the danger of death as a trifle, and much more dreaded living bafely, and not revenging his friends. For he fays, May I immediately die, when I have inflicted juft punifhment on him who has acted unjuftly, and not ftay here an object of ridicule, by the crooked fhips, and a burden to the ground? Do you think that he was J Iliad, HU. xviii. ver. 94, &c. 2 2 folicitous

20 THE APOLOGY OF SOCRATES. folicitous about death and danger? For this, O Athenians, is in reality the cafe : wherever any one ranks himfelf, thinking it to be the beft for him, or wherever he is ranked by the ruler, there as it appears to me he oqght to. abide, and encounter danger, neither paying attention to death nor to any thing elfe before that which is bafe. I therefore, O Athenians, mould have acted in a dire manner, if, when thofe rulers which you had placed over me had affigned me a rank at Potidea, at Amphipolis, and at Delium, I fhould then have remained where they ftationed me, like any other perfon, and fhould have encountered the danger of death ; but that, when Divinity has ordered, as I think and apprehend, that I ought to live philofophifing, and exploring myfelf and others, I fhould here through fear of death or any other thing defert my rank. JFor this would be dire r and then in reality any one might juftly bring me to a court of judicature, and accufe me of not believing in the Gods, in confequence of not obeying the oracle, fearing death, and thinking myfelf to be wife when I am not. For to dread death, O Athenians, is nothing elfe than to appear to be wife, without being fo: fince it is for a man to appear to know that which he does not know. For no one knows but that death may be to man the greateft of goods; but they dread it, as if they well knew that it is the greateft of evils. And how is it poffible that this fhould not be a moft difgraceful ignorance, I mean for a man to fufpedfe that he has a knowledge of that of which he is ignorant? But I, O Athenians, differ perhaps in this from the multitude of men ; and if I fhould fay that I am wifer than fome one in any thing, it would be in this, that not having a fufficient knowfedge of the things in Hades, I alfo think that I have not this knowledge. But I know that to act unjuftly, and to be difobedient to one more excellent, whether God or man, is evil and bafe. I fhall never, therefore, fear and avoid things which for aught I know may be good, before thofe evils which 1 know to be evils. So that neither if you fhould now difmifs me, (being unperfuaded by Anytus, who faid that either I ought not to have been brought hither at hvft, or that, when brought hither, it was impoffible not to put me to death, telling you that if I efcaped, all your fons ftudying what Socrates had taught them would be corrupted,) if befides thefe tilings you fhould fay to me, O Socrates, we now indeed fhall not be perfuaded by Anytus, but we fhauv difmifs you, though on this condition.

21 THE APOLOGY OF SO CRATE condition, that afterwards you no longer bufy yourfelf with this inveftigation, nor philofophife, and if hereafter you are dete&ed in fo doing, you (hall die, if, as I faid, you mould difmifs me on thefe terms, I mould thus addrefs you : O Athenians, I honour and love you : but I obey Divinity rather than you ; and as long as I breathe and am able, I mail not ceafe to philofophife, and to exhort and indicate to any one of you I may happen to meet, fuch things as the following, after my ufual manner. O befl of men-, fince you are an Athenian, of a city the greatefr. and the mod: celebrated for wifdom and ftrength, are you not afhamed of being attentive to the means of acquiring riches, glory and honour, in great abundance, but to beftow no care nor any confideration upon prudence * and truth, nor how your foul may fublift in the mod excellent condition? And if any one of you fhould contend with me, and fay that thefe things are the objecls of his care, I fhould not immediately difmifs him, nor depart, but I mould interrogate, explore, and reafon with him. And if he fhould not appear to me to poflefs* virtue, and yet pretend to the pofleffion of it, I mould reprove him as one who but little efteems things of the greatefr. worthy but confiders things of a vile and abjed nature as of great importance. In this manner I fhould act by any one I might happen to meet, whether younger or older, a ftxanger or a citizen ; but rather to citizens, becaufe ye are more allied to me. For be well altured that Divinity commands me thus to a&. And I think that a greater good never happened to you in the city, than this my obedience to the will of Divinity. For I go about doing nothing elfc than perfuading both the younger and older among you, neither to pay attention to the body, nor to richer, nor any thing elfe prior to the foul r nor to be fo much concerned for anything, as how the foul may fubfift in the moll: excellent, condition. I alfo fay that virtue is not produced from riches, but riches from virtue, as likewife all other human goods, both privately and publicly - If, therefore, afterting thefe things-, I corrupt the youth, thefe things will be noxious; but if any one fays that I aftert other things than thefe,, he fays^ nothing. In addition to this I (hall fay, 0 Athenians, that whether you are perfuaded by Anytus or not, and whether you difmifs me or nor, I- ihairi not act otherwife, even though I fhould die ofteiu. y Meaning mttlurualprudencewhich it die contemplation of the form*-contained in iatellatvi-

22 214 THE APOLOGY OF SOCRATES. Be not difturbed, O Athenians, but patiently hear what I (hall requeft of you ; for I think it will be advantageous for you to hear. Fotvlam about to mention certain other things to you, at which perhaps you will be clamorous ; though let this on no account take place. Be well alfured then, if you put me to death, being fuch a man as I fay I am, you will not injure me more than yourfelves. For neither Melitus nor Anytus injures me; for neither can they. Indeed, I think it is not lawful for a better to be injured by a worfe man. He may indeed perhaps condemn me to death, or exile, or difgrace ; and he or fome other may confider thefe as mighty evils. I however do not think fo ; but, in my opinion, it is much more an evil to act as he now acts, who endeavours to put a man to death unjuftly. Now, therefore, O Athenians, it is far from my intention to defend myfelf, (as fome one may think,) but I thus fpeak for your fake, left in condemning me you fhould (in againft the gift of Divinity. For, if you fhould put me to death, you will not eafily find fuch another (though the companion is ridiculous) whom Divinity has united to this city as to a great and generous horfe, but fluggifh through his magnitude, and requiring to be excited by a certain fly. In like manner Divinity appears to have united fuch a one as I am to the city, that I might not ceafe exciting, perfuading and reproving each of you, and every where fitting among you through the whole day. Such another man, therefore, will not eafily arife among you. And if you will be perfuaded by me, you will fpare me. Perhaps, however, you, being indignant, like thofe who are awakened from fleep, will repulfe me, and, being perfuaded by Anytus, will inconfiderately put me to death. Should this be the cafe, you will pafs the reft of your time in fleep, unlefs Divinity lhould fend fome other perfon to take care of you. But that i am fuch a one as I have faid, one imparted to this city by Divinity, you may underftand from hence. For my conduct does not appear to be human, in neglecting every thing pertaining to myfelf and my private affairs for fo many years, and always attending to your concerns, addreffmg each of you feparately, like a father, or an elder brother, and perfuading you to the ftudy of virtue. And if indeed I had obtained any emolument from this conduct, and receiving a recompenfe had exhorted you to thefe things, there might be fome reafon for afferting that I acted like other men ; but now behold, even my jaccufcrs themfelves, who have fo fhamelefsly calumniated me in every thing 9 elfe,

23 THE APOLOGY OF SOCRATES. '215 elfe, have not been fo impudent as to charge me with this, or to bring witneffes to prove that I ever either demanded or folicited a reward. And that I fpeak the truth, my poverty I think affords a fufficient teitimony. Perhaps, therefore, it may appear abfurd, that, going about and involving myfelf in a multiplicity of affairs, I fhould privately advife thefe things, but that I fhould never dare to come to your convention,. and confult for the city. The caufe of this is that which you have often heard mc every where afferting, viz* becaufe a certain divine and daemoniacal r voice is prefent with me, which alfo Melitus in his accufation derided. This voice attended me from a child ; and, when it is prefent, always dijfuades me from what I intended to do, but never incites me. This it is which oppofed my engaging in political affairs ; and to me its oppofition appears to be all-beautiful. For be well affured, O Athenians, if I had formerly attempted to tranfact political affairs, I fhould have perifhed long before this, and fhould neither have benefited you in any fefpedt, nor myfelf* And be not indignant with me for fpeaking the truth. For it is not poffible that any man can be fafe, who fincerely oppofes either you, or any other multitude, and who prevents many unjuft and illegal actions from taking place in the city; but it is neceffary that he who in reality contends for the juft, if he wifhes even but for a little time to be fafe, fhould live privately, and not engage in public affairs. I will prefent you with mighty proofs of thefe things, not words, which you honour, but deeds. Hear then the circumftances which have happened to me, that you may know that I fhall not yield to any one contrary to what is becoming, through dread of death ; though at the fame time by not yielding I fhall perifh. For I, O Athenians, never bore.the office of magictrate * in the city, but I have been a fenator: and it happened that our Antiochean tribe governed, when you thought proper to condemn the ten generals collectively, for not taking up the bodies of thofe that perifhed in the naval battle 3 ; and in fo doing acted illegally, as afterwards appeared to 1 See the note at the beginning of the Firft Alcibiades for a full account of the daemon of Socrates. * The people of Athens were divided into tribes, and fifty men were chofen by turns out of each, who governed thirty-five days, and were called Prytani or Senators. b This battle was fought by CalHcratidas, the Lacedaemonian general, againft the ten Athenian, generals, who obtained the victory. all

24 THE APOLOGY OP SOCRATES. all of you. At that time I alone of the Prytaneans oppofed you, that you might not aft contrary to the laws, and my fuffrage was contrary to yours. When the orators alfo were ready to point me out and condemn me, and you likewife were exhorting and vociferating to the fame end, I thought that I ought rather to encounter danger with law and juftice, than adhere to you, not eftablifhing what is juft, through fear of bonds or death. And thefe things indeed happened while the city was yet a democracy ; but when it became an oligarchy, the Thirty fent for me and four others to the Tholus B f and ordered us to bring Leon the Salaminian from Salamis, in order to be $>ut to death*; for by thefe orders they meant to involve many others in guilt. Then indeed I, not in words but in deeds, mowed them, if the afler- 4ion is not too ruftic, that I made no account of death ; but that all my attention was directed to this, that I might do nothing unjuft or unholy. For that dominion of the Thirty, though foftrong,did not terrify me into the perpetration of any unjuft a&ion. But when we departed from the Tholus, the four indeed went to Salamis, and brought with them Leon; but I returned home. And perhaps for this I fhould have been put to death, if that government had not been rapidly diftolved. Thefe things many of you can teftify. Do you think, therefore, that I could have lived for fo many years, if I had engaged in public affairs, and had acted in a manner becoming a good man, giving affiftance to juftice, and doing this in the mod eminent degree? Far otherwife, O Athenians : for neither could any other man. But I, through the whole of my life, if I do any thing publicly, fhall appear to be fuch a man ; and being the fame privately, I fhall never grant any thing to any one contrary to juftice, neither to any other, nor to any one of thefe whom my calumniators fay are my difciples. I however was never the preceptor of any one ; but I never repulfed either the young or the old that were defirous of hearing me fpeak after my ufual manner. Nor do I difcourfe when I receive money, but refrain from fpeaking when I do not receive any ; but I fimilarly offer myfelf to be interrogated by the rich and the poor : and if any one is willing to anfwer, he hears what 1 have to fay. Of > The Tholus was a kind of clerks office, where the Prytani dined, and the clerks fat. % This happened in the fc.cond year of the 39th Olympiad. thefe