CHAPTER : CONFIRMING LEGITIMACY. Believing himself more deserving of a leadership role than Lenin, after Stockholm
|
|
- Rosemary Johnston
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 CHAPTER : CONFIRMING LEGITIMACY Believing himself more deserving of a leadership role than Lenin, after Stockholm Djugashvili felt a need to shape an independent identity which would confirm his legitimacy as a leader of the revolutionary proletariat. Consequently, in 1906 and 1907 documenting his leadership qualities, authenticating his proletarian standing, and creating a new hero-identity for himself became important concerns for Djugashvili. One shortcoming as a leader that Djugashvili felt was his lack of mastery of theory or, rather, his lack of a reputation as a master of theory. In What Is To Be Done? Lenin had stated, A man who is flabby and shaky on questions of theory is not a revolutionary, but a wretched amateur!" 1 To prove himself a professional revolutionary hard, not flabby the practical activist took the plunge into the waters of theory. The day after his What Is To Be Done? appeared, Djugashvili began serial publication of Anarchism or Socialism? an extended work in which he strove to win his spurs as a theoretician. 2 It was in its chapters that Djugashvili described his father the failed cobbler who had become a proletarian. Publication of the full work was not completed until April In analyzing Anarchism or Socialism? Philip Pomper has detected a passage in which he thinks Djugashvili had himself in mind. Only a few pages into the piece, Djugashvili wrote that Anything in life which is born and grows day after day is invincible, its progress cannot be checked. This is to say, for example, if the proletariat as a class is born and grows day after day, no matter how weak and small in numbers it may be today, in the long run it must triumph. Why? Because it is growing, gaining strength and marching forward. On the other hand, whatever in life is growing old and advancing to its grave must inevitably sustain defeat, even if today it represents a titanic force. 3 Pomper perceptively interprets these lines as reflecting Djugashvili s unshakeable faith in himself or his chosen people the proletariat. 4 This is true enough. But there is broader
2 2 import to Djugashvili s words, which may best be understood in the context of the challenge to Lenin s leadership implicit in his article of the previous day. Because Djugashvili s conviction that the proletariat will be victorious no matter how weak it may be today expresses a candid assessment of his own momentary position and his personal self-confidence, then it follows that his forecast that whatever in life is growing old and advancing to its grave must inevitably sustain defeat, even if today it represents a titanic force reflects his thinking about Lenin. It was fitting for Djugashvili, who earlier had envisioned Lenin as a giant, to see him now as a titanic force to be fought and, of course, defeated by the young but invincible true-proletarian hero. And it is hardly surprising that Djugashvili thought of the older man as advancing to [his] grave : only the day before he had affirmed his duty to dig a grave for the leadership role of bourgeois democrats. Such wishful fantasies were a natural outgrowth of the frustration felt by the embittered young Georgian who was unable, in reality, to mount a challenge to Lenin s dominance. Aspiring heroes need heroic names, and in signing his What Is To Be Done? on June 20 Djugashvili gave himself one: Koba. It was the name of a hero created by a popular Georgian novelist, A. Kazbegi, whose books appealed greatly to nationalistic Georgians suffering under the Russian yoke in the latter decades of the nineteenth century and offered readers especially youthful ones imaginary heroes and victories to sustain and inspire them. Typical of Kazbegi s heroes, the fictional Koba, an outlaw in a world ruled by craven exploiters, embodied a simple but deeply held code which exalted steadfast and disciplined loyalty to one s group, constant vigilance against the ever present threat of being betrayed to one s enemies, and patient determination at any cost to avenge victims of treason and oppression. Of course, he ultimately triumphed. Strongly drawn to the character, Djugashvili had used Koba s name since adolescence, but taking it as his Party nom de guerre endowed it with greater significance as an expression of his political persona. We may suppose that it expressed his loyalty to or oneness with the
3 3 proletariat and its cause, his determination to take vengeance on those who oppressed or betrayed the proletariat, and his certainty of prevailing in the long run. The Koba identity, Pomper points out, prepared Stalin for a revolutionary career. 5 Fittingly, the newly renamed Koba gave his new journalistic enterprise the title New Life, which like What Is To Be Done? he stole from the revolutionary Lenin of pre-tammerfors days. 6 Beside attesting to Djugashvili's new life as a revolutionary, his "Koba" identity also seems to have expressed his sense of being an outsider, an outlaw, apart both from Russian society and after Stockholm also from the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP). Alienation from the Party is evident in Koba s maiden article of June 1906, What Is To Be Done?" With the bad taste of Stockholm then still very fresh in his mouth, he appears to have wanted to avoid even stating the name of the Party. Nowhere in the article did he mention the RSDLP, directly or indirectly. Of the recent Party Congress or its decisions he said not one word. When he specified the duty which lay ahead, it was not the duty of the Party but rather our duty. 7 Koba s first published words envisioned a triumphant popular revolution led by true and determined proletarian heroes who, he added parenthetically, should be Social Democrats rather than by the Social Democratic Party, commanded by bourgeois intellectual waverers who had failed as leaders in For him, starting a New Life meant breaking with the past. But actually making a new life as a hero was more difficult than proclaiming one. However deeply Koba was alienated from the Party, bolting from it was not a viable course of action. He had no choice, organizationally or ideologically, save to remain in Russia s only Marxist party. Troublesome, too, was his alienation from the man who had served both as his model hero and the authority who had legitimized his own militancy. Standing alone against both a hostile Party and his former hero, Koba needed reassurances that his stand was right. One source of support, albeit short lived, was his fellow Georgian militant and ally at Tammerfors, the worker-activist G. P. Telia, who, though several months younger
4 4 than the 27-year old Koba, died in March In a memorial tribute, 8 Koba described his friend, a former domestic servant and carpenter, as a man of irreproachable character and inestimable value for the Party who personified the best features of the proletarian. Attributing to Telia amazing capabilities, inexhaustible energy, independence, profound love for the cause, heroic determination and apostolic talent, Koba concluded that Men like Telia are encountered only in the ranks of the proletariat, only the proletariat gives birth to heroes like Telia, and the proletariat will take revenge on the accursed system to which our comrade, the workingman G. Telia, fell victim. Despite a promise to avoid excessive eulogy and to say only what is true, Koba clearly idealized Telia, thereby attesting to his friend s importance as a source of validation and support. Though their lives were not identical, the mourner strove to liken Telia to himself. As Koba described him, Telia was born in poverty in a Georgian village, had become a Marxist organizer-agitator, led a mass demonstration in Tiflis, been hunted by the police, written for Brdzola (a Georgian socialist paper), set up an underground printing plant, been confined in Kutaisi prison, become a Bolshevik after reading Lenin s What Is To Be Done? and One Step Forward, Two Steps Back, attended the Tammerfors Conference, and written on the subject of anarchism versus socialism all of which Koba himself had done. But Koba had not been a worker, as Telia had been; though a child of poverty, his own claim to proletarian status was vicarious. 9 In likening the workingman G. Telia to himself, then, Koba was attempting to authenticate himself as a real member of the working class. 10 Men like Telia are encountered only in the ranks of the proletariat, Koba said, and only the proletariat gives birth to heroes like Telia. Stalin needed to be recognized as a true proletarian. Perhaps no one understood this better than his old Georgian colleague Yenukidze, who in a brief reminiscence in 1930 ascribed to Stalin a proletarian background and a uniquely effective way of relating to workers. 11 But the importance to Stalin of being associated with real proletarians is nowhere clearer than in remarks he himself made to workers during a visit in 1926 to the
5 5 Tiflis railroad workshops. Offering to give a true picture of what I was formerly, and to whom I owe my present position in our Party, he remembered that Comrade Arakel said here that in the old days he regarded himself as one of my teachers, and myself as his pupil. That is perfectly true, comrades. I really was, and still am, one of the pupils of the advanced workers of the Tiflis railroad workshops I recall the year 1898, when I was first put in charge of a study circle of workers from the railway workshops I recall the days when in the home of Comrade Sturua, and in the presence of Djibladze (he was also one of my teachers at that time), Chodrishvili, Chkheidze, Bochorishvili, Ninua and other advanced workers of Tiflis, I received my first lessons in practical work. Compared with these comrades, I was then quite a young man. I may have been a little better read than many of them were, but as a practical worker I was unquestionably a novice in those days. It was here, among these comrades, that I received my first baptism in the revolutionary struggle. It was here, among these comrades, that I became an apprentice in the art of revolution. As you see, my first teachers were Tiflis workers. Permit me to extend to them my sincere comradely thanks. I recall, further, the years , when, by the will of the Party, I was transferred to work in Baku. Three years of revolutionary activity among the workers in the oil fields steeled me as a practical fighter and as one of the local practical leaders. Association with such advanced workers in Baku as Vatsek, Saratovets, Fioletov and others taught me what it means to lead large masses of workers. It was there, in Baku, that I thus received my second baptism in the revolutionary struggle. There I became a journeyman in the art of revolution. Permit me to extend my sincere comradely thanks to my Baku teachers. 12 Certainly Stalin calculated his words to present himself in politically useful lights. For example, he went on to credit the guidance of my great teacher, Lenin, in helping him become a revolutionary master workman in But the foremost intent of his remarks was to attest to his authenticity as a proletarian, as is particularly clear in the metaphor as apprentice, journeyman, and master workman that he chose to characterize himself. Notwithstanding the self-legitimizing purpose of Stalin s speech, it also betrays real affection for the worker-comrades of his youth, with whom he was no doubt more comfortable than with members of the privileged orders. That his sentiments were genuine is indicated by his appreciative but politically incorrect remembrance of several Tiflis workers who became prominent Mensheviks, most notably Djibladze and Chkheidze.
6 6 After Stockholm Koba also found kinship and support in the work of two prominent German Social Democrats, Karl Kautsky and August Bebel. For more than a year, Kautsky would serve Koba as the authority he needed. Already in 1905 Djugashvili had written favorably of Kautsky, finding his criticisms of intellectuals especially appealing, and he cited him extensively in defending Lenin s What Is To Be Done? 14 He referred to Kautsky again in early 1906 as an authority on the land issue, this time in preference to the wayward Lenin. A greater tribute came soon after Stockholm when Koba said that Kautsky and Bebel, like Bolsheviks, were revolutionary Marxists. 15 When Kautsky published an article in 1906 entitled The Driving Forces and Prospects of the Russian Revolution, Koba brought out a Georgian translation in February 1907 and prefaced the pamphlet with the claim that the views of Kautsky who he called an outstanding theoretician of Social Democracy and a great authority agreed with the positions of the Bolsheviks. Interestingly, Koba explained the Bolshevik positions by referencing Lenin, but he cited only works written before Stockholm and conferred no praise on his former hero. 16 For Kautsky, however, more words of high praise followed. 17 After 1907 Koba s enthusiasm for the German cooled; unfortunately, his writings offer no explanation why. Bebel, unlike Kautsky a man of the proletariat, enjoyed a longer favor with Koba. Several times in 1905 and 1906 the Georgian quoted and mentioned him favorably. 18 These references may take on additional meaning in view of Bebel's efforts during 1904 and 1905 against Lenin's desires to unite the divided Russian Social Democrats. 19 Between 1909 and 1912 Djugashvili repeatedly pointed to Bebel as an example of the kind of leader that the Russian working class needed to produce if it was to emancipate itself. 20 Most significant, however, is a tribute Koba wrote in March 1910 honoring the German on his seventieth birthday. 21 In language reminiscent of his eulogy to Telia, Koba noted that Only the militant proletariat could have produced a man like Bebel, virile, eternally young and eternally forward looking, and expressed admiration for Bebel s thirst for learning,
7 7 independence of mind, firmness of belief, moral strength, uncompromising attitude, and industry. In summarizing Bebel s life, Koba described him as a child of poverty who had lost his father when still a boy (as had Koba), then raised himself up by studying and by opposing authority, refused to forsake the struggle for socialism despite repression, and stood firm in defense of revolutionary tactics against compromisers who favored entering the Kaiser s government. Because few specific events in Bebel s life corresponded with events in his own, Koba could not establish so strong an identification with Bebel as he had with Telia, but he nonetheless managed to describe his subject s broad experiences and positions in ways suggestive of his own. As in the eulogy to Telia, his evident purpose in making this association was to cast himself as a legitimate proletarian hero, this time on a grander scale. Koba s admiration for Kautsky and Bebel may have led the Georgian to visit Germany. Interviewed in 1931 by German journalist Emil Ludwig, Stalin said that If there is one nation to which we are attracted... they are the Germans, and he claimed to have been in Berlin for 2-3 months in 1907 as well as in Dresden and Chemnitz. An experience illustrative of the German love of order that he related to Ludwig suggests that he might have been in contact with a German Social Democratic Party organization. 22 There is no evidence, however, to confirm his statements. It does seem highly probable, though, that he did at least pass through Germany in 1907 en route to and from the Fifth Party Congress, held in London in May and June. Perhaps on these occasions he stayed over in Germany hoping to meet Kautsky and Bebel or studying the workings of the German Party, or perhaps his statements to Ludwig are nothing more than exaggerated accounts of brief transits through Germany meant to suggest that he had had broad experience of European socialism. In the identity that Djugashvili-Koba was shaping for himself after Tammerfors and Stockholm, authenticating himself as a true proletarian was the most important element. By labeling his father in 1907 as a proletarian, using the pseudonym Besoshvili to
8 8 express identification with him, and likening the real proletarians Telia and Bebel to himself, Djugashvili was trying to paint a convincing picture of himself as a real proletarian. But he was not content just to validate his own claims. The assertions in his homages to Telia and Bebel that only the proletariat gives birth to such heroes explicitly excluded persons of privileged background from the ranks of heroes and leaders of the proletarian revolution. He also asserted this exclusionary view in his first article after Stockholm when he called upon workers to become revolutionary leaders and take the places of the privileged intellectuals who had been leading the proletariat in a less than honorable way. But though he regarded Lenin as one of the privileged leaders to be replaced and envisioned himself as the new hero-leader who would avenge the sufferings of the proletariat, he could not fully break free of the deep hold that Lenin once had had on him. The lingering power of that hold is demonstrated by his continuing high regard for What Is To Be Done?, his acceptance of its stricture that a leader must be strong in matters of theory as well as practice, and especially his mimicking its title in launching his new identity as Koba. The pre-tammerfors Lenin that Djugashvili had once imagined would continue for many years to serve as his ideal of a revolutionary leader, but after Tammerfors and Stockholm the living Lenin would rarely rise high in Djugashvili s estimation. 1 LCW, 5: SW, 1: See also Pomper, 177, and Tucker, Stalin, SW, 1:301. Emphases in the original. 4 Pomper, Pomper, ; on Koba and Kazbegi, see also Tucker, Stalin, 78-82; David Marshall Lang, A Modern History of Soviet Georgia (New York, 1962), ; and Donald Rayfield, The Literature of Georgia (Oxford, 1994), Lenin served as an editor of the Social Democratic newspaper Novaia Zhizn (New Life) upon his return to Russia in November In the weeks prior to Tammerfors, Novaia
9 9 Zhizn served as the major vehicle for his views. See Vladimir Il'ich Lenin: Biograficheskaia khronika (hereafter VILBK), 12 vols. (Moscow, ), 2: , and LCW, 10: It is possible that a short article by Lenin in Novaia Zhizn on the subject of socialism and anarchism (LCW, 10:71-74) inspired Djugashvili s choice of this topic in 1906 for his first foray into theory. 7 Ra vaketot, Akhali Tskhovreba, June 20, SW, 2: Emphases in the extracts quoted from this work are in the original. 9 When Stalin was about eight years old, it is probable that his father took him to work briefly at the Adelkhanov shoe factory in Tiflis; no other potentially proletarian work experience is known. The only other job of any kind he is known to have held was from December 1899 to March 1900 in a part-time clerical capacity at the Tiflis Observatory. 10 A note in Stalin s Works claims that on September 29, 1907, he delivered a speech at the grave of Khanlar Safaraliev, a workingman Bolshevik who was killed by the hired agents of the capitalists (SW, 2:425). Though no text of his remarks is known to exist, Stalin s inclusion of this note in his Works suggests that this eulogy (like the note itself) was another effort at identifying with the proletariat. 11 A. Yenukidze, Leaves From My Reminiscences, in The Life of Stalin: A Symposium (New York, 1930), SW, 8: SW, 8: SW, 1:90, 101, , , , and SW, 1: SW, 2: In March 1907 Koba described Kautsky as that outstanding Marxist and a true Marxist (SW, 2:21-22). In the summer of 1907 Koba also quoted Kautsky approvingly in attacking a Menshevik position (SW, 2:64). 18 SW, 1:185, 243, 269, See Robert C. Williams, Lenin and His Critics, (Bloomington, 1986), 50-51, SW, 2:156, , SW, 2: SW, 13:115, 124; Emil Ludwig, Nine Etched From Life (New York, 1934), 378, and Stalin,
Emergence of Josef Stalin. By Mr. Baker
Emergence of Josef Stalin By Mr. Baker Upbringing Stalin was born the son of a poor shoe repairer and a washer-woman He learned Russian while attending a church school and attended Tiflis Theological Seminary
More information2. THE STRUGGLE FOR THE CREATION OF A REVOLUTIONARY PROLETARIAN PARTY. OF A NEW TYPE
2. THE STRUGGLE FOR THE CREATION OF A REVOLUTIONARY PROLETARIAN PARTY. OF A NEW TYPE THE TWO DIAMETRICALLY OPPOSED LINES WITH REGARD TO THE BUILDING OF THE PARTY While clearing away the ideological obstacles,
More informationAnimal Farm: Historical Allegory = Multiple Levels of Meaning
Historical Background of the Russian Revolution Animal Farm Animal Farm: Historical Allegory = Multiple Levels of Meaning 1845-1883: 1883:! Soviet philosopher, Karl Marx promotes Communism (no private
More informationEUR1 What did Lenin and Stalin contribute to communism in Russia?
EUR1 What did Lenin and Stalin contribute to communism in Russia? Communism is a political ideology that would seek to establish a classless, stateless society. Pure Communism, the ultimate form of Communism
More information2.1.2: Brief Introduction to Marxism
Marxism is a theory based on the philosopher Karl Marx who was born in Germany in 1818 and died in London in 1883. Marxism is what is known as a theory because it states that society is in conflict with
More informationTrotsky s Notable Publications
Trotsky s Notable Publications Prepared by Michael Molkentin, Shellharbour Anglican College, 2017 Our Political Tasks (1904) Trotsky wrote this pamphlet following the RSDLP s Second Congress in which the
More informationCan Socialism Make Sense?
Can Socialism Make Sense? An unfriendly dialogue Sean Matgamna AWL education guide May 2016 1 Can socialism make sense? Aims This course requires you to read the introduction to the book, Can Socialism
More informationLeon Trotsky. Leon Trotsky led the revolution that brought the Bolsheviks (later Communists) to power in Russia in October 1917
Leon Trotsky I INTRODUCTION Leon Trotsky Leon Trotsky led the revolution that brought the Bolsheviks (later Communists) to power in Russia in October 1917 and subsequently held powerful positions in Vladimir
More information[Orwell s] greatest accomplishment was to remind people that they could think for themselves at a time in this century when humanity seemed to prefer
[Orwell s] greatest accomplishment was to remind people that they could think for themselves at a time in this century when humanity seemed to prefer taking marching orders His work endures, as lucid and
More information19. RESOLUTE SUPPORT FOR THE PROLETARIAN REVOLUTION AND THE NATIONAL-LIBERATION MOVEMENTS THROUGHOUT THE WORLD
19. RESOLUTE SUPPORT FOR THE PROLETARIAN REVOLUTION AND THE NATIONAL-LIBERATION MOVEMENTS THROUGHOUT THE WORLD THE SOCIALIST COUNTRIES MUST SUPPORT WORLD REVOLUTION The October Revolution. gave a great
More informationWhat words or phrases did Stalin use that contributed to the inflammatory nature of his speech?
Worksheet 2: Stalin s Election Speech part I Context: On February 9, 1946, Stalin delivered an election speech to an assembly of voters in Moscow. In the USSR, elections were not designed to provide voters
More informationThe Comparison of Marxism and Leninism
The Comparison of Marxism and Leninism Written by: Raya Pomelkova Submitted to: Adam Norman Subject: PHL102 Date: April 10, 2007 Communism has a huge impact on the world to this day. Countries like Cuba
More information18. THE PERIOD OF TRANSITION TO THE NEW ECONOMIC POLICY; THE STRUGGLE AGAINST THE OPPORTUNIST FACTIONS OF TROTSKY, BUKHARIN AND OTHERS
18. THE PERIOD OF TRANSITION TO THE NEW ECONOMIC POLICY; THE STRUGGLE AGAINST THE OPPORTUNIST FACTIONS OF TROTSKY, BUKHARIN AND OTHERS THE SITUATION AND TASKS DURING THE PERIOD OF NATIONAL ECONOMIC RESTORATION
More informationWorld History. 2. Leader Propaganda Posters Jigsaw (50) 3. Exit ticket (10)
World History Unit 2: Russian Revolution Who were the leaders of the Russian Revolution and how did they lead? 70 minutes Mon. Oct. 4 Lesson Outcomes: Students will understand the timeline of the Russian
More informationSevo Tarifa COMRADE ENVER HOXHA S SPEECH AT THE MOSCOW MEETING A WORK OF HISTORIC IMPORTANCE THE 8 NENTORI PUBLISHING HOUSE TIRANA 1981
Sevo Tarifa COMRADE ENVER HOXHA S SPEECH AT THE MOSCOW MEETING A WORK OF HISTORIC IMPORTANCE THE 8 NENTORI PUBLISHING HOUSE TIRANA 1981 The Moscow Meeting of November 1960 was a stem ideological battle.
More informationCommunism, Socialism, Capitalism and the Russian Revolution
Communism, Socialism, Capitalism and the Russian Revolution What is Communism? Political/Economic concept established by Karl Marx in The Communist Manifesto (written in 1848) Criticizes the Capitalist
More informationRUSSIAN REVOLUTION KEY ECONOMIC INFLUENCES
KEY ECONOMIC INFLUENCES CAPITALISM INDIVIDUALS & BUSINESSES INDIVIDUAL S SELF-INTEREST COMSUMER COMPETITION German Journalist Changes Economic Ideals in Europe German Journalist s Radical Ideas for Socialism
More informationVP O K K K K S O F XL I. C O TJ N T R I E S, U N 1 T E!
VP O K K K K S O F XL I. C O TJ N T R I E S, U N 1 T E! Printed in the Tniori / Soviet Socialist Hepuotics I STALIN (DJUGASHVILI) was born on December 21, 1879, in the town of Gori, JOSEPH His father,
More informationKarl Marx. Karl Marx ( ), German political philosopher and revolutionary, the most important of all
Karl Marx I INTRODUCTION Karl Marx (1818-1883), German political philosopher and revolutionary, the most important of all socialist thinkers and the creator of a system of thought called Marxism. With
More informationhttp / /politics. people. com. cn /n1 /2016 / 0423 /c html
2018 2015 8 2016 4 1 1 2016 4 23 http / /politics. people. com. cn /n1 /2016 / 0423 /c1001-28299513 - 2. html 67 2018 5 1844 1 2 3 1 2 1965 143 2 2017 10 19 3 2018 2 5 68 1 1 2 1991 707 69 2018 5 1 1 3
More informationFrom GREETINGS TO ITALIAN, FRENCH AND GERMAN COMMUNISTS
From GREETINGS TO ITALIAN, FRENCH AND GERMAN COMMUNISTS The Kautskyite (or Independent) party43 is dying. It is bound to die and disintegrate soon as a result of the differences between its predominantly
More informationSocial Salvation. It is quite impossible to have a stagnate society. It is human nature to change, progress
Christine Pattison MC 370 Final Paper Social Salvation It is quite impossible to have a stagnate society. It is human nature to change, progress and evolve. Every single human being seeks their own happiness
More informationSpeech at the Founding Convention of the Industrial Workers of the World, Chicago (June 29, 1905)
Speech at the Founding Convention of the Industrial Workers of the World, Chicago (June 29, 1905) Fellow Delegates and Comrades: As the preliminaries in organizing the convention have been disposed of,
More informationBFU: Communism and the Masses
BFU: Communism and the Masses Misconceptions: Life got way better for everyone during the Industrial Revolution. People discovered farming 12,000 years ago. Farming made it possible for people to stop
More informationRussian Revolution. Review: Emancipation of Serfs Enlightenment vs Authoritarianism Bloody Sunday-Revolution of 1905 Duma Bolsheviks
Russian Revolution Review: Emancipation of Serfs Enlightenment vs Authoritarianism Bloody Sunday-Revolution of 1905 Duma Bolsheviks Russia s involvement in World War I proved to be the fatal blow to Czar
More informationTestament of George Lukacs
Bernie Taft Testament of George Lukacs IT WAS ONLY SIX WEEKS A FTER the invasion of Czechoslovakia by the five Warsaw Pact countries. A second Preparatory meeting of communist and workers parties had been
More informationWorker s Marseillaise La Marseillaise
Worker s Marseillaise Let's denounce the old world! Let's shake its dust from our feet! We're enemies to the golden idols, We detest the Czar's palaces! We will go among the suffering brethren, We will
More informationAnimal Farm. Allegory - Satire - Fable By George Orwell. All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others.
Animal Farm Allegory - Satire - Fable By George Orwell All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others. Why Animals? In explaining how he came to write Animal Farm, Orwell says he once saw a
More informationLenin on Democracy: January 1916 to October 1917
Ezra s Archives 51 Lenin on Democracy: January 1916 to October 1917 Andrew White In October 1917, the Russian people experienced the upheaval of revolution for the second time in less than a year. Led
More informationTopic 3: The Rise and Rule of Single-Party States (USSR and Lenin/Stalin)
Topic 3: The Rise and Rule of Single-Party States (USSR and Lenin/Stalin) Major Theme: Origins and Nature of Authoritarian and Single-Party States Conditions That Produced Single-Party States Emergence
More informationNotes on Stalin 2016
Notes on Stalin 2016 Joseph Stalin created around his rule a formidable cult of personality that has been interpreted in many ways, as a product of Russia s recent feudal past, as reflecting the inevitable
More information"Complete Separation of Church and State and of School and Church"
"Complete Separation of Church and State and of School and Church" by Vladimir Lenin Recently in the United States, the phrase, 'Separation of Church and State,' has become very familiar, even though history
More informationThe Russian Revolution, the Short Version
The Russian Revolution, the Short Version By History.com, adapted by Newsela staff on 02.14.17 Word Count 671 Vladimir Lenin speaking to a crowd. From the book "Through the Russian Revolution," by Albert
More informationMarxism Of The Era Of Imperialism
The Marxist Vol. XII, No. 4, October-December 1996 On the occasion of Lenin s 125th Birth Anniversary Marxism Of The Era Of Imperialism E M S Namboodiripad The theoretical doctrines and revolutionary practices
More informationAffirmative Dialectics: from Logic to Anthropology
Volume Two, Number One Affirmative Dialectics: from Logic to Anthropology Alain Badiou The fundamental problem in the philosophical field today is to find something like a new logic. We cannot begin by
More informationMARXISM AND POST-MARXISM GVPT 445
1 MARXISM AND POST-MARXISM GVPT 445 TYD 1114 Thu 2:00-4:45 pm University of Maryland Spring 2019 Professor Vladimir Tismaneanu Office: 1135C, Tydings Hall Office hours: Tuesdays and Thursday: 12:30-1:30,
More informationAP European History. Sample Student Responses and Scoring Commentary. Inside: Short Answer Question 4. Scoring Guideline.
2018 AP European History Sample Student Responses and Scoring Commentary Inside: Short Answer Question 4 RR Scoring Guideline RR Student Samples RR Scoring Commentary College Board, Advanced Placement
More informationThe Class and Caste Question: Ambedkar and Marx. Anand Teltumbde
The Class and Caste Question: Ambedkar and Marx Anand Teltumbde Class and Caste is an idiotic binary....a product of lazy intellectuals, and identity champions on both sides Marxists as well as Ambedkarites
More informationFamous Speeches: Joseph McCarthy's Enemies from Within
Famous Speeches: Joseph McCarthy's Enemies from Within By Joseph McCarthy, adapted by Newsela staff on 03.20.17 Word Count 914 Republican Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin speaks to the Senate Foreign
More informationIssue no.1: CONTENTS: The Weapon of criticism cannot replace criticism by weapons! Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun! Introducing the journal under the banner of marxism-leninism Move towards
More informationUnits 3 & 4 History: Revolutions
Units 3 & 4 History: Revolutions Lecture 9 The Bolshevik Revolution Link to the Videos https://edrolo.com.au/vce/subjects/history/vce-history-revolutions/russian-revolution/bolshevikrevolution/bolshevik-majority-in-soviets/
More informationMao Zedong ON CONTRADICTION August 1937
On Contradiction: 1 Mao Zedong ON CONTRADICTION August 1937 I. THE TWO WORLD OUTLOOKS Throughout the history of human knowledge, there have been two conceptions concerning the law of development of the
More informationJoseph Stalin. Childhood and youth
Joseph Stalin Childhood and youth Both his parents were born serfs. His mother was a domestic servant. Her employer gave her an allowance, which paid for Stalin s education Stalin s mother tongue was Georgian
More informationAnimal farm. by George orwell. All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others
Animal farm by George orwell All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others Written in 1945, Animal Farm is the story of an animal revolution that took place on the Manor Farm in England.
More informationJ. M. J. SETON HOME STUDY SCHOOL. Thesis for Research Report Exercise to be sent to Seton
Day 5 Composition Thesis for Research Report Exercise to be sent to Seton WEEK SEVEN Day 1 Assignment 23, First Quarter. Refer to Handbook, Section A 1. 1. Book Analysis Scarlet Pimpernel, Giant, or Great
More informationThe Third International and Its Place in History. [written April 15, 1919]
Lenin: The 3rd International and Its Place in History [April 15, 1919] 1 The Third International and Its Place in History. [written April 15, 1919] by N. Lenin [V.I. Ul ianov] First published in Kommunisticheskii
More informationWARM UP WRITE THE PROMPT! Describe what you see in the image. Who are the people in the poster? What is the tone of the poster/what feelings does the
WARM UP WRITE THE PROMPT! Describe what you see in the image. Who are the people in the poster? What is the tone of the poster/what feelings does the poster evoke? V.I. LENIN FB PROFILE: V.I. LENIN MLA
More informationWho is Stalin? Young Stalin
The Stalin Era Who is Stalin? He was born in 1879 in the Russian state of Georgia birth name was Iosif Vissariovich Dzhugasvili he was the son of a serf and a cobbler; he grew up very poor in spite of
More informationAccelerated English II Summer reading: Due August 5, 2016*
Accelerated English II Summer reading: Due August 5, 2016* EVEN FOR STUDENTS WHO HAVE ACCELERATED ENGLISH SCHEDULED FOR THE SPRING OF 2016 THERE ARE 2 SEPARATE ASSIGNMENTS (ONE FOR ANIMAL FARM AND ONE
More informationEarly Lives JOSEPH STALIN ADOLF HITLER. Family life. Family life. Early political life. Early political life. Leadership qualities
Early Lives JOSEPH STALIN Family life Born in 1879 in Georgia, which was part of the Russian Empire. Original name was Iosif Dzhugashvili. Changed his name to Stalin (which means man of steel ). His father
More informationAS History. Tsarist and Communist Russia, /1H Autocracy, Reform and Revolution: Russia, Mark scheme.
AS History Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855 1964 7041/1H Autocracy, Reform and Revolution: Russia, 1855 1917 Mark scheme 7041 June 2016 Version: 1.0 Final Mark schemes are prepared by the Lead Assessment
More informationThe Kornilov Affair: Fighting for a Lost Cause
The Kornilov Affair: Fighting for a Lost Cause By Lindsey M. Holland On the heels of one of the least successful Russian offenses of the First World War, General Lavr Kornilov attempted a coup d état to
More informationThe Jewish Labor Bund was one of the most
Philip Mendes The Rise and Fall of the Jewish Labor Bund Nazism and Stalinism Delivered the Blows; Ideology Did the Rest The Jewish Labor Bund was one of the most important leftwing Jewish political organizations
More informationAbout the Author. George Orwell s real name is Eric Blair. He was born in India in 1903.
About the Author George Orwell s real name is Eric Blair. He was born in India in 1903. He attended a posh boarding school, but was not rich. He referred to it as a world of force, fraud, and secrecy.
More informationCHAPTER : STRUGGLING TO PLAY A PART. Stalin had been right about the establishment of the State Duma: it was part of a
CHAPTER 5 1909-1912: STRUGGLING TO PLAY A PART Stalin had been right about the establishment of the State Duma: it was part of a strategy to divide, weaken and ultimately crush the revolutionary movement
More informationPage 1 of 6 Transcript by Rev.com
George Engels: Right. Alexey Burov: That's fine. So let's go. George Engels: Okay, great. So, just before we begin again, just sorry, because I had to restart the recording. Are you okay with me recording
More informationROBERT C. TUCKER,
The NEP Era. 4 (2010), 5-9. ROBERT C. TUCKER, 1918-2010 Robert Tucker produced scholarly work in a dauntingly wide-range of scholarly fields, including Marx studies, comparative communism, leadership theory,
More informationBIOGRAPHY OF LENIN AND RUSSIAN REVOLUTION PART - 1
BIOGRAPHY OF LENIN AND RUSSIAN REVOLUTION PART - 1 By SIDDHANT AGNIHOTRI B.Sc (Silver Medalist) M.Sc (Applied Physics) Facebook: sid_educationconnect WHAT WE WILL STUDY? CHILDHOOD OF LENIN THE RISING RUSSIAN
More informationReason Papers Vol. 37, no. 1. Blackledge, Paul. Marxism and Ethics. Ithaca, NY: State University of New York Press, 2011.
Blackledge, Paul. Marxism and Ethics. Ithaca, NY: State University of New York Press, 2011. What do Marxists have to tell us about ethics? After the events of the twentieth century, many would be tempted
More informationFRIENDS! I am very happy to be
"TO THE PEOPLE WILL BELONG THE VICTORY" BY EARL BROWDER (Text of an address delivered by Earl Browder, General Secretary of the Communist Party, U.S.A., at the Lenin Memorial Meeting at Madison Square
More information510: Theories and Perspectives - Classical Sociological Theory
Department of Sociology, Spring 2009 Instructor: Dan Lainer-Vos, lainer-vos@usc.edu; phone: 213-740-1082 Office Hours: Monday 11:00-13:00, 348E KAP Class: Tuesday 4:00-6:50pm, Sociology Room, KAP (third
More information13. THE STRUGGLE FOR THE GREAT OCTOBER SOCIALIST REVOLUTION
13. THE STRUGGLE FOR THE GREAT OCTOBER SOCIALIST REVOLUTION THE BOURGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION MUST BE TURNED INTO A SOCIALIST REVOLUTION The growing revolutionary movement could be checked neither by
More informationAnimal Farm. Teaching Unit. Advanced Placement in English Literature and Composition. Individual Learning Packet. by George Orwell
Advanced Placement in English Literature and Composition Individual Learning Packet Teaching Unit Animal Farm by George Orwell Written by Eva Richardson Copyright 2007 by Prestwick House Inc., P.O. Box
More informationPre-AP English I Denise Fuller Please see the following page for more information about the summer work for Pre-AP English I.
Pre-AP English I Denise Fuller dfuller@azleisd.net Please see the following page for more information about the summer work for Pre-AP English I. The attached work is due back to Azle High School by: June
More informationLenin, The State and Revolution, 1917
Lenin, The State and Revolution, 1917 Chapter 2, The Experience of 1848 1851: The Eve of Revolution The Revolution Summed Up The Presentation of the Question by Marx in 1852 1 Lenin, The State and Revolution,
More informationResearch of Lenin and Early Western Marxist Class Consciousness Thought
Research of Lenin and Early Western Marxist Class Consciousness Thought Guo Bing School of Marxism, China University of Political Science and Law No.25 Xitucheng Road, Beijing 100088, China. Abstract:
More informationntroduction to Socialist Humanism: An International Symposium by Eri...
ntroduction to Socialist Humanism: An International Symposium by Eri... 1 of 5 8/22/2015 2:38 PM Erich Fromm 1965 Introduction to Socialist Humanism: An International Symposium Written: 1965; Source: The
More informationMethodology of Soviet Anti-Religious Propaganda in Georgia and Printed Media ( )
Methodology of Soviet Anti-Religious Propaganda in Georgia and Printed Media (1953-1964) Mikheil Kartvelishvili Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Georgia Abstract At the current step of investigation
More informationUse the Webquest to answer all the provided questions about the Russian Revolution.
Name: Use the Webquest to answer all the provided questions about the Russian Revolution. In your own words, define the given words. 1. Define allegory in your own words 2. Define satire in your own words
More informationWilson s Statement to Congress WWI
Wilson s Statement to Congress WWI Drawn pulled from direction Chiefly mainly Inevitable unable to avoid Utmost highest Regard thought(s) Momentous great importance Excite stir up Allay calm Assume take
More information1. I fully share the positions that were presented by the General Secretary in his presentation.
Text of Presentation at the CC CPSU Politburo Session September 28, 1987 1. I fully share the positions that were presented by the General Secretary in his presentation. 2. Perestroika has brought up the
More informationSOCIALISM IN ONE COUNTRY: A REASSESSMENT
ERIK VAN REE SOCIALISM IN ONE COUNTRY: A REASSESSMENT ABSTRACT. Until 1917 Lenin and Trotsky believed that an isolated revolutionary Russia would have no chance of survival. However, from 1917 to 1923
More informationKARL KAUTSKY: SELECTED POLITICAL WRITINGS
KARL KAUTSKY: SELECTED POLITICAL WRITINGS Also by Patrick Goode KARL KORSCH: A Study in Western Marxism Edited and translated by Patrick Goode, with T. B. Bottomore AUSTRO-MARXISM READINGS IN MARXIST SOCIOLOGY
More informationThe Communist Manifesto
The Communist Manifesto Crofts Classics GENERAL EDITOR Samuel H. Beer, Harvard University KARL MARX and FRIEDRICH ENGELS The Communist Manifesto with selections from The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte
More informationThe Question of Democracy and Dictatorship: Lenin s Critique of Kautsky the Renegade
chapter 13 The Question of Democracy and Dictatorship: Lenin s Critique of Kautsky the Renegade Lenin first accused Kautsky of being a renegade of Marxism after the Russian Revolution. Until then, Lenin,
More informationThe Bolsheviki Socialism in Action!
Fraina: The Bolsheviki Socialism in Action! [Dec. 30, 1917] 1 The Bolsheviki Socialism in Action! by Louis C. Fraina Letter to the editor of The Evening Call [New York], v. 11, no. 4 (Jan. 5, 1918), pg.
More informationTransition materials for A Level History. Russia
Transition materials for A Level History Russia 1855-1964 1 Introduction So you are considering studying History at A level Welcome to the A level History pack preparing you to start your A level History
More informationHistorical interpretations of Stalinism. A short introduction.
Historical interpretations of Stalinism. A short introduction. In dealing with different historical interpretations of Stalin there are a few things to keep in mind: Which factors does the historian focus
More informationNB #4: Stalin Documents
NB #4: Stalin Documents DOCUMENT 1 Lenin's directive to the Communist Party Leadership in 1922 Stalin has concentrated enormous power in his hands, and I am not sure he always knows how to use that power
More informationRevolutions in Russia
GUIDED READING Revolutions in Russia A. Analyzing Causes and Recognizing Effects As you read this section, take notes to answer questions about some factors in Russia that helped lead to revolution. How
More informationModern France: Society, Culture, Politics
Rebecca L. Spang Modern France: Society, Culture, Politics http://www.indiana.edu/~b357/ MIDTERM TAKE-HOME EXAM INSTRUCTIONS: You may consult books, articles, class notes, and on-line resources while preparing
More informationEULOGY: OH COMRADE, DEAR COMRADE, OUR BELOVED COMRADE!
EULOGY: OH COMRADE, DEAR COMRADE, OUR BELOVED COMRADE! The Marxist-Leninist Weekly, Organ of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Canada (Marxist-Leninist), September 14-20, 1997. You who were
More informationUS Iranian Relations
US Iranian Relations ECONOMIC SANCTIONS SHOULD CONTINUE TO FORCE IRAN INTO ABANDONING OR REDUCING ITS NUCLEAR ARMS PROGRAM THESIS STATEMENT HISTORY OF IRAN Called Persia Weak nation Occupied by Russia,
More informationStalin's speech to the Politburo on 19 August 1939, reconstructed from renderings in Novyi Mir, Moscow, and Revue de Droit International, Geneva
Stalin's speech to the Politburo on 19 August 1939, reconstructed from renderings in Novyi Mir, Moscow, and Revue de Droit International, Geneva Pieced together by Carl O. Nordling, Sweden. Boldface =
More informationRemarks by Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko to the UN Special Committee on Palestine (14 May 1947)
Remarks by Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko to the UN Special Committee on Palestine (14 May 1947) (Documents A/307 and A/307/Corr. 1) - http://unispal.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/ D41260F1132AD6BE052566190059E5F0
More informationOffice: 2139 Humanities Hall Phone: Office Hours: M 2-3:00; W 9-10:00; Th 9:45-10:45 and by appointment
Fall 2013 History 378-01 2:00-3:15 TR BRYN 121 Russian History Since 1900 (www.uncg.edu/~jwjones/russia) Instructor: Jeff Jones jwjones@uncg.edu Office: 2139 Humanities Hall Phone: 334-4068 Office Hours:
More informationThe Bogdanov Issue: Reply to My Critics
The Russian Review, vol. 49, 1990, pp. 457-65 The Bogdanov Issue: Reply to My Critics JOHN ERIC MAROT My essay [The Russian Review, July 1990] was an attempt to explain the Vperedist split, led by Bogdanov,
More informationHEGEL (Historical, Dialectical Idealism)
HEGEL (Historical, Dialectical Idealism) Kinds of History (As a disciplined study/historiography) -Original: Written of own time -Reflective: Written of a past time, through the veil of the spirit of one
More informationTHE LEADERS OF THE CPSU ARE BETRAYERS OF THE DECLARATION AND THE STATEMENT
THE LEADERS OF THE CPSU ARE BETRAYERS OF THE DECLARATION AND THE STATEMENT r THE LEADERS OF THE CPSU ARE BETRAYERS OF THE DECLARATION AND THE STATEMENT by the Editorial Department of Renmin Ribao (People's
More informationMarx and Nature. A Red and Green Perspective. Paul Burkett
Marx and Nature A Red and Green Perspective Paul Burkett MARX AND NATURE:A RED AND GREEN PERSPECTIVE Copyright Paul Burkett, 1999.All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in
More informationHere is the typical process to be baptized at Redemption Church:
BAPTISM INFORMATION Thanks for your interest in being baptized. Baptism is a tremendous blessing and an important first step of obedience for new followers of Jesus. Here is the typical process to be baptized
More informationThe Soviet Union vs. Human Nature
Subjects: History / Philosophy The Soviet Union vs. Human Nature Aim / Essential Question How did the Soviet Union require changing the nature of people? Overview Many people regard human beings as having
More informationRecord of Conversation between Aleksandr Yakovlev and Zbigniew Brzezinski, October 31, 1989
Record of Conversation between Aleksandr Yakovlev and Zbigniew Brzezinski, October 31, 1989 Brzezinski: I have a very good impression from this visit to your country. As you probably know, I had an opportunity
More informationKarl Marx -- The Father Communism
What is Communism? The ideology of communism is rooted in the writings and thoughts of Karl Marx. Marx was a German man in the 1800 s who lived during The Industrial Revolution. He looked around and saw
More informationIs it possible to describe a specific Danish identity?
Presentation of the Privileged Interview with Jørgen Callesen/Miss Fish, performer and activist by Vision den om lighed Is it possible to describe a specific Danish identity? The thing that I think is
More information[MARXIST-LENINISTS IN BRITAIN]
Encyclopedia of Anti-Revisionism On-Line MARXIST INDUSTRIAL GROUP & FINSBURY COMMUNIST ASSOCIATION [MARXIST-LENINISTS IN BRITAIN] First Published: Supplement to The Marxist No.42, 1984 Transcription, Editing
More informationCHAPTER 9 MARCH 1917: LENIN INTERFERES FROM AFAR. On March 19 Alexandra Kollontai, a Bolshevik just returned to Russia, arrived at
CHAPTER 9 MARCH 1917: LENIN INTERFERES FROM AFAR On March 19 Alexandra Kollontai, a Bolshevik just returned to Russia, arrived at the offices of Pravda bearing two letters that Lenin had written in Switzerland
More informationReview Exam 2. Classical Liberalism. Why did classical liberalism develop? What is classical liberalism? What were the problems with it?
Review Exam 2 SOCIAL 30-1 MCCLUNG You still need to remember all the philosophers. What were their ideas? Classical Liberalism Why did classical liberalism develop? What is classical liberalism? What were
More informationby scientists in social choices and in the dialogue leading to decision-making.
by scientists in social choices and in the dialogue leading to decision-making. 56 Jean-Gabriel Ganascia Summary of the Morning Session Thank you Mr chairman, ladies and gentlemen. We have had a very full
More informationAddress to the American Society of Newspaper Editors. delivered 20 April 1961, Statler Hilton Hotel, Washington, D.C.
John F. Kennedy Address to the American Society of Newspaper Editors delivered 20 April 1961, Statler Hilton Hotel, Washington, D.C. [AUTHENTICITY CERTIFIED: Text version below transcribed directly from
More information