MARTYR BHAGAT SINGH AND LIBERATION FROM THE BRITISH WITH VALUE BASED IDEOLOGY

Transcription

1 MARTYR BHAGAT SINGH AND LIBERATION FROM THE BRITISH WITH VALUE BASED IDEOLOGY DR DHARMJIT SINGH Mata Sahib Kaur Girls College, Talwandi Sabo ABSTRACT: This research oriented paper is an attempt to revisit martyr Bhagat Singh s contribution to make India free from the British colonial subjection and to explore the value based ideology given by him in which Bhagat Singh giving a novel notion in India, desired that one man and one nation should not be exploited the other man and other nation. Dare devil attempts of Bhagat Singh against the colonial regime have been dealt with comprehensively. His ideology of egalitarian society where there would be no social and economic exploitation has also been highlighted. Bhagat Singh s ignoring and castigating communalism detrimental for country s then and today s interests has also been touched with. Key words: galaxy of martyrs, colonial British masters, insatiable booklover, socialism, communalism, Bharat Naujwan Sabha, Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (Army HSRA), Central Legislative Assembly etc. INTRODUCTION: The legendry Sardar Bhagat Singh stands in galaxy of martyrs for sacrificing his youthful and fully blossomed life in order to make his motherland free from the clutches of the British yoke and is placed on high pedestal, for his maturity as a thinker with alternative framework for independent India.Whenever one would talk and pen down the contribution of revolutionaries to the cause of freedom from the clutches of the colonial British masters, the name martyr Bhagat Singh would occupy high pedestal rank on account of his colossal involvement in the revolutionary movement and radical cum innovatory value based ideology and doctrines which are relevant even today. He was applauded due to his revolutionary view point and accomplishment. He not only gave revolutionary doctrines a new meaning and direction, rather made them enriched and widened. His value based doctrines attracted the youth and made him icon among them. His doctrines are respected and even preached today by many scholars, youth organizations and politicians. OBJECTIVE OF STUDY: It is an attempt to rediscover Bhagat Singh s contribution to the cause of freedom in India in an inexhaustible manner and to diagnose comprehensively his value based ideology along with an eye to see how it is relevant even today as well. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: Contemporary sources, periodical journals, reminisces, biographies and research based works were consulted and analyzed to have an objective look of the different facets Martyr Bhagat Singh. Different archives have been visited and exhausted by the author to diagnose the density of the topic. Historical research methodology has been applied to give justice with the subject. Indian Annual Registers published from Calcutta in 1927 and in 1928 News papers of different times have been consulted to substantiate the events then took place. Discussion: Bhagat Singh was born on 28 th September 1907 at Banga village at 8:45 am Saturday (also called Chak No. 105, GB, Jaranwala Tehsil, Lyallpur district (now Faislabad, Pakistan).It is 250 kilometers from Lahore. However, the family belonged to Khatkar Kalan village (now in Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar, Punjab). They had later shifted to Banga, because they were often in search of new ways and means of earning livelihood. At the time of Bhagat Singh s birth, his father Sardar Kishan Singh and both uncles Sardar Ajit Singh and Swarn Singh were in jails due to their anti British activities. Bhagat Singh was born in a family steeped in the national cause. His father, Krishan Singh and his uncles, Swaran singh and Ajit Singh, had been to prison for opposing the colonisation Bill that imposed unfair charges on farmers and settlers in Punjab s newly developed canal colonies. Given the family s political involvement, Bhagat Singh grew up in an atmosphere of political discussion and dissent. In his family, the principles of both Sikhism and Arya Samaj were followed respectfully. At the age of five, the child was enrolled in the District Board Primary School, Banga in 1913 and passed fourth standard examination in 1917.Before completing his studies in Banga, his father now shifted to Lahore which was the centre of political activities where his father purchased agricultural land and also started the work of buffalos to provide milk to the market along with Insurance 71

2 Company Agency occupation. Durga Devi, wife of Bhagwati Charan Vohra, mentioned that at Lahore in the earlier days Bhagat Singh was involved in the transaction of milk to a sweet shop in the Chirhimar Mohalla. 1 Bhagat Singh s family of social workers and freedom fighters deeply affected his patriotic fervor and his ideology. He grew up when his family was facing the colonial onslaughts.jallianwalla Bagh massacre of 1919 when he was only 12, had shaken him completely and he personally visited occurrence place on14th April,1919, one day after the melancholy incident and took blood soaked soil with him in a small glass bottle as a reminder of the brutality of the British on innocent Indians and he silently decided to avenge the heinous crime. During his trial he emphatically said that that General Dyer had killed hundreds of innocent persons, but was never put on trial, on the contrary, was given lakhs of rupees as a reward by his countrymen. Ghadarite Kartar Singh Saraba, was hanged at the age of twenty only for the sake motherland and gladly accepted the hanging rope, was a role model for him and he used to keep his photo in his pocket all the time. Kishan Singh, the father of Bhagat Singh donated Rs to the Ghadar party, a big sum at that time due to which Kartar Singh Saraba came to meet him. Bhagat Singh received patriotism in inheritance. The impact of National College, Lahore on the personality of Bhagat Singh was a special one and remained associated with it as student from 1921to But he used to visit it off and on till1927. This college was started in the light of Non Cooperation Movement when it was decided to boycott the government educational institutions. It was formative period for Bhagat Singh and his fellow students in the college were Sukhdev, Bhagwati Charan Vohra, Yash Pal, Jai Dev Gupta and Ram Kishan and it produced the revolutionary patriots of first order. As a student of this college, he came in contact with the young men having revolutionary instinct and days spent in this college moved Bhagat Singh and gave him special direction of life. Subjects here were taught by identifying the students with the current national events. On 20 th February 1921 when some pilgrims went to pay homage to Grudwara Nankana Sahib, the birth place of Guru Nanak Dev, they were massacred by erroneous elements of blemished Mahant Narain Dass in whose hands the custody of the shrine was and mongrel Mahant was having the backing of British Government. The whole Punjab arose in protest. On 5 th March1921 a condolence meeting was conducted there where Sikhs tied black turbans as a mark of protest in which Bhagat Singh also participated. 2 Bhagat Singh was influenced not only by the Indian revolutionaries, but also of the world. Among them, the most important name seemed to be of a French anarchist-edouard Marie Valiant. He was hanged in 1894 at Paris. The martyr Vaillant was the first man in the world history who dropped a bomb in the Paris Chamber of Deputies, to make the deaf here. To make the deaf hear, what Vaillant did in 1894 in French Parliament that was repeated by Bhagat Singh on 8 th April 1929 in Indian Parliament signaling history repeats itself. 3 Bhagat Singh was just 23 at the time of his martyrdom on 23 rd March 1931 and the period of his active life was merely seven years i.e. from 1924 to The revolutionaries in Northern India were the first to come out out of the mood of aggravation after the summarily withdrawal and failure of nonviolent noncooperation of Mahatma Gandhi as he could not bring Swaraj within a year as promised ( the revolutionaries stopped their activities during non violent non cooperation movement so that the allegation of disturbing the movement should not be leveled against them and finding the achievements dismal with old mood of frustration increasingly identified and reorganized under the leadership of the old veterans, Ramparsad Bismal, Jogesh Chaterjerji and Sachindranath Sanyal whose lives were exemplified for the revolutionaries. Bhagat Singh s stay in the National College, Lahore was cut short abruptly as he left for Kanpur in 1923 on the call of Sachindranath Sanyal, at that time he was the student of BAI. At Kanpur he collaborated with other revolutionaries and in order to hoodwink the police and other locals he worked in the weekly news paper Partap s editorial board under the disguised name of Balwant. Two revolutionaries were nabbed distributing revolutionary pamphlet Jago Mere Desh Kai Logo in a fair at Partapgarh, Bhagat Singh saved them from the police custody making an attack on the policemen. Thereafter Bhagat Singh and other revolutionaries came under the surveillance of police at Kanpur. As students of National College, Bhagat Singh and his associates used to awaken the natives by staging plays after constituting play mandli ( group). Photograph of Bhagat Singh having turban on the head is from his play Bharat Durdasha ( India deplorable). The other plays he staged were Chander Gupta Maurya and Maharana Partap. His favourite role was of Maharana Partap. In the gallows when he was communicated that his sister, Amar Kaur, had been blessed with a son, he instantly suggested that the name of the baby be Partap Singh. Through plays he used to scoff at the colonial working to inculcate national pride. 4 72

3 Sachindra Nath Sanyal a revolutionary of his times had mentioned in his autobiography------bandi Jeevan---that he was in close contact with Bhagat Singh those days in connection with raising of a new revolutionary party, which later materialized in the shape of Hindustan Republican Association. He was dependent upon Bhagat Singh as his associate while recruiting young men from Punjab for his new revolutionary organ. The revolutionaries got together in Kanpur in October 1924 and originated the Hindustan Republican Association (Army) to systematize armed revolution to bring down colonial rule and set up in its place a Federal Republic of the United States of India whose basic principle would be adult franchise. 5 Bhagat Singh was a gigantic scholar. An insatiable booklover, he was one of the most well-read of political leaders of the time. His favorite authors were Victor Hugo,Holcane, Tolstoy, Dostovaksi, Gorkhi, Bernard Shaw, Dickens etc. The total number of books read by Bhagat Singh, apart from his syllabus, is concerned it seems to be in some hundreds. As per some estimate, he read nearly fifty books during his schooling ( ), about two hundred from his college days to the day of his arrest i.e to 1929, and approximately three hundred during his imprisonment comprising 716 days from 8 th April 1929 to 23 rd March 1931.Several factors in the political situation of Europe, Asia and India moulded his outlook and guided his activities. Japanese victory against Russia motivated the Indians against the British. The agrarian and political in the Punjab in and the consequent deportation of Lala Lajpat Rai and Ajit Singh was a similar tale for Bhagat Singh. The Ghadarite rebellion, notably the heroic efforts of Rash Bihari Bose and Sachindra Nath Sanyal, made a lasting impact on his receptive mind. The First Lahore Conspiracy Cases showed the way to Bhagat Singh and his band. Besides, there was the background of the terrorist movement in Bengal, Maharashtra and in Europe. The Russian Revolution of February and November 1917, the Marxist writings and literature on the Soviet Union entirely captured the thoughts of Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev Singh and others so much that they began to look upon the Soviet Union as the state nearest to their ideal. The failure of Gandhi s non-cooperation movement further disenchanted the revolutionaries. 6 The evolution of his ideas and tutoring was though deliberations. In 1920 s the ideas of methodical socialism had been spread throughout the country. Small groups of communists emerged in Bombay, Madras, Calcutta and Lahore and revolutionaries such as Bhagat Singh, Bhagwati Charn, Sukhdev came in contact with these groups. Marxian ideology of Naujwan Bharat Sabha and Kirti Kisan Party had affected the view point of Bhagat Singh as well. He had also gone through the books related to socialism, economics and revolutions of the European countries. JN Sanial commented: Bhagat Singh was an extremely well-read person and his specific field of study was Socialism. He had deeply studied revolutionary doctrines of Russia and gone through the study from 19thcentury to 1917 October revolution. He showed his keen interest in the economic experiment undertaken by the Bolshevik establishment in Russia. 7 Dawarka Dass DAV College Library at Lahore was boon for the students because college used to have new books on different subjects which proved to be beneficial for advanced thinking young men. Its librarian Raja Ram Shastri had specialized on French Revolution and he had become a good friend of Bhagat Singh and was also his constant encouragement. He had devoured books in this library at Lahore on socialism, Soviet Union and revolutionary movements, especially those of Russia, Ireland and Italy. At Lahore, he structured a number of reading circles with the help of Sukhdev and carried on exhaustive political deliberations. When the HSRA office was shifted to Agra, he without delay set up a library and urged members to study and talk about socialism and other radical ideas. His shirts pockets were always bugled with books which he regularly offered to lend his comrades. After his arrest he altered the jail into a genuine university. 8 Before armed struggle could be waged, propaganda had to be organized on a large scale, men had to be recruited and trained and armed had to be procured. All these required money. The most important action of the HRA was the Kakori Robbery. On 9 August 1925, ten men held up the 8-Down train at Kakori, an obscure village near Lucknow, and looted its official railway cash. The Government reaction was quick and hard. It arrested a large number of young men and tried them in the Kakori conspiracy Case. Ashfaqulla Khan, Ramprasad Bismil, Roshan Singh and Rajendra Lahiri were hanged, four others were sent to the Andamans for life and seventeen others were sentenced to long terms of imprisonment. Chandrashekhar Azad remained at large. In 1925 there was an Akali Morcha ( struggle) against the dethronement of Maharaj Ripuduman Singh of Nabha. One jatha from district Lyalpur was to proceed and the government instruction was that anybody providing even water to jatha would be punished. On the request of Jathedar Kartar Singh and Jawala Singh,Kishan Singh asked Bhagat Singh at Lahore to welcome it and provide hospitality. Bhagat Singh at his village not only welcomed the jatha with the help of his village farmers but also spoke against the 73

4 exploiting policies of the British Government. He rather cooperated with the jatha and also organized langar in defiance of government orders. People of the village lost the fear of the authorities on the inducement of Bhagat Singh. As a result the Government issued warrants against Bhagat Singh and resultantly he slipped from Lahore to Delhi. Bhagat Singh s view was that independence could not be taken in charity but only be obtained through force. It is down necessarily that force could be of bombs and pistols bur of views as well. 9 Bhagat Singh was wrongly arrested at Lahore Railway station for the first time on 29 th May1927 on the suspicion of Lahore Dussehra festival blast in which nine people were killed fifty injured and remained in railway station police station till July 1927 when he was released on the bail surety of Rs. 60,000 by the High Court. Bomb, however, was thrown by a scoundrel. 10 In June 1928 Bhagat Singh constituted Lahore Students Union which was an associate organization of Bharat Naujwan Sabha. The activities of Naujwan Sabha was under the surveillance of government and it was keen to arrest Bhagat Singh on any excuse. Under the leadership of Bhagat Singh Bharat Naujwan Sabha organized martyrdom day of Kakori accused in Bradlough hall at Lahore who were given capital punishment 11. The Kakori case was a major setback to the revolutionaries of northern India; but it was not fatal blow. Younger men such as Bejoy Kumar Sinha, Shiv Varma and Jaidev Kapur in U.P., Bhagat Singh, Bhagwati Charan Vohra and Sukhdev in Punjab, Finider Gosh from Bihar and Kundan Lal from Rajistan set out to reorganize the HRA under the overall leadership of Chandrashekhar Azad. Simultaneously, they were being influenced by socialist ideas. Earlier they were thinking that decision regarding socialism should be taken only by the representatives of the Assembly after its independence. Now they felt that independence would be of no meaning without the social and economic liberty. Finally, nearly all these major young revolutionaries of northern India met at Ferozeshah Kotla ground at Delhi on 9 th and 10 th September 1928, created a new collective leadership, adopted socialism as their official goal and changed the name of the party to the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (Army HSRA). The year 1928 constituted a landmark in the annals of the national revolutionary movement when the HRA adopted an advanced socialist and internationalist outlook owing to the efforts of Bhagat Singh and his comrades. Bhagat Singh was elected General-Secretary of its Central Committee, which comprised two members each from U.P., Punjab and Bihar and one member from Rajputana. 12 Decisions in regard to forcible arranging the release of Kakori case involved Yagesh Chatterji from police custody, to do something to initiate action against Simon Commission and to arrange dacoits to mint money in Bihar for the revolutionary s activities were also taken. 13 HSRA and its leadership were rapidly moving towards heroic action, assassination and mass politics. Lala Lajpat Rai s premature death on 17 th November 1928, as a result of a brutal lathi-charge when he was leading an anti Simon Commission demonstration at Lahore on 30 th October 1928 despite restrictions imposed by JA Scott, Senior Superintendent of Police, Lahore, one day earlier to abstain from organizing procession, led them once again to take to individual assassination. Lathi charge was ordered by Scott and he used his baton to beat Lalaji. In spite of this charge being made openly and impartial inquiry was denied by the government. The death of this great Punjabi leader, popularly known as Sher-e-Punjab, Lala Lajpat Rai, was seen by the romantic youthful leadership of the HSRA as a direct challenge. To Bhagat Singh, Scott was as inhuman as General Dyer. On 17 th December1928, at about 4.00pm, Bhagat Singh, Chander Shekar Azad and Rajguru assassinated at Lahore JP Sauders with mistaken identity of Scott. Bhagat Singh and Azad went to kill him on bicycle. His security guard Head Constable Chanan Singh and Fearn, Traffic Inspector chased the fleeing revolutionaries. Bhagat Singh fired at Fearn, who ducked and fell. Chanan Singh was shot in the right groin and died about one hour later at the Mao Hospital. In a poster issued by HSRA subsequently, it was justified:.we regret to have had to kill a person but he was part and parcel of that inhuman and unjust order which has to be destroyed. It was also stated in the poster that with the murder of JP Saunders, the killing of Lala Lajpat Rai had been avenged. 14 Bhagat Singh and Rajguru escaped through DAV College after Saunders assassination with final run off on 20 th December 1928 disguised as officer through train to Calcutta from Lahore. Saunders murder was a great shock for the British. That a police official was murdered in front of Police Headquarters in a broad day light and surprisingly the assailants escaped. 15 Bhagat Singh was wholly and knowingly secular and more clearly than many of his contemporaries. He was aware of the danger that communalism posed to the nation and the national movement. He often told his audience that communalism was as big adversary as colonialism. In 1927, condemning communal killing as barbaric, he pointed out that communal killers did not kill a person because he was guilty of any particular act but simply because that person happened to be Hindu, Muslim or Sikh.Bhagat Singh pointed out that a 74

5 new group of youth was coming forward who did not recognize any differences based on religion and saw a person first as a human being and then as an Indian. Though Lala Lajpat Rai was being adored by Bhagat Singh but he did not like his communal politics. He also waged a political and ideological complaint against him. Since Lala Lajpat Rai was a respected leader, he did not use harsh words against him. Two of the six rules of the Naujwan Bharat Sabha, drafted by Bhagat Singh, were : To have nothing to do with communal bodies or other parties which disseminate communal ideas and to create the spirit of general toleration among the public considering religion as a matter of public belief of man and to act upon the same fully. He remained secular and free from communal sentiments when India was facing the strong current of communalism in 1920 s. In one of his articles published in September 1931 he states that before the end of 1926 he was convinced of the baselessness of the theory of existence of an almighty supreme being, who created, guided and controlled the universe. Such a theory, in his view, was refuted by the existence of human misery. Further-more, it went against the progressive assumption that it was necessary for man to establish his domination over nature. Thus, there was a close connection between Bhagat Singh s atheistic position and his ideology of social progress. With the passage of time he turned out to be an atheist as well. 16 The HSRA leadership now decided to let people know about its changed objectives and the need for a revolution by the masses. Bhagat Singh and BK Dutt were asked to throw a bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly on 8 th April 1929 against the passage of the Public Safety Bill and Trades Disputes Bill which would reduce the civil liberties of people in general and workers in particular. The aim was not to kill or injure someone, for the bombs were relatively harmless, but, as the leaflet they threw into the Assembly hall proclaimed, to make the deaf hear. It was also stated in the leaflet that the representatives of the people should return to their constituencies and prepare the people for the coming revolution. The objective was to acquaint the Government the serious resentment of the people against these bills along with the plan to get them arrested and to use the trial court as a forum for propaganda so that people would become familiar with their movement and ideology. They felt that court proceedings would give them good coverage in news papers and for the first time party would have opportunity to present their viewpoint before the public on a very large scale. They successfully threw two bombs in the Assembly at about pm sloganeering Down with imperialism and Long live revolution along with raining posters with heading Inqlab Jindabad. 17 One bomb fell the near Finance Member. Most members rushed out. Some took cover under benches. The Speaker, standing amidst the smoke engulfing the chamber adjourned the House immediately after the incident. Bhagat Singh and BK Dutt were arrested on the spot and tried in the Assembly Bomb Case. Trial came to an end on 10 th June 1929 and the judgment was pronounced on 12 th June 1929 by the Session Judge at the District Jail Delhi and both were sentenced to transportation for life under section 307 IPC besides section 10 of the Explosive Substance Act of In order to spread comprehensively his ideology and to awaken the people appeal was made in the High Court against the sentence but it was dismissed on 13 th January But in the meanwhile as the police had uncovered the details of Saunder s assassination; Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, Sukhdev and several others were tried in the Second Lahore Conspiracy case. Bhagat Singh and his compatriots showing their remarkably kept political judgment, decided to use this trial to expose the brutal, insensitive and inhuman British Government. For them, the trial was just a part of revolutionary struggle, which consisted primarily of propagation of their ideology and programme among the masses. Determined to turn their trial into a trial of the British Government before the Indian people, they refused to defend themselves and thus put the Government on the defensive. 18 While in jail Bhagat Singh was left aghast at the shoddy treatment meted out to the Indian political prisoners. He and Batukeshwar Dutt launched a hunger strike demanding equal rights for Indian and British prisoners and an overall improvement of the plight of the prisoners and under trials. Soon other Indian prisoners too joined the strike and thus ensued an inspirational saga of human endurance and courage that stirred the conscience of the entire nation. The strike in total lasted for more than 100 days. 19 Later, Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, Rajguru and tens of other revolutionaries were tried in a series of famous conspiracy cases. Their fearless and defiant attitude in the courts --- every day they entered the court-room shouting slogans Inquilab Zindabad, Down, Down with Imperialism, Long live the proletariat and singing patriotic songs won them sympathy of people all over the country including those who had faith in non violence. Bhagat Singh became a household name in the land. Many persons, all over the country, wept and refused to eat food, attend schools, or carry on their daily work, when they heard of his hanging in March Jagdish Singh Magistrate under whose supervision Assembly case was investigated, shared his feelings with Bhagat 75

6 Singh s teacher of National College, Lahore, Udai Veer Shastry unknowingly in these words: You are not known to these youngsters. They are just as gods. We should drink their feet washed water in the form of charnamit. They deserve to be leaders..sooner or later they were to be hanged but it makes no difference to them. Special tribunal in its decision on 7 th October 1930 awarded Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev capital punishment in the Saunders murder case and were hanged on 23th March, 1931 in the central jail, Lahore and secretly cremated them on the intervening night of 23 rd and 24 th on the banks of Sutlej at Ferozepure though in his earlier letter to the Governor had requested that since the Court verdict had declared him guilty of waging war, therefore he should be shot dead by the military department instead of being hanged. 22 Bhagat Singh, in his last meeting with comrade Jaidaiv Kapoor in Lahore Central jail, a few days before his martyrdom said that he ( Bhagat Singh ) had visualized that if by sacrificing my life I am able to spread the slogan Inqlab Zindabad all over the country, I shall consider myself to be fully rewarded. I trust, this slogan would continue to inspire our liberation struggle against imperialism. About the execution, Free Press Journal wrote in its issue of 24 th March 1931: S. Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev live no longer. In their death lies their victory.. To the nation S. Bhagat Singh and colleagues will ever remain the symbols of martyrdom in the cause of freedom. 23 Gandhi s failure to save the life of Bhagat Singh caused much indignation in Congress circles. Gandhi tried to pacify Irwin s critics by stating that commutation of the sentences was no part of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact. We may not accuse them of breach of settlement. Two days later, Sir Abdur Rahim, Leader of the Opposition, and Sir Cowasji Jehangir, Deputy Leader of the Independents, walked out of the Central Assembly as a protest against the executions, showing that the non-congress parties were equally indignant. Jawaharlal Nehru declared that the corpse of Bhagat Singh shall stand between us and England. 24 Congress however officially pass a resolution to place on record its admiration of the bravery and sacrifice of Bhagat Singh and its comrade. Formal condolence resolutions were also passed. 25 A die hard follower of the freedom fighter residing in Pakistan, Jasbir Singh Randhawa, better known as Jassi Lailpuria has named his elder son Bhagat Singh and had stated on 22 nd March 2016 : Bhagat Singh might be considered the martyr of India, but we Pakistani Punjabis too take pride in his supreme sacrifice. The legacy of our martyrs can not be restricted to a territory. Bhagat Singh is our hero as well.. he spent most of part of his life in Lahore and it is here that he was executed. Conclusion: Thus it can be surmised that Bhagat Singh sacrificed his life for the sake of motherland to make India free from the foreign clutches. The epithet of Shahid-i-Azam is only attached with this great martyr in Indian history. His endeavour was to establish democratic socialism where egalitarian society should exist and one should not be exploited by the other socially and economically. He was in favor of systematic reconstruction of society after the annihilation of existing structure. His contribution to the cause of freedom will continue a source of inspiration for the generations to come. His rich legacy in terms of ideas and writings, statements and actions need appropriate channels to reach youth student community of present times. Bhagat Singh s views are relevant in context of globalization as he stood not only for mere political freedom but also for the eradication of exploitation of man by man and nation by nation. His value based doctrines made him worthy to be worshiped by the next generation. His echo for non exploitation of man by man and nation by nation is pertinent even today and gives man and nation the right to exist honourably. His idea of secularization was widely accepted by the politicians of that time and even of today. Best tribute to Martyr Bhagat Singh is that one must follow the path of value based ideology undertaken by him and he will continue to be recognized as shining star in the freedom struggle of India against the British colonial yoke. NOTES AND REFERENCES: 1. MM Juneja, Biography of Bhagat Singh, Modern Publishers, Panchkula, 2008, p.25 See also: Malwinderjit Singh Waraich, Bhagat Singh and Sathi, Tarkbharti Parkashan Barnala, 2013, p.9, 13. Jagmohan Singh, ed., Pagri Sambal Jatta to Azadi Wal, Shahid Bhagat Singh Research Committee, Jalandhar,2001.The Tribune, Jalandhar, Wednesday, 23 March Bhagat Singh was epitome of revolutionary instinct since his early childhood and continued to espouse the cause of revolution till his hanging. 2. Shaheed e Azam Bhagat Singh Di Jail Diary, Lokgeet Parkashan, Chandigarh, 2011,p. vi. See also: MM Juneja, Biography of Bhagat Singh, Modern Publishers, Panchkula, 2008, pp.32-37) Malwinderjit Singh Waraich, Bhagat Singh and Sathi, Tarkbharti Parkashan Barnala, 2013, p.10. Gurdev Singh Sidhu, Jug Paltauu Chintak Shahid Bhagat Singh, Public Relations Department, Chandigarh, 2009, pp MM Juneja, Biography of Bhagat Singh, Modern Publishers, Panchkula, 2008, p.39 76

7 See also : Gurdev Singh Sidhu, Jug Paltauu Chintak Shahid Bhagat Singh, Public Relations Department, Chandigarh, 2009, p.45 Malwinderjit Singh Waraich, Bhagat Singh and Sathi, Tarkbharti Parkashan Barnala, 2013, p.16. See also : Gurdev Singh Sidhu, Jug Paltauu Chintak Shahid Bhagat Singh, Public Relations Department, Chandigarh, 2009, p Bipan Chandra Mirdula Mukherjee Aditya Mukherjee, Sucheta Mahajan KN Panikar, Indian Struggle for Independence , Penguin Books, Gurgaon, 1987, p.248. See also: MM Juneja, Biography of Bhagat Singh, Modern Publishers, Panchkula, 2008, p.42) Malwinderjit Singh Waraich, Bhagat Singh and Sathi, Tarkbharti Parkashan Barnala, 2013, p Kamlesh Mohan, Militant Nationalism in the Punjab, Manohar, New Delhi,1885,pp See also: Kamlesh Mohan: Bhagat Singh Di Inqlabhi Vichardhara,Tarak Bharti Parkashan, Barnala, 2007, p.3-4. Shiv Verma, Shahida De Ang Sang,Tarkbharti Parkashan, Barnala, 2004,p.60 MM Juneja, Biography of Bhagat Singh, Modern Publishers, Panchkula, 2008, p.129. Fauja Singh, Eminent Freedom fighters of Punjab, Publication Bureau, Punjabi University, Patiala, 1972, p Kamlesh Mohan: Bhagat Singh Di Inqlabhi Vichardhara,Tarak Bharti Parkashan, Barnala, 2007, pp.3-4. See also: Kamlesh Mohan, Militant Nationalism in the Punjab, Manohar, New Delhi,1885, pp Bipan Chandra Mirdula Mukherjee Aditya Mukherjee, Sucheta Mahajan KN Panikar, Indian Struggle for Independence , Penguin Books, Gurgaon, 1987, p GS Deol, Shahid Bhagat Singh Ik Jiwani, Publication Bureau, Punjabi University, Patial,1999, p.15 See also: Shaheed e Azam Bhagat Singh Di Jail Diary, Lokgeet Parkashan, Chandigarh, 2011,p.vi. Malwinderjit Singh Waraich, Bhagat Singh and Sathi, Tarkbharti Parkashan Barnala, 2013, p Malwinderjit Singh Waraich, Bhagat Singh and Sathi, Tarkbharti Parkashan Barnala, 2013, p.28. Gurdev Singh Sidhu, Jug Paltauu Chintak Shahid Bhagat Singh, Public Relations Department, Chandigarh, 2009, p.45. D.N. Gupta (ed), Bhagat Singh: Selected Speeches & Writings, National Book Trust of India, New Delhi, 2007, p. 36. A.G. Noorani, The Trail Of Bhagat Singh: Politics of Justice, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1996, p GS Deol, Shahid Bhagat Singh Ik Jiwani, Publication Bureau, Punjabi University, Patiala, Shaheed e Azam Bhagat Singh Di Jail Diary, Lokgeet Parkashan, Chandigarh, 2011,p. 10. Baljit Singh, Shaheed Bhagat Singh: Vichardharak Pakh, Punjab History Conference (40 th session), March 14-16, 2008, Proceedings, Publication Bureau, Punjabi University, Patiala, 2009, pp Bipan Chandra Mirdula Mukherjee Aditya Mukherjee, Sucheta Mahajan KN Panikar, Indian Struggle for Independence , Penguin Books, Gurgaon, 1987, pp See also: Malwinderjit Singh Waraich, Bhagat Singh and Sathi, Tarkbharti Parkashan Barnala, 2013, p Malwinder Jit Singh Waraich, Shahid Bhagat Singh Dian Kujh Chownvia Likhta, Tarakbhart Parkash, Barnala, 2006, p.44 See also: Rajmohan Gandhi, Punjab A history from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten, Rupa Publications India, 2013, p.304. Malwinderjit S. Waraich Gurdev S. Sidhu, The Hanging of Bhagat Singh Complete Judgment and other documents, Unistar, Chandigarh, 2005, pp Bipan Chandra Mirdula Mukherjee Aditya Mukherjee, Sucheta Mahajan KN Panikar, Indian Struggle for Independence , Penguin Books, Gurgaon, 1987, p.249. See also: Malwinderjit Singh Waraich, Bhagat Singh and Sathi, Tarkbharti Parkashan Barnala, 2013, p.53 GS Deol, Shahid Bhagat Singh Ik Jiwani, Publication Bureau, Punjabi University, Patiala,1999, p.23. MM Juneja, Biography of Bhagat Singh, Modern Publishers, Panchkula, 2008, pp see also: N.N. Mitra (ed.), The Indian Annual Register, Annual Register Office, Calcutta,1928,p Bipan Chandra Mirdula Mukherjee Aditya Mukherjee, Sucheta Mahajan KN Panikar, Indian Struggle for Independence , Penguin Books, Gurgaon, 1987, pp Malwinder Jit Singh Waraich, Shahid Bhagat Singh Dian Kujh Chownvia Likhta, Tarakbhart Parkash, Barnala, 2006, p.45. See also: Bipan Chandra Mirdula Mukherjee Aditya Mukherjee, Sucheta Mahajan KN Panikar, Indian Struggle for Independence , Penguin Books, Gurgaon, 1987, pp Malwinderjit Singh Waraich, Bhagat Singh and Sathi, Tarkbharti Parkashan Barnala, 2013, pp Shahid Bhagat Singh, Why am I atheist?, No publisher mentioned, No year of publication mentioned, pp J.S. Grewal, The Sikhs of the Punjab, Cambridge University Press,1994, p AR Desai, Emergence of IndianNationalism, Rupa and Co. Ltd., Bombay, 1950, p360. S.R. Bakshi, Bhagat Singh and His Ideology, Capital Publishers, New Delhi, 1981, p Shaheed e Azam Bhagat Singh Di Jail Diary, Lokgeet Parkashan, Chandigarh, 2011,p. 11. See also : GS Deol, Shahid Bhagat Singh Ik Jiwani, Publication Bureau, Punjabi University, Patial,1999, p.37 See also: Durga Das,India from Curzon to Nehru & After, HarperCollins Publishers India,2000,p Bipan Chandra Mirdula Mukherjee Aditya Mukherjee, Sucheta Mahajan KN Panikar, Indian Struggle for Independence , Penguin Books, Gurgaon, 1987, p

8 20. Malwinderjit Singh Waraich, Bhagat Singh and Sathi, Tarkbharti Parkashan, Barnala, 2013, p Ibid., p.127. See also: Shiv Verma, Shahida De Ang Sang,Tarkbharti Parkashan, Barnala, 2004,p.60) 22. Rajmohan Gandhi, Punjab A history from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten, Rupa Publications India, 2013, p.305. See also: Malwinderjit S. Waraich Gurdev S. Sidhu, The Hanging of Bhagat Singh Complete Judgment and other documents, Unistar, Chandigarh, 2005, p.9, Malwinderjit S. Waraich Gurdev S. Sidhu, The Hanging of Bhagat Singh Complete Judgment and other documents, Unistar, Chandigarh, 2005, p Durga Das, India from Curzon to Nehru & After, HarperCollins Publishers India,2000,p R.C. Majumdar, The History and Culture of Indian People Struggle for Freedom, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Mumbai,1969,pp The Times of India, Chandigarh, Wednesday, March 23,