Modern neuroscience: Room for the soul? John Beggs
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1 Modern neuroscience: Room for the soul? John Beggs
2 Outline Introduction Neuroscience background Free Will Ethics God Implications
3 Outline Introduction Neuroscience background Free Will Ethics God Implications
4 Apollo s chariot
5 or rotation of the earth?
6 Science killed Apollo. Will neuroscience kill the soul?
7 Dualism Body Mind Rene Descartes
8 Dualism Body and mind are separate The mind influences the body Mind is the fundamental truth Rene Descartes
9 The modern view: monism Francis Crick The brain produces the mind Body, or matter, is the fundamental truth
10 What is the Biblical view? Today you will be with me in paradise. 23:43 -Luke Do not be afraid of those who kill the body but are not able to kill the soul; rather be afraid of the One who is able to destroy soul as well as body in hell. Matt 10:28 I desire to depart and be with Christ, which is better by far. -Phil 1:23
11 What is the Biblical view? Today you will be with me in paradise. 23:43 -Luke Do not be afraid of those who kill the body but are not able to kill the soul; rather be afraid of the One who is able to destroy soul as well as body in hell. Matt 10:28 I desire to depart and be with Christ, which is better by far. -Phil 1:23
12 What is the Biblical view? Today you will be with me in paradise. 23:43 -Luke Do not be afraid of those who kill the body but are not able to kill the soul; rather be afraid of the One who is able to destroy soul as well as body in hell. Matt 10:28 I desire to depart and be with Christ, which is better by far. -Phil 1:23
13 What is the Biblical view? Today you will be with me in paradise. 23:43 -Luke Do not be afraid of those who kill the body but are not able to kill the soul; rather be afraid of the One who is able to destroy soul as well as body in hell. Matt 10:28 I desire to depart and be with Christ, which is better by far. -Phil 1:23
14 The opposing view All that you touch and all that you see is all your life will ever be. Pink Floyd Out, out, brief candle! Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player that struts and frets his hour upon the stage and then is heard no more: it is a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing." Macbeth (Act V, Scene V).
15 Outline Introduction Neuroscience background Free Will Ethics God Implications
16 Trying to explain different levels macroscopic mesoscopic microscopic
17 Cortical neurons from rat ~10 10 neurons in human brain
18 Neurons generate voltage pulses voltage time
19 Output is communicated by pulses through synapses Memory? voltage time
20 Each neuron makes and receives many connections ~ inputs ~ outputs
21 If all the inputs exceed a threshold, the neuron will fire in in in in Otherwise, it won t out
22 From the lab of David McCormick, Yale University
23 The cortical sheet is responsible for higher functions
24 Beggs lab: small sections of the sheet In collaboration with Alan Litke, UC Santa Cruz
25 Functions are partially localized in cortex Cortical structure is fairly uniform
26 Outline Introduction Neuroscience background Free Will Ethics God Implications
27 Every physical system that has been investigated has turned out to be either deterministic or random. Both are bad news for free will, he said. So if human actions can t be caused and aren t random, he said, It must be what some weird magical power? - Michael Silberstein
28 Benamin Libet s experiment
29 Readiness potential precedes will to move
30 There is no free will I was predestined to win this argument! John Calvin
31 Response to Libet s experiments
32 Response to Libet s experiments Will Readiness Hand movement potential Conscious I have decided reflection on decision Are there any examples of our awareness lagging behind?
33 Blindsight (Lawrence Weiskrantz)
34 So My tendencies could be detected by electrodes, or by questions that you ask me. But I do not necessarily act on all my tendencies. Example: I may be angry at someone, but I may chose to forgive them. Which takes more willpower : anger or forgiveness?
35 Free Will Free will may be a new type of process, as yet not fully understood.
36 Free Will Free will may be a new type of process, as yet not fully understood. Signals of my intentions may come before my sensed decision. But my choice may actually come before both.
37 Free Will Free will may be a new type of process, as yet not fully understood. Signals of my intentions may come before my sensed decision. But my choice may actually come before both. We have many strong automatic tendencies, but these are often overruled by our will.
38 Outline Introduction Neuroscience background Free Will Ethics God Implications
39 Jonathan Cohen
40 A runaway trolley is hurtling down the tracks toward five people who will be killed if it proceeds on its present course. The only way to save them is to hit a switch that will turn the trolley onto an alternate set of tracks where it will kill one person instead of five. Most people hit the switch, saving five
41 As before, a trolley threatens to kill five people. You are standing next to a large stranger on a footbridge that spans the tracks in between the oncoming trolley and the five people. In this scenario, the only way to save the five people is to push this stranger off the bridge, onto the tracks below. He will die if you do this, but his body will stop the trolley from reaching the others. Most people refrain from pushing, letting five die
42 What makes it morally acceptable to sacrifice one life to save five in the trolley dilemma but not in the footbridge dilemma? Emotional areas (footbridge dilemma) Cognitive areas (trolley dilemma)
43 Should one smother a crying baby to death to protect the lives of many when enemy soldiers are approaching? Here they compared the activation patterns in the brains between those who approve (utilitarians) and those who do not (deontologists). Deontologists: Don t smother emotional brain areas dominate Utilitarians: Smother cognitive brain areas dominate
44 "The social-emotional responses that we've inherited from our primate ancestors... undergird the absolute prohibitions that are central to deontology. In contrast, the 'moral calculus' that defines utilitarianism is made possible by more recently evolved structures in the frontal lobes that support abstract thinking and high-level cognitive control." - Greene and Cohen
45 From this we are to conclude
46 From this we are to conclude Utilitarianism, being most recent, is correct
47 From this we are to conclude Utilitarianism, being most recent, is correct Deontological views, being most ancient, are incorrect
48 From this we are to conclude Utilitarianism, being most recent, is correct Deontological views, being most ancient, are incorrect But would you rather have a utilitarian as a neighbor? As a parent?
49 From this we are to conclude Utilitarianism, being most recent, is correct Deontological views, being most ancient, are incorrect But would you rather have a utilitarian as a neighbor? As a parent? Don t let neuroscientists tell us how to live!
50 Outline Introduction Neuroscience background Free Will Ethics God Implications
51 Michael Persinger 80% of Dr Michael Persinger's experimental subjects report that an artificial magnetic field focused on [left temporal lobe] brain areas gives them a feeling of 'not being alone'. Some of them describe it as a religious sensation.
52 Out-of-body experience?
53 Even Richard Dawkins
54 Reply to Persinger I can also create the illusion of spirals by giving people LSD. Does this mean that all spirals are just figments of the mind? No real spirals exist? Just because you can stimulate me to think about God does not mean he is only in my head!
55 Outline Introduction Neuroscience background Free Will Ethics God Implications
56 If there is a soul there has been a connection both historically and theologically between the existence of a substantial soul and the supernatural realm. If the soul exists, then this is very good reason to think that a personal, self-aware being God exists. -J.P.Moreland
57 If there is no soul These [embryos] are microscopic groupings of a few differentiated cells. There is nothing human about them except potential and, if you chose to believe it, a soul. Michael Kinsley, Time magazine, June 25, 2001 (from J.P. Moreland)
58 But does philosophy have any impact on real-world events? John Locke American revolution Karl Marx Russian revolution Mind/Body debate Euthanasia, abortion, value of human life, how we treat each other, empathy, war, whether people accept God or not
59 God is spirit, and his worshippers must worship him in spirit and in truth. John 4:24
60 You don't have a soul. You are a Soul. You have a body. -C.S. Lewis
61 Conclusions Mental functions may be produced by the brain
62 Conclusions Mental functions may be produced by the brain This includes mechanisms of will, moral choice, and perceptions of God
63 Conclusions Mental functions may be produced by the brain This includes mechanisms of will, moral choice, and perceptions of God From this it does not follow that:
64 Conclusions Mental functions may be produced by the brain This includes mechanisms of will, moral choice, and perceptions of God From this it does not follow that: Free will is an illusion
65 Conclusions Mental functions may be produced by the brain This includes mechanisms of will, moral choice, and perceptions of God From this it does not follow that: Free will is an illusion Utilitarianism is correct
66 Conclusions Mental functions may be produced by the brain This includes mechanisms of will, moral choice, and perceptions of God From this it does not follow that: Free will is an illusion Utilitarianism is correct God is an illusion
67 Conclusions Accept the science, but not the nonscientific conclusions
68 Modern neuroscience: Room for the soul? Thanks! By John Beggs
69 Other interesting topics Mind reading fmri scans Remote control of rats Neural control of prosthetic limbs Mentally moving a cursor for shut in patients Closed loop experiments: Brain in a dish Split brain experiments Hemineglect Prosopagnosia The case of H.M.; no new memories Gay rams? Spiritual machines?
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