A Wittgensteinian Perspective on the Use of Conceptual Analysis in Psychology

Transcription

1 A Wittgensteinian Perspective on the Use of Conceptual Analysis in Psychology

2 A Wittgensteinian Perspective on the Use of Conceptual Analysis in Psychology Edited by Timothy P. Racine and Kathleen L. Slaney Simon Fraser University, Canada

3 Selection, introduction and editorial matter Timothy P. Racine and Kathleen L. Slaney 2013 Chapters their individual authors 2013 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2013 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6 10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act First published 2013 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number , of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

4 Contents List of Figures Acknowledgements Notes on Contributors Abbreviations of Wittgenstein s Works vii viii ix xiv Introduction 1 Timothy P. Racine and Kathleen L. Slaney Prologue: Wittgenstein s Philosophy of Psychology as a Critical Instrument for the Psychological Sciences 10 Peter M. S. Hacker 1 Psychology s Inescapable Need for Conceptual Clarification 28 Daniel D. Hutto 2 Wittgenstein s Method of Conceptual Investigation and Concept Formation in Psychology 51 Oskari Kuusela 3 Pictures of the Soul 72 Joachim Schulte 4 Aspect Seeing in Wittgenstein and in Psychology 87 Nicole Hausen and Michel ter Hark 5 Parallels in the Foundations of Mathematics and Psychology 110 Meredith Williams 6 Animal Minds: Philosophical and Scientific Aspects 130 Hans-Johann Glock 7 Realism, but Not Empiricism: Wittgenstein versus Searle 153 Danièle Moyal-Sharrock 8 Can a Robot Smile? Wittgenstein on Facial Expression 172 Diane Proudfoot 9 A Return to the Inner in Social Theory: Archer s Internal Conversation 195 Wes Sharrock and Leonidas Tsilipakos v

5 vi Contents 10 Reducing the Effort in Effortful Control 214 Stuart G. Shanker and Devin M. Casenhiser 11 The Concepts of Suicidology 233 Michael D. Maraun 12 The Neuroscientific Case for a Representative Theory of Perception 253 John Preston and Severin Schroeder 13 Terror Management, Meaning Maintenance, and the Concept of Psychological Meaning 274 Timothy P. Racine and Kathleen L. Slaney 14 A Conceptual Investigation of Inferences Drawn from Infant Habituation Research 292 Michael A. Tissaw 15 The Unconscious Theory in Modern Cognitivism 312 Alan Costall Index 329

6 List of Figures 4.1 The Necker cube The duck rabbit The triangle The pie The The double cross Janet showing happiness Kismet showing happiness Dichoptic pairs Change-blindness images 268 vii

7 Acknowledgements We are very grateful to Alan Costall, Hans-Johann Glock, Peter Hacker, Nicole Hausen and Michel ter Hark, Daniel Hutto, Oskari Kuusela, Michael Maraun, Danièle Moyal-Sharrock, John Preston and Severin Schroeder, Diane Proudfoot, Joachim Schulte, Stuart Shanker and Devin Casenhiser, Wes Sharrock and Leonidas Tsilipakos, Michael Tissaw and Meredith Williams for their insightful and inspiring contributions to the present volume. We also wish to thank Melanie Blair, Pri Gibbons and Brendan George at Palgrave Macmillan for their guidance and support through the process and Leona Ferguson for editorial assistance. viii

8 Notes on Contributors Devin M. Casenhiser is Assistant Professor at the Department of Audiology and Speech Pathology at the University of Tennessee, United States. His research explores functional (i.e., communicative) and cognitive factors that affect language learning in neurotypical and autistic populations. He has published research investigating the effects of homonymy on lexical acquisition, how the distribution of lexical input affects children s ability to learn grammatical constructions, and together with colleagues in Canada, he has developed and tested a social- interaction-based intervention designed to improve the socialcommunication abilities of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders. Alan Costall is Professor of Theoretical Psychology at the University of Portsmouth, UK. In his theoretical and historical work, he has been examining the origins of the dualistic thinking that pervades modern psychology: mind vs. world, mind vs. body, subject vs. object, individual vs. society, biology v. culture. His work has been an attempt to develop an alternative approach to mainstream cognitivist psychology, based on the mutuality of animals and environments, and people and their situations. His recent publications include Against Theory of Mind (2009) and a 2012 target article in Behavioural & Brain Sciences advocating for a second person neuroscience. Hans-Johann Glock is Professor at the Institute of Philosophy at the University of Zürich, Switzerland. His research interests include the philosophy of mind, the philosophy of language, the history of analytic philosophy, and Wittgenstein. His current work concerns concepts, the normativity of language, and animal minds. His recent publications include Wittgenstein: A Critical Reader (2001), Quine and Davidson on Language, Thought and Reality (2003), What Is Analytic Philosophy? (2008), and Wittgenstein and Analytic Philosophy (2009, edited with John Hyman). P. M. S. Hacker is Emeritus Research Fellow in the Department of Philosophy at St John s College, Oxford, UK, and is a leading authority on Wittgenstein. He is author of the four-volume Analytic Commentary on the Philosophical Investigations, the first two volumes of which were ix

9 x Notes on Contributors co-authored with G. P. Baker, and in 2009 he translated and edited the fourth edition of Philosophical Investigations with J. Schulte. He has also written extensively on philosophy and the neurosciences, most recently Philosophical Foundations of Neuroscience (2003) and History of Cognitive Neuroscience (2008), co-authored with M. R. Bennett. Finally, in 2007, he published the first volume of what is intended to be a three-volume series on human nature, Human Nature: The Categorial Framework. Nicole Hausen is a doctoral student in the Graduate School of Philosophy at the University of Groningen, the Netherlands. Her research focuses on the later writings of Ludwig Wittgenstein. The aim of her Ph.D. project is to provide a comprehensive, conceptual interpretation of Wittgenstein s remarks on emotion and to show how Wittgenstein s account of emotion fits within the broader context of his philosophy of psychology. One major relation being explored, for example, is the connection between emotion and aspect seeing which is pursued in her contribution to the present volume. Daniel D. Hutto is Professor of Philosophical Psychology at the University of Hertfordshire, UK. His research is a sustained attempt to understand human nature in a way which respects natural science but which nevertheless rejects the impersonal metaphysics of contemporary naturalism. His recent projects have focused on consciousness, intentionality and everyday social understanding. His recent publications include Wittgenstein and the End of Philosophy (2006), Folk Psychological Narratives (2008) and, with Erik Myin, Radicalizing Enactivism: Basic Minds without Content (2013). Oskari Kuusela is Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of East Anglia, UK. He uses Wittgenstein s later conception of the status of philosophical statements as a response to what he sees as an ascetic tendency in the way that philosophers tend to understand the role of philosophical statements. He argues this leads to an increase in the flexibility of philosophical thought, without a loss in its rigour. His recent publications include The Struggle against Dogmatism: Wittgenstein and the Concept of Philosophy (2008) and The Oxford Handbook of Wittgenstein (2011, edited with Marie McGinn). Michael D. Maraun is Professor of Psychology at Simon Fraser University, Canada. The focus of his work is in psychometrics, particularly the latent variable model, the logic of measurement and the special case of construct validation theory. His published work includes articles

10 Notes on Contributors xi concerning the relevance of Wittgenstein s philosophy of psychology and philosophy of mathematics for psychological measurement. His recent publications concern matters ranging from psychological measurement practices to the issue of what it means for a variable to be unobservable. Danièle Moyal-Sharrock is Senior Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of Hertfordshire, UK. Her work focuses on what she calls the third Wittgenstein (the post- Investigations corpus), and in particular On Certainty, which she considers to be Wittgenstein s third masterpiece. Her published work includes The Third Wittgenstein: The Post- Investigations Works (2004), Understanding Wittgenstein s On Certainty (2007), Perspicuous Presentations: Essays on Wittgenstein s Philosophy of Psychology (2007), and the forthcoming Hinge Epistemology (with A. Coliva). John Preston is Senior Lecturer of Philosophy at the University of Reading, UK. His research interests are in the philosophy of science, of mind and of cognitive science, and in epistemology. His publications include Wittgenstein and Reason (2008), Views into the Chinese Room: New Essays on Searle and Artificial Intelligence (2002, with M. Bishop), and The Worst Enemy of Science? Essays in Memory of Paul Feyerabend (2000, with G. Munévar and D. Lamb). See for excerpts of his forthcoming book, Ludwig Wittgenstein A Chronology of his Life and Work. Diane Proudfoot is Associate Professor of Philosophy at the University of Canterbury, NZ. Her current research is in philosophy of language, philosophical logic, history and philosophy of computer science, philosophy of psychology, philosophy of religion, Wittgenstein and Popper. Her published work includes articles on Wittgenstein and the relation between language and thought, Wittgenstein and artificial intelligence and several articles on Alan Turing. She is director, with Jack Copeland, of the Turing Archive for the History of Computing, available at Timothy P. Racine is Associate Professor of Psychology at Simon Fraser University, Canada. His research interests include the development of social cognition and the role of conceptual analysis and evolutionary explanation in psychology and related disciplines. His publications include The Shared Mind: Perspectives on Intersubjectivity (2008, edited with J. Zlatev, C. Sinha and E. Itkonen), and Moving Ourselves, Moving Others: Motion and Emotion in Intersubjectivity, Consciousness and Language (2012, with A. Foolen, J. Zlatev and U. Lüdtke).

11 xii Notes on Contributors Severin Schroeder is Reader in Philosophy at the University of Reading, UK. His research interests include the philosophy of Wittgenstein, Aesthetics, the Philosophy of Mind and the work of Schopenhauer. His published work includes Wittgenstein : The Way Out of the Fly Bottle (2006) and Wittgenstein lesen : Ein Kommentar zu ausgewählten Passagen der Philosophischen Untersuchtungen (2009). He is also editor of the volumes Wittgenstein and Contemporary Philosophy of Mind (2001) and Philosophy of Literature (2010). Joachim Schulte is Visiting Professor of Philosophy at the University of Zürich, Switzerland. His research interests include the philosophy of mind and Wittgenstein. His focus in recent years has mainly been Wittgenstein s middle period. His published work includes Chor und Gesetz: Wittgenstein im Kontext (1990), Wittgenstein: An Introduction (1992), Wittgenstein : Experience and Expression (1993) and Wittgenstein: Leben Werk Wirkung (2005). In 2009, he translated and edited the fourth edition of Philosophical Investigations with P. M. S. Hacker. Stuart Shanker is Distinguished Research Professor of Philosophy and Psychology and Director of the Milton & Ethel Harris Research Initiative at York University, Canada. His research interests include early child development, developmental disorders and ape language. His published work includes Apes, Language and the Human Mind (1998, with S. Savage- Rumbaugh and T. Taylor), Wittgenstein s Remarks on the Foundations of AI (1998), The First Idea (2004, with S. Greenspan), Human Development in the Twenty-First Century (2008, with A. Fogel and B. King), and Calm, Alert and Learning: Classroom Strategies for Self-Regulation (2012). Wes Sharrock is Professor of Sociology at the University of Manchester, UK. He has had a career-long interest in the philosophy of social science, especially the implications of Wittgenstein s philosophy for social science, including the philosophy of mind, involving an opposition to reductionism in all its forms. His publications include The Philosophy of Social Research (1997), Kuhn: Philosopher of Scientific Revolution (2002, with R. Read), Garfinkel and Ethnomethodology (2003, edited with W. Lynch and M. Sage), and Studies of Work and the Workplace in HCI (2012, with G. Button). Kathleen L. Slaney is Associate Professor of Psychology at Simon Fraser University, Canada. Her current research interests include historical and conceptual analysis of methodological approaches within psychological science, philosophy of psychology, and theoretical and applied psychometrics. She was recently awarded the Sigmund Koch Award for Early

12 Notes on Contributors xiii Career Contributions to Psychology from the Society for Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology. She is editor, with J. Martin and J. Sugarman, of the forthcoming volume The Wiley Handbook of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology. Michel ter Hark is Dean of Faculty of Arts and Professor of Philosophy of Language at VU University, the Netherlands. His research interests include the history of analytical philosophy, the history of the cognitive sciences, and the philosophy of language. His published work spans topics such as Wittgenstein, Popper, psychological uncertainty and visual uncertainty. His book-length publications include Beyond the Inner and the Outer: Wittgenstein s Philosophy of Psychology (1990), and Popper, Otto Selz and the Rise of Evolutionary Epistemology (2004). Michael A. Tissaw is Associate Professor of Psychology at the State University of New York at Potsdam, Unites States. His areas of research focus are theoretical and philosophical psychology, generally, and Wittgenstein and the philosophical analysis of psychological concepts, and early social development, more specifically. Using Wittgensteinian principles, he has published a number of works critiquing the habituation paradigm that is commonly employed infant developmental research. With Rom Harré, he published Wittgenstein and Psychology: A Practical Guide (2005). Leonidas Tsilipakos is a doctoral student in the School of Social Sciences at the University of Manchester, UK. His research interests include Wittgensteinian and ordinary language philosophy, philosophy and methodology of social science, social theory, ethnomethodology and conversation analysis. In his doctoral work, he is exploring the relevance of Wittgenstein and ordinary language philosophy for resolving conceptual problems that arise within the discipline of sociology. His published works have addressed topics such as critical realism and ontological reasoning. Meredith Williams is Professor of Philosophy at Johns Hopkins University, United States. Her research interests include the philosophy of later Wittgenstein, philosophy of mind and psychology, and the history of experimental psychology. She has written on topics such as the problem of rule following, the importance of learning in Wittgenstein s later philosophy, and the computational theory of mind. Her published works include Wittgenstein, Mind and Meaning: Toward a Social Conception of Mind (1999), Wittgenstein s Philosophical Investigations Critical Essays (2006), and Blind Obedience: Structure and Content of Wittgenstein s Later Philosophy (2010).

13 Abbreviations of Wittgenstein s Works AWL Wittgenstein s Lectures, Cambridge , A. Ambrose (ed.) (Oxford: Blackwell, 1979). BBB The Blue and Brown Books: Preliminary Studies for the Philosophical Investigations (Oxford: Blackwell, 1958). BEE Wittgenstein s Nachlass: The Bergen Electronic Edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000). BT The Big Typescript, G. G. Luckhardt and M. A. E. Aue (eds and trs) (Oxford: Blackwell, 2005). CV Culture and Value, G. E. von Wright and N. Nyman (eds), P. Winch (tr.) (Oxford: Blackwell, 1980). LFM Lectures on the Foundations of Mathematics, C. Diamond (ed.) (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976). LPE Notes for Lectures on Private Experience and Sense Data in J. Klagge and A. Nordmann (eds) Philosophical Occasions (Indianapolis: Hackett), LPP Wittgenstein s Lectures on Philosophical Psychology , P. T. Geach (ed.) (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989). LSD The Language of Sense Data and Private Experience: Notes by Rush Rhees in J. Klagge and A. Nordmann (eds) Philosophical Occasions (Indianapolis: Hackett), LW I Last Writings on the Philosophy of Psychology, Vol. 1, G. H. von Wright and H. Nyman (eds), C. G. Luckhardt and M. A. E. Aue (trs) (Oxford: Blackwell, 1982). LW II Last Writings on the Philosophy of Psychology, Vol. 2, G. H. von Wright and H. Nyman (eds), C. G. Luckhardt and M. A. E. Aue (trs) (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992). MS Manuscripts from the Nachlass (References are by MS number followed by page number). NB Notebooks, , G. E. Anscombe and G. E. von Wright (eds), G. E. M. Anscombe (tr.) (Oxford: Blackwell, 1979). OC On Certainty, G. E. M. Anscombe and G. H. von Wright (eds), D. Paul and G. E. M. Anscombe (trs) (Oxford: Blackwell, 1977). PG Philosophical Grammar, R. Rhees (ed.) (Oxford: Blackwell, 1974). xiv

14 Abbreviations of Wittgenstein s Works xv PI Philosophical Investigations 2nd edn, G. E. M. Anscombe and R. Rhees (eds) (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1959) [4th edn, P. M. S. Hacker and J. Schulte (eds), G. E. M. Anscombe, P. M. S. Hacker and J. Schulte (trs) (Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009)]. PI II Philosophical Investigations Part II, G. E. M. Anscombe and R. Rhees (eds) (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1959). PO Philosophical Occasions , J. Klagge and A. Nordmann (eds) (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1993). PPF Philosophy of Psychology A Fragment (Formerly known as Part II of Philosophical Investigations), P. M. S. Hacker and J. Schulte (eds), G. E. M. Anscombe, P. M. S. Hacker and J. Schulte (trs) (Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009). PR Philosophical Remarks, R. Rhees (ed.), R. Hargreaves and R. White (trs) (Oxford: Blackwell, 1975). RFM Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics, G. H. von Wright, R. Rhees and G. E. E. Anscombe (eds), G. E. M. Anscombe (tr.) (Oxford: Blackwell, 1978). RPP I Remarks on the Philosophy of Psychology, Vol. 1, G. E. M. Anscombe and G. H. von Wright (eds), G. E. M. Anscombe (tr.) (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980). RPP II Remarks on the Philosophy of Psychology, Vol. 2, G. H. von Wright and H. Nyman (eds), C. G. Luckhardt and M. A. E. Aue (trs) (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980). TLP Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, D. F. Pears and B. F. McGuiness (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1961). TS Typescript from the Nachlass (References are by TS number followed by page number). VW The Voices of Wittgenstein: The Vienna Circle, G. Baker (ed.) J. Connolly and V. Politis (trs) (London: Routledge, 2003). Z Zettel, G. E. M. Anscombe and G. H. von Wright (eds), G. E. M. Anscombe (tr.) (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1970).