8 th Grade U.S. History STAAR Review Manifest Destiny FORT BURROWS 2018
VOCABULARY Annexation - To take a piece of land and add it to existing territory. Cede - To give up Compromise - An agreement where both people give up something to get something they both want. Distribution - How spread out something is Density - How close together people are Expansion - To get bigger Forty-Niner - Someone who went to look for gold in California in 1849. Gold Rush - The massive influx of people who came to California to search for gold in the 1850s Homestead - A piece of land that was sold by the government at a reduced price Manifest Destiny - The widely-held belief in the 1800s that the United States was blessed by God should expand from ocean to ocean Missionary - Someone who tries to convince people to convert to a different religion Transcontinental - Across the whole nation Mormon - A member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, a religion founded in America in the 1800s Pioneer - An explorer Provision - A section of a treaty or document. Reservation - A piece of land set aside for Native Americans Territory - Land that belongs to a country Treaty - An agreement between two nations or groups
Transcendentalism Description Philosophy that emphasized: living a simple life celebrating the truth found in nature and in your own emotions and imagination being an individual, your own person People Henry David Thoreau was an important writer with a Return to nature message Original Thoreau Quote Go confidently in the direction of your dreams! Live the life you've imagined. As you simplify your life, the laws of the universe will be simpler. What transcendentalist belief does it illustrate? If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer. Let him step to the music which he hears, however measured or far away. I think that there is nothing, not even crime, more opposed to poetry, to philosophy, ay, to life itself than this incessant business. Public opinion is a weak tyrant compared with our own private opinion. What a man thinks of himself, that is which determines, or rather indicates his fate.
Hudson River School Description IT S NOT AN ACTUAL SCHOOL!! Group of artists who had a special American style Painted landscapes that showed America s natural beauty America s first own art Thought art could help people be more spiritual and moral People John James Audubon - drew birds and other animals ***************************** 1. What do you think the title of this painting might be? 2. What types of people do you see? 3. The woman represents the United States what is she doing? 4. What is the message of the painting?
Florida Louisiana Purchase Name: Manifest Destiny Reasons for Westward Expansion Political Economic Social reduced the power of England Increased United States strength in the world reduced threats from other countries Increased need for farm land discovery of gold in California increased cotton production strong nationalism belief that the US was better belief in racial superiority Belief that God supported expansion ******************************** America bought an IMMENSE territory from France for $15 million. However, the land actually belonged to Native Americans. New Orleans was a BIG port that connects the Mississippi River to the ocean Shipping goods from ports was the only way to trade with far away countries The fastest way to get things to a port was by river (ship goods by river to a port, then from the port can go across ocean to another country) ******************************** Southerners were upset that slaves would run away to Spanish-owned Florida and Seminole Indians would raid American lands President Monroe tells Spain to govern Florida better or give it up Andrew Jackson illegally invades Florida and captures its military bases Spain gives up Florida to the US in 1819
Oregon Texas Name: ******************************** Stephen Austin asked for Texas to become a separate state Stephen Austin was thrown in jail this lead to rebellions North is unhappy because it is a slave state Disagreements about the Texas/Mexico border begin U.S. settlers move into Oregon Country ******************************** U.S. wants the border to be at the 54 40 line. Settlers say: 54 40 or fight! because they were willing to go to war with Britain to get what they wanted U.S. President James Polk makes a deal with Britain in 1846 - U.S. gets part of Oregon Country ******************************** Reflection: I had trouble with: I remembered very well! I need to review Notes:
Mexican Cession Name: Mexican-American War Sort the causes, events, and effects into political, social, and economic categories Political Social Economic ************************************* Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo: - Ends the war - Mexico gives up LOTS of land, including California! - This is called the Mexican Cession.
Gadsden Purchase Name: Big Question: should the Mexican Cession be free or slave states? Guidelines of the Compromise of 1850 Compromise of 1850 California will be admitted as a free state Mexican cession outside of California would be divided into New Mexico and Utah. Voters would decide on slavery Texas would receive $10 million for giving up New Mexico Slave trade abolished in Washington, D.C. Fugitive Slave Act passed - Law that makes it easier for Southern owners to catch their escaped slaves - Makes consequences harsher against escaped slaves and people who help them Impact of the Fugitive Slave Act - Free African-Americans are no longer safe - People in the North disobey the law and still help slaves - Sectionalism gets worse Based on what you read, should the Mexican Cession have free or slave states? Do you think the compromise was fair? Was purchased by the U.S.(James Gadsden) from Mexico (Santa Anna) for $10 million this allowed the building of the Southern Transcontinental Railroad
Sort the territories into political, social, and economic reasons for their acquisition Political Social Economic Reflection: I had trouble with: I remembered very well! I need to review Notes:
Groups That Moved West The biggest problem of moving west: The Rocky Mountains Lewis and Clark Californios & California Indians Mormons Forty-Niners Chinese WHY did they move? 1. To trade with the Indians 2. To find a water route across North America 3. Explore the territory of the Louisiana Purchase 1. Land grants given out by the Mexican government (got a rancho with 50,000 acres of land) 2. Convert Indians to Christianity 1. Run off by others in the East mainly due to Mormons different beliefs To mine for gold 1. Rumors about great pay for work, large houses, and fancy clothing 2. Opportunities for new jobs Hardships They Faced 1. Sunburn 2. Mosquitoes 3. Lack of food 1. Lived far from neighbors 2. Raided by soldiers 3. Corrupt officials 1. Many died along the way 2. Had to learn how to farm in a dry environment 1. High prices in California 2. No law enforcement 3. Mining was difficult work 1. Abuse by Americans Tried to make the Chinese pay taxes Burned their huts Cut off their hair Beat them LEGACY: What are they known for? 1. Mapped route to the Pacific Ocean 2. Established good relations with the Indians 1. Spanish names 2. New foods 3. Opened California to others 1. New farming methods 2. Established a large Mormon community in Salt Lake City, Utah Brought enough people to make California a state (more than 250,000 people) 1. The Chinese helped build such industries as mining and farming in California 2. Introduced their rich culture to the West Which groups moved for political reasons? Which groups moved for economic reasons? Which groups moved for social reasons? Why was the biggest problem of moving west the Rocky Mountains?
SOCIAL ECONOMY POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY Name: Sectionalism NORTH ISSUES SOUTH Thin, rocky soil (poor farming) cool climate cold and short growing season fast rivers natural harbors geography Rich, fertile soil Warm and long growing season (good for farming) opposed states rights because the U.S. was more important than individual states States Rights supported states rights and believed they had the right to nullify laws which hurt the Southern economy based on industry and trade (textiles) fishing, shipping mostly factory workers inventions led to industrialization occupations based on agriculture (cotton, tobacco, rice, sugar, indigo) mainly used slave labor cotton gin made cotton production more profitable supported tariffs because they felt that tariffs caused people to purchase American-made goods tariffs opposed tariffs because tariffs made European goods more expensive supported money being spent for transportation railroads / canals brought goods to and from the factories transportation opposed money being spent for transportation most goods were carried on river boats to cities city life long hours in dangerous factories organized unions to solve problems way of life rural life small farmers poor whites and free blacks wealthy plantation owners viewed slavery as wrong, but African-American workers still faced low wages, prejudice and discrimination impact of slavery economy depended on large slave work force slaves did mainly farm work with no pay and little hope of freedom
Kansas-Nebraska Act The North and South could no longer balance slave states and free states Senator Stephen Douglas proposed the Kansas- Nebraska Act: 1) Kansas and Nebraska will be organized into territories 2) They will have the right to decide for themselves about slavery this is known as popular sovereignty (the people decide). Effects of the Kansas-Nebraska Act The Missouri Compromise is undone Thousands of non-residents go to Kansas in order to vote Violence erupts with Bleeding Kansas How did the Kansas-Nebraska Act increase sectionalism? John Brown and Bleeding Kansas John Brown was a radical abolitionist. He wanted to end slavery right away! He became famous when he killed five pro-slavery settlers during the Bleeding Kansas conflict. He became a hero to anti-slavery Northerners Impact of Bleeding Kansas Kansas eventually became a free state, and the balance of free states and slave states was ruined! Southerners are scared about the violence and fighting more people begin to favor secession How do you think northerners interpreted the situation in Kansas?
Dred Scott v Sandford Dred Scott was a slave His master took him to the North, then returned to the South Scott sued for his freedom since he was on free land in the North, and shouldn t have to go back to slavery The Dred Scott Decision The Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger Taney ruled that: 1. Slaves were not citizens 2. Slaves were property 3. Slaves could not file lawsuits (because they were not citizens) 4. Slavery could not be prohibited, so The Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional How do you think black people were treated after the Dred Scott decision?