U.S. Territorial Acquisitions,

Unit 5 Geography Challenge ANSWER KEY U.S. Territorial Acquisitions, 1803 1853 130 W BRITISH CANADA PACIFIC OCEAN W N S E 0 400 800 miles 0 400 800 kilometers Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area Projection Gulf of Mexico ATLANTIC OCEAN APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS G R RANGE CASCADE UNITED STATES, 1800 E A T P L A I N S San Francisco MEXICO St. Louis New Orleans FLORIDA, 1819 Boston New York 50 N Portland OREGON COUNTRY Fort Hall South Pass Oregon Trail Oregon Trail Trail Trail Mormon Mormon Santa Fe Independence River River MEXICAN CESSION Colorado Colorado River Arkansas Rio Grande GADSDEN PURCHASE LOUISIANA TERRITORY California California Trail Trail Santa Fe Trail Santa Fe Trail Old Spanish Trail Old Spanish Trail SIERRA NEVADA Sacramento Los Angeles TEXAS 1 Unit 5 Geography Challenge

Unit 5 Geography Challenge Geography Skills Analyze the maps in Setting the Stage for Unit 5 in the Student Text. Then answer the following questions and fill out the map as directed. 1. Label the Louisiana Territory on your map and highlight its borders. What year was it added to the United States? How did adding this region change the size of the nation? Adding the Louisiana Territory in 1803 about doubled the size of the United States. 2. Highlight the borders of Texas and the Mexican Cession and label these two regions. When was each region added to the United States? Texas was added in 1845 and the Mexican Cession in 1848. What other territory was acquired from Mexico? Label it on your map. The Gadsden Purchase was the other territory acquired from Mexico. 3. What three trails crossed the Louisiana Territory from Independence, Missouri? Draw and label each trail. The Oregon Trail crossed the Louisiana Territory on the way to Portland. The Santa Fe Trail crossed it on the way to Santa Fe. The California Trail crossed it on the way to Sacramento. Locate and label the cities at the ends of each trail. Also locate and label the city of Independence. 4. Label and lightly shade or outline Oregon Country. When did it become part of the United States? The United States added Oregon Country in 1846. 5. Draw and label the Old Spanish Trail. Locate and label its western end. The western end of the Old Spanish Trail was Los Angeles. 6. Which rivers and mountain ranges did settlers have to cross when following the Santa Fe Trail and the Old Spanish Trail to California? Label those rivers and mountains. Following the Santa Fe and Old Spanish trails to California required settlers to cross the Arkansas River, Rio Grande, and Colorado River as well as the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada. (Note: Students may not be certain about the Arkansas River.) 7. Locate Sacramento. Where did the trail that settlers took to reach this city leave the Oregon Trail? Locate and label that place on your map. The California Trail left the Oregon Trail at Fort Hall. 8. Locate and label South Pass. Which three trails crossed the Rocky Mountains at South Pass? Make sure all three trails are labeled on your map. The Mormon, California, and Oregon trails crossed the Rocky Mountains at South Pass. Unit 5 Geography Challenge 2

Unit 5 Geography Challenge Critical Thinking Answer the following questions in complete sentences. 9. Why do you think the Mormon, Oregon, and Santa Fe trails each followed rivers for such a long distance? What benefit would such a route have for travelers? By following rivers, the trails provided travelers with a source of water along much of their journey. 10. Why would travel by wagon through the mountains have been slower than travel across desert or plains? Moving wagons over mountains, and with snow and cold weather, would have been slower than riding over flat land. 11. How might the United States purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France have helped encourage American settlers to later travel to Oregon and California? Had the Louisiana Territory not become part of the United States, Americans traveling to Oregon and California would have had to cross land that belonged to another nation. This might have discouraged Americans from settling in these regions. 3 Unit 5 Geography Challenge

Manifest Destiny and the Growing Nation I N T E R A C T I V E S T U D E N T N O T E B O O K How justifiable was U.S. expansion in the 1800s? P R E V I E W Your teacher will display a painting that is also Answer 1: Possible answer: The groups moving reproduced from east at to the west beginning include American of this lesson Indians, in the settlers, Student and Text. miners. Begin The to analyze American the Indians painting with do your not appear class, and to have then many continue belongings. your The miners have their tools. The settlers have a own or with a partner. On a separate sheet of covered wagon, which likely carries some of paper, their answer personal the belonging. questions below. Support your answers with evidence from the painting. Answer 2: The American Indians appear to 1. be Which fleeing groups to the in West. the The painting other are groups moving are likely from seeking the east a better toward life the by west? striking What it rich are in mining, getting land to farm, or establishing a they bringing with them? business. 2. What are some possible reasons these Answer 3: American Indian groups were forced to move groups west to are make moving room west? for settlers. However, 3. Which they again groups encountered were already conflict in the as West? more settlers began to move to the West. What is happening to them? Answer 4. Who 4: Manifest is the main destiny figure is portrayed in the center by of the woman the painting? at the center What of might the painting. she represent? The schoolbook and telegraph wires she is carrying represent 5. John progress Gast painted and modernization. American Progress in 1872. Do you think he believed that U.S. Answer expansion 5: Answers in will the vary. 1800s Students was justifiable? should support Why their or answers why not? based on evidence in the image. R E A D I N G N O T E S Social Studies Vocabulary As you complete the Reading Notes, use these terms in your answers. territory Texas War for Independence manifest destiny diplomacy annex Mexican-American War Section 1 1. Why were the city of New Orleans and the Mississippi River important to farmers in the early 1800s? Farmers depended on the river to get their crops to the port in New Orleans, where they would load them onto ships bound for markets in Europe and on the East Coast. 2. What was Napoleon s plan for Louisiana? Why were American farmers alarmed by it? Napoleon wanted to settle the territory with French farmers who would supply food for the slaves that worked in the Caribbean. American farmers feared that if the port of New Orleans were closed to Americans, they would not be able to get their crops to market. Manifest Destiny and the Growing Nation 4

3. What deal was made on April 30, 1803? Give two reasons why Napoleon was willing to make this deal with the United States. The United States agreed to buy the Louisiana Territory for $15 million. Napoleon no longer needed the territory because slaves had revolted in Haiti and overthrown the government. Also, France was about to enter into war with the British and might lose the territory anyway. 4. List two pros and two cons of the Louisiana Purchase. Pros of the Louisiana Purchase Possible answers: Cons of the Louisiana Purchase doubled the country s size at a cheap price secured the free navigation of the Mississippi River gained lands without bloodshed impossible to govern such a large piece of land changes in Congress that caused eastern states to lose power to new western states too expensive when the country had little money unconstitutional Section 2 1. What did President Monroe order Andrew Jackson to do in 1818? What did Jackson do instead? President Monroe ordered Jackson to chase raiding Seminole Indians back into Florida, but not to invade Florida. Instead, Jackson invaded Florida, captured military forts, executed two British subjects for stirring up Indian attacks, and replaced the Spanish governor. 2. Explain the deal that the United States made with Spain in 1819 to end the conflict over Florida. Spain agreed to leave Florida. The United States agreed to pay $5 million in settlers claims and to honor Spain s claim to Texas. Section 3 1. List two complaints of American settlers in Texas in 1830. Then list two complaints of Tejanos in 1830. Possible answers: American settlers: Americans were used to governing themselves and did not want to take orders from the Mexican government. All official documents had to be in Spanish. Mexico outlawed slavery in 1829 and many Americans in Texas were slaveholders. Tejanos: Tejanos were upset that many Americans had settled in Texas illegally. Americans showed little respect for Mexican culture. Many Americans had no intention of becoming citizens. 5 Manifest Destiny and the Growing Nation

2. Complete the timeline with important events that led Texas to win its independence. Write a one- or two-sentence summary next to each date. Use all of the words in the Word Bank somewhere on the timeline. Also, create illustrations for two of the events. Possible answers (terms from the Word Bank are underlined): 1821 1829 Moses Austin is granted a huge tract of land in Texas for an American colony. Slavery is outlawed in Texas and the rest of Mexico. Word Bank the Alamo General Santa Anna immigration Republic of Texas Remember the Alamo slavery Stephen F. Austin Tejanos 1830 There are 25,000 Americans living in Texas, compared to 4,000 Tejanos. 1833 1835 March 1836 Stephen F. Austin goes to Mexico City to convince the government to reopen Texas to immigration and make it a separate Mexican state. General Santa Anna throws him in jail. Texas revolts against the government. General Santa Anna marches 6,000 troops into Texas to crush the rebels. The Texans are defeated at the Alamo, with no survivors. April 1836 1836 1845 Texans yell Remember the Alamo! as they surprise attack and defeat the Mexican army near the San Jacinto River. Santa Anna is captured. Texas is a free and independent country known as the Republic of Texas. 3. What happened to Texas in 1845? Give one argument against and one argument in favor of this decision. Texas became a part of the United States. Possible arguments against: Annexation might lead to war with Mexico. Some Northerners did not want to add another slave state to the nation. Possible arguments in favor: Annexing Texas was our manifest destiny. Some Southerners were eager to add another slave state. Manifest Destiny and the Growing Nation 6

Section 4 1. What agreement did Great Britain and the United States make in the 1820s concerning Oregon? Great Britain and the United States agreed to a peaceful joint occupation of Oregon. 2. Why Oregon was called a pioneer s paradise? Possible answers: fertile soil, towering forests, sunny weather, no disease, free farms 3. What did James Polk mean when he declared Fifty-four forty or fight! in the 1844 presidential campaign? Did he follow through with this campaign promise? Explain. Polk wanted the United States to have the entire Oregon Country and was willing to fight Britain for it. He did not follow through with this promise, but instead used diplomacy to reach a compromise that gave half of Oregon to the United States and half to Britain. Section 5 1. Why did President Polk think the Mexican government might want to sell California and New Mexico? Polk thought the Mexican government might sell California and New Mexico because they were thinly settled and neglected by the Mexican government. 2. Label the map with sentences to explain why the U.S. Congress declared war on Mexico in 1846. Disputed Texas, 1846 MEXICO Disputed area Rio Grande UNITED STATES Nueces River Texas Possible annotations: Texas claimed the Rio Grande was the border; Mexico wanted the Nueces River to be the border. On April 25, 1846, Mexican troops fire on U.S. soldiers patrolling the Rio Grande. President Polk claims Mexico had invaded the United States 7 Manifest Destiny and the Growing Nation

3. Choose two of these Mexican-American War battle locations: New Mexico, California, Monterrey, Buena Vista, or Chapultepec. Then create two historical newspaper headlines for each of your two battle locations. Write the first headline for a U.S. newspaper whose editors agreed with manifest destiny. Write the second headline for a newspaper in Mexico. Possible headlines for the five battles: Location 1: Location 2: New Mexico U.S.: Unable to Fight the Spread of Democracy, New Mexico Surrenders Without a Shot Mexico: New Mexico Surrenders to American Bullies California U.S.: California Revolts! Chooses to Join Forces and Link Its Manifest Destiny with America s! Mexico: Californian Traitors Join Forces with the Americans Monterrey: U.S.: American Forces Take Monterrey, But Santa Anna Slows Their Progress Mexico: Lawless Americans Invade Mexico Santa Anna Halts Invasion Outside Monterrey! Buena Vista U.S.: Brutal Fighting Near Buena Vista Leads to Capture of Northern Mexico and One Step Closer to Our Manifest Destiny! Mexico: Santa Anna s Forces Fight Off the Americans and Return to the South Chapultepec U.S.: Mexico City Captured! Liberty Prevails! Mexico: Soldiers and Cadets Fight Bravely But Can t Defeat Yankee Tyrants! 4. List three details of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Then give two reasons some U.S. senators opposed this treaty. Details of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hildalgo: Mexico gave up Texas and the Mexican Cession, which included the present-day states of California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico and parts of Colorado and Wyoming. The United States agreed to pay Mexico $15 million. The United States promised to protect Mexican citizens living in Texas and the Mexican Cession. Opposition: Some senators opposed the treaty because they felt the United States only had a right to Texas, not the Mexican Cession. Others opposed the treaty because they also wanted it to cede parts of northern Mexico. 5. Why did the United States buy the Gadsden Purchase in 1853? Railroad builders wanted this flat piece of land to build a new route across the nation. Manifest Destiny and the Growing Nation 8

P R O C E S S I N G Below is a drawing of John Gast s painting American Progress. Annotate the drawing by adding a speech or thought bubble for four elements in the painting people, animals, or objects. In each bubble, write a short paragraph to express how that person, animal, or object might respond to the Essential Question: How justifiable was U.S. expansion in the 1800s? Include as many of the Social Studies Vocabulary terms as possible in your paragraphs. Use this rubric to evaluate the Processing assignment. Score 3 2 1 Description The annotations include the following elements: a speech or thought bubble for four elements, four responses to the Essential Question, and Social Studies Vocabulary terms. The responses are historically accurate. The paragraphs are well written and free from grammar and spelling errors. The annotations include most of the following elements: a speech or thought bubble for four elements, four responses to the Essential Question, and Social Studies Vocabulary terms. The responses are mostly historically accurate. The paragraphs are well written but may have some grammar and spelling errors. The annotations lack most of the following elements: a speech or thought bubble for four elements, four responses to the Essential Question, and Social Studies Vocabulary terms. The responses are historically inaccurate. The paragraphs have grammar and spelling errors. 9 Manifest Destiny and the Growing Nation

Text I N V E S T I G RA ET AI ND G I NPG R INMO AT RE Y S S O U R C E S Identifying and Evaluating Evidence Use the reading to create a claim that answers this question: What inspired Americans to move west? Claim: Claims will vary. Accept all reasonable responses. What evidence from the primary sources documents support your claim? Fill out the chart below. Circle the two strongest pieces of evidence. Source Evidence How does this support the claim? Evidence will vary, but should relate to the claim. Students should provide evidence from multiple sources. The evidence should come from the primary sources themselves, but students may use the supporting text to explain how the source supports the claim. Explanations should be reasonable. You can use this evidence to strengthen your claim. Write your revised claim below. Claims should be more nuanced than the first claim. The evidence should better support the revised claim. Manifest Destiny and the Growing Nation 10

Constructing an Argument Create an argument to answer the question: What inspired Americans to move west? Your argument should: clearly state your claim. include evidence from multiple sources. provide explanations for how the sources support the claim. use words, phrases, and clauses to create cohesion. create cohesion among claims, counterclaims, reasons, and evidence. establish and maintain a formal style. produce a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports your argument. Use this rubric to evaluate your argument. Make changes as needed. Score 3 2 1 Description The claim clearly answers the question. The argument uses evidence from two or more primary sources that strongly support the claim. The explanations accurately connect to the evidence and claim. The claim answers the question. The argument uses evidence from one or more primary sources that support the claim. Some of the explanations connect to the evidence and claim. The claim fails to answer the question. The argument lacks evidence from primary sources. Explanations are missing or are unrelated to the evidence and claim. 11 Manifest Destiny and the Growing Nation