Louisiana Territory 1. Southwest Santa Fe Trail- Independence, MO to Santa Fe, NM, 1 st attempt thru TX and Mexico William Becknell- developed trade route, caravan system - traded goods to settlers 2. Northwest- Rocky Mountains Mountain men- trappers- fur trade- $- worked alone, frontiersmen, communicated & traded w/ Indians Rendezvous system-john Jacob Astor- trading posts outfitted mountain men w/ supplies, food, tools, weapons, maps- could charge any price, traded for furs
Northeastern Border 1. Conflict with?- England and US 2. Over what border?- Northeast- Canada & Maine 3. Webster-Ashburton- Daniel Webster (US) & Lord Ashburton (UK)- share land- set current northeast border Texas 1. Mexican Independence- 1821, from Spain 2. Stephen Austin- brought 1 st Americans to Texas 3. Reason for opposition to Mexican rule Forced to become Roman Catholic- most were Protestant Slavery abolished- needed slaves for cotton farming No taxes for 6 years- had to pay then 4. Santa Anna- dictator of Mexico- harsh treatment of Texans 5. Sam Houston- military leader of Texas 6. The Alamo- 1836- Catholic mission- Texans attacked by Santa Anna- 187 Texans killed 7. San Jacinto & Treaty- Sam Houston defeats Santa Anna, Texas gains independence, Rio Grande River become border
Washington, D.C. 1. Election 1844- Issue- Expansion, Texas 2. Candidates Democrat- Polk- Dark Horse- favored annexation of CA, TX, OR Whig- Clay- against annexation of TX Liberty- Birney- Anti-slavery, against TX 3. Raleigh Letter & Results- Clay switched opinions- for annexation which alienated northern Whigs- they voted for Birney- Polk wins election
Oregon Rush-Bagot Treaty- US & England share Oregon Columbia River-controlled access to trade to Pacific Ocean Hudson Bay Company- British trading company- monopolies on lumber & fur Oregon Trail- trail to settle NWaccess to settle Polk s 54-40 or Fight - campaign slogan in 1844 election (Oregon border) 1846 Compromise- made 49 North Latitude current border
California 1. J Sutter- Sacramento sawmill owner- finds gold on land 2. J. Marshall- found gold under water wheel 3. 49ers- 1000 s of people rush to CA for gold (1849) 4. Conflict over statehood- free or slave? 5. Wilmot Proviso- all land acquired from Mexico is free 6. Missouri Compromise- Split CA in two 7. Popular Sovereignty- S. Douglas- let people in state decide if it s slave or free 8. 1848 Election- Lewis Cass- Democrat, Z. Taylor- Republican, M. VanBuren- Free Soiler: Taylor wins
Utah J. Smith- founder of Mormons- started in NY Polygamy- practice of having more than one wife Brigham Young- Smith is killed- B. Young leads Mormons to Salt Lake City Desert Zion- Isolated areas between Rockies & deserts 1850-1896- Utah is territory in 1850, a state in 1896
War with Mexico Causes Polk s viewpoint- wanted CA, NM, TX- encouraged settlers Annexation of TX- Mexico threatened war if we annex Texas border dispute- Rio Grande River v Nueces River Slidell s Mission- go to Mexico to buy CA & NM- they refused to meet him
1. Northern Campaign- Z. Taylor (Old rough and ready) Sept 1846- Monterrey/ Feb 1847- Buena Vista- Santa Anna forced to retreat- Polk orders his forces split 2. NM & CA- Kearney & Fremont- Bear Flag Revolt Kearney- along Santa Fe Trail- clears out all resistance in NM- Fremont- helps Americans in CA to revolt 3. Central Mexico- W. Scott (Fuss and Feathers)- Mexico City 1846- hits Vera Cruz- goes inland to Mexico City- Sept 1847 4. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Mexico ceded CA, NM, AZ to US (Mexican Cession) TX annexed and Rio Grande River becomes border- US pays Mexico $15 million 5. Far Reaching Results- Gadsden Purchase US gains natural resources, opens west to slavery question, soldiers gained experience for Civil War Gadsden Purchase- US paid Mexico $10 million for strip of land- Gila River- Used for RR from South to West
Compromise of 1850 Henry Clay 1. CA- free state 2. UT & NM- based on popular sovereignty 3. TX- $10 million to give up claim to NM 4. Wash., DC- eliminate slave trade 5. Fugitive Slave Code- Runaway slave must be returned by law North helped slaves escape- Underground RR Slaves became restless Slave owners lost fortunes