Chapter Five How did New Mexico grow and change in the late 1800s, and what challenges did it face on its path to statehood?
Lesson One Growth and Change How did New Mexico grow and change in the late 1800s, and what challenges did it face on its path to statehood?
TRAILS
New Trails NM became a U.S territory 1850 Santa Fe trail was the route Old Spanish trail was difficult to follow, easier route was needed
Santa Fe Trail
Spanish Trail
Cooke s Wagon Road
Butterfield Overland Trail
Cooke s Wagon Road Aka Mormon Battalion Route Lt. Col. Philip St. George Cooke
Butterfield Overland Trail Gadsden Purchase meant for a railroad Opened in 1858 Stagecoach primary means of transport
Riding the Stage Very dangerous Outlaws and Natives Doubtful Canyon, NM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vt33fqm58ko If the team runs away sit still and take your chances. If you jump, nine out of ten times you will get hurt!
Territorial Growth Trails & railroads opened NM up White settlers = Anglos Texans & Slaves & Mormons, Oh my! NM became multicultural
Essential Questions 1. What caused settlers to come to New Mexico? 2. Which trail goes from Missouri to New Mexico? 3. Which trail was the first to California?
Catholics in NM
Catholic Church NM never had a bishop First Bishop = Jean Baptiste Lamy
New Churches Bishop Lamy considered NM churches primitive Churches made of mud & homemade images of santos La Conquistadora was placed in an unworthy church
La Conquistadora Our lady of Peace Mary, Christ s mother Oldest & most respected religious statue in NM Honored in a parade every
St. Francis Cathedral St. Francis built over the old cathedral Architect was brought in from France Completed in 1895
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=micvg0kdtjk
Priests and Nuns No priests or nuns meant lack of serving Bishop Lamy went to France to recruit volunteers More than 100, plus the first ever nuns moved to NM
Conflict from Within Bishop Lamy became archbishop in 1875 Padre Martinez opposed Bishop Lamy Poverty had increased due to Bishop Lamy
Antonio José Martínez 1804 moved to Taos Married Maria de la Luz, but she died Stricken with grief he decided to become a priest
Antonio José Martínez Opened a school in Taos Printed NM s first book Most famous & powerful NM priest
Essential Questions 1. Who is Bishop Lamy? 2. How did Bishop Lamy affect NM? 3. What was Bishop Lamy s greatest achievement? 4. Who opposed Bishop Lamy? Why?
The Government
Land Policies Government offered land for next to nothing Homestead Act, 160 acres for free, must live there for 5 years Homesteaders found NM difficult https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=piehg0zaz3y
Making a Living Sheep & cattle ranching Mining grew as well Businesses boomed due to the railroad
Sheep Ranching Number one livestock raised Wool & mutton Sheep drives made New Mexicans wealthy & powerful
Cattle Ranching After the Civil War cattle ranching was important Beef was in high demand
Cattle Drives Railroads were not around till the 1880s Cattle drives allowed cowboys to take their cattle to market Goodnight-Loving trail
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tbbmmvajpiy
Cattle Drives Texas to Kansas, then shipped to the east Goodnight & Loving decided to head through eastern NM Cattle drives took about 4 months
End of Cattle Drives Railroads ended the cattle drives Ranchers made their ranches close to railroads
Essential Questions 1. What is the Homestead Act? 2. How did New Mexicans make a living? 3. How did cowboys take their cattle to market?
Life in NM
Boomtowns Silver City, White Oaks, Lake Valley Boomtowns = Towns that spring up Silver City kept going
Mining Ancestral Puebloans, first to mine Los Cerillos = oldest turquoise mine Turquoise, copper, & coal
Mining: Turquoise Very popular Used to make jewelry Los Cerillos = Oldest mine
Mining: Copper Dyes & Coins 1800s, copper in high demand Electricity Grant Canyon
Mining: Coal Fuel Colfax County Gallup & Madrid Dust & gases caught fire https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rzsmgj_7i-m
Materials brought in by Santa Fe Trail Santa Fe New Mexican Newspapers
Tourism Largest business Indian Pottery & rugs Climate & scenery Not as modern
Health Seekers Always considered a healthy place 1800s, doctors sent patients Tuberculosis (TB) Writers, architects, political leaders, & doctors
Harvey Houses Restaurants & hotels along the Santa Fe Trail Fred Harvey Santa Fe Railroad, huge success due to Harvey
Harvey Girls One problem, men Women began applying Uniforms: black & white, ironed & spotless Strict rules
Essential Questions 1. What three items were primarily mined in NM? 2. What was NM s largest business? 3. Who is Fred Harvey? How did he contribute to NM?
Lesson Two Part of the Wild West How did New Mexico grow and change in the late 1800s, and what challenges did it face on its path to statehood?
Law & Order
Wild West NM Outlaws, guns, crimes, and violence Violence to solve disputes Black Jack Ketchum Gang
Lawlessness Few lawmen No one wanted to be in a posse Posse: help with law enforcement Large territory and hiding places
Lawlessness Most men carried guns Simple arguments to gunfire New sources of wealth
Lincoln County War Most famous conflict Largest county to enter U.S Lawrence Murphy dominated Lincoln County
Santa Fe Ring Murphy s power extended past Lincoln Ring leaders were corrupt 1876 John Henry Tunstall arrives Hires William Bonny (Billy the Kid)
Essential Questions 1. Why did lawlessness grow? 2. Who is Lawrence Murphy? 3. Who assisted Billy the Kid? What is Billy s real name?
Enter in, the law
Land Grants Land grants added problems Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, not honored 1850, 15 million square miles Land grants given to
Combating Lawlessness 1885, first prison in NM built Lincoln divided into 6 counties Sheriff Elfego Baca 1905: NM Territorial Mounted Police
Boundary Disputes Boundaries were unclear Land grant documents were lost or destroyed
Essential Questions 1. Where was the first prison built? 2. Who was the well known sheriff? 3. Why were boundaries difficult to defend?
Enter in, the law
Lawyers Anglo lawyers hired to defend land Paid in land Thomas B. Catron, lawyer who was the largest landowner
Thomas B. Catron, suspected leader of the Santa Fe Ring
Las Vegas Las Vegas was greatly affected Fences were put up Hispanics were cut off Hispanic farmers created Las Gorras Blancas
Las Gorras Blancas Hispanics resented the railroad and settlers for land grabbing 300 members Riders wore white caps
Our purpose is to protect the rights and interests of the people in general; especially those of the helpless classes. We want the Las Vegas Grant settled to the benefit of all concerned, and this we hold is the entire community within the grant. We want no land grabbers or obstructionists of any sort to interfere. We will watch them Be fair and just as we are with you, do otherwise and take the consequences
Maxwell Land Grants Most disputed land grant Given to Carlos Beaubien & Guadaloupe Miranda Lucien Bonaparte Maxwell gained 1.5 million acres Fertile land & gold discovered in 1866
Maxwell Land Grants Maxwell made a lot of money Some lived on the land as squatters Squatters live on land without purchasing or renting it
Colfax County War Santa Fe Ring helped the company Franklin J. Tolby was murdered 1887, Supreme Court ruled for Maxwell Land Grant Company
Essential Questions 1. Why were land grants challenged? 2. Who is Thomas B. Catron? 3. How did the Colfax War begin?
Lesson Three Struggle for Statehood How did New Mexico grow and change in the late 1800s, and what challenges did it face on its path to statehood?
Roadblocks
Background After Mexican American War, NM was a territory of U.S 62 years as a territory CO, ID, ND, SD, OK, WA, & WY became states NM kept being rejected
What is a Territory? A territory is a region that is governed by the federal government Can t vote for pres., can t elect representatives A delegate is an elected or appointed representative
Three men representing the territories of NM, AZ, and OK wait to be granted statehood. What symbols in the image support this message?
Territorial Government 1850, New Mexicans enjoyed democratic rights Didn t elect judges or governors New Mexicans had democracy, just not enough as if they were a state James S. Calhoun, first governor
Path to Statehood Population, permission, & guarantee certain civil rights Citizens must ratify (give formal approval) of the proposed constitution President signs off on a territory to become a state
Roadblocks NM met the population requirement 1850, they drafted a constitution Failed due to debate over slavery Handshake spoiled statehood Stephen B. Elkins, NM s delegate Shook Northerner s hand after speech
Improving the Odds Considered changing their name NM only brought thoughts of violence Protestants vs. Catholics Santa Fe Ring hurt NM s chances
Essential Questions 1. Who are elected to the House of Representatives? 2. What were the requirements to become a state? 3. How were NM s chances at statehood ruined?
On its way
Joint Statehood One state from NM & AZ? NM favored, AZ rejected Gov. Otero rejects joint statehood
Miguel A. Otero, Jr. Only Hispanic governor of NM 1897-1906 appointed governor Supported business growth, weakened Santa Fe Ring Helped organize Rough Riders
Spanish American War Loyalty of NM was questioned 1898 U.S declares war on Spain Cuba s freedom from Spain, similar to America s freedom from England U.S.S Maine exploded in Havana Harbor
Rough Riders Special unit was created, the Rough Riders 350 New Mexicans & Teddy Roosevelt served in the unit Maximiliano Luna proved NM s loyalty
State Constitution 1910, Enabling Act was passed 100 delegates met in Santa Fe to write the Constitution Solomon Luna led the
Essential Questions 1. What was the best way NM could become a state? 2. Who is Miguel Otero? 3. How did NM contribute to winning the Spanish American War?
Finally a State
47 th State January 21, 1911 ratified constitution Pres. Taft signed on January 6, 1912 William C. McDonald became first elected governor
Well it is all over. I am glad to give you life. I hope you will be healthy.
Celebration Time After waiting 62 years, they finally made it Honked car horns, rang church bells, shot guns, & danced Residents watched the American flag be raised with 47 stars
Expanding Voting Rights Anglos & Hispanic males only allowed to vote Male Natives who paid a tax could vote School Board elections, only vote for women
Expanding the Vote Nina Otero-Warren most active suffragist A suffragist supported voting rights for women 1920, 19 th amendment passed, women get the vote
Expanding the Vote Natives still could not vote Miguel Trujillo challenged Native voting rights in 1948 Natives waited 35 years
Essential Questions 1. What number state is NM? 2. How long had NM waited? 3. What is a suffragist? 4. When did Natives get the right to vote?