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Information Canada Ottawa 1976 Catalog No. Fs 4-31/32 Corrct citation for this publication: MCKENZIE, R. 1976. Admiral Bayfild. Pionr nautical survyor. Fish. Mar. Srv. Misc. Spc. Publ. 32: 13 p. Covr dsign by Christin Rusk
MISCELLANEOUS SPECIAL PUBLICATION 32 Admiral Bayfild Pionr nautical survyor RUTH McKENZIE Ottawa li; cnn0 11?ggltrl o LfM.'5., ' 7111" ll.41\\ \' A ' bis q(it 4 mi. ilbf Environmnt Canada Fishris and Marin Srvic Ottawa 1976
Th Canadian Hydrographic Srvic producs and distributs Nautical Charts, Sailing Dirctions, Small Craft Guids, Tid Tabls, and Watr Lvls of th navigabl watrs of Canada, and Marin Scinc Paprs. Dominion Hydrographr Managr Navigation Publications G. N. EWING H. R. BLANDFORD Sailing Dirctions, Small Craft Guids, Tid Tabls, Watr Lvls, and Annual Rports ar publishd by th Offic of th Editor for th Canadian Hydrographic Srvic. Ths publications ar availabl from Information Canada or th Canadian Hydrographic Srvic. Th Offic of th Editor also publishs othr itms for sal through Information Canada: Journal of th Fishris Rsarch Board of Canada in annual volums of monthly issus, a Bulltin sris, and Miscllanous Spcial Publications issud priodically. Editor and Dirctor of Scintific Information Production-Documntation J. C. STEVENSON, PH.D J. CAMP/G. J. NEVILLE MICKEY LEWIS Offic of th Editor 116 Lisgar St., Ottawa KlA 0H3
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Admiral H. W. Bayfild, R.N. Introduction Admiral Hnry Wolsy Bayfild pionrd hydrography in Canada. From 1816 to 1856 h survyd th Grat Laks, th St. Lawrnc Rivr and Gulf (islands, inlts, and bays) and th coasts of th Maritim Provincs. Admiral Bayfild providd navigation charts, dtaild maps of shorlins, and th first Sailing Dirctions for th Gulf and Rivr of St. Lawrnc. This is th biography of th man who survyd practically th ntir shorlin from Lak Suprior to th Atlantic Ocan, and who rtird 11 yars bfor Confdration. "I frly own that I am ambitious to complt th grat labor which you hav mntiond, xtnding from th had of Lak Suprior to th wstrn shors of Nwfoundland," Commandr Hnry Wolsy Bayfild wrot in May 1832 to Captain Francis Baufort, Hydrographr of th British Admiralty. Whn Bayfild rtird from th survying srvic 24 yars latr, h had achivd his ambition. H had survyd laks Suprior, Huron, and Eri, had assistd in th survy of Lak Ontario and th St. Lawrnc Rivr as far ast as th Galops Rapids, and had compltd th survy of th rivr from Montral to th Gulf. Finally, h had survyd th coastlins, bays, and harbor inlts of th provincs and islands washd by th Strait of Bll Isl, Chalur Bay, th Northumbrland Strait, and th broad watrs of th Gulf of St. Lawrnc. This magnificnt achivmnt was th rsult of 40 yars' hard work by a skillful, ddicatd, and imaginativ nautical survyor whos carr had bgun in th Royal Navy at th ag of 11. Hnry Wolsy Bayfild was born January 21, 1795, in Hull, England, an important harbor on th North Sa. Littl is known of his parnts xcpt thir nams John Wolsy Bayfild and his wif, Eliza Ptit. Hnry had on sistr to whom h was dvotd, and who bcam th wif of Sir G. O. Pag Turnr. Hnry's ducation was apparntly by privat tutor. His childhood was spnt undr th cloud of thratnd invasion by Napolon Bonapart, whos army dfatd th combind forcs of Austria and Russia at Austrlitz in 1805, and th army of Prussia at Jna in 1806. But th British flt was strong, and Admiral Lord Nlson's victoris, culminating in th Battl of Trafalgar in 1805, inspird in vry British schoolboy th dsir to join th Navy. Hnry Bayfild was accptd as a "young gntlman" voluntr. (suprnumrary) on HMS Pompy two wks bfor his 11th birthday. In th nxt nin months, Hnry srvd also on th Qun and th Duchss of Bdford, and was slightly woundd whn th Duchss bat off two Spanish gun boats in th Strait of Gibraltar. 1
Hnry's commanding officr, Captain Francis Spilsbury, said latr in a lttr to Viscount Mlvill, First Lord of th Admiralty, that ". tho' a youth h [Bayfild] displayd prsnc of mind that would wll bcom th gratst warrior." Hnry's bhavior won for him his first promotion. H bcam a voluntr, first class, on th Bagl, in Sptmbr 1806. On this ship, as midshipman, h saw srvic in Qubc City and Halifax in 1810. Th following yar, Bayfild was on th Wandrr off th coasts of Portugal and Spain, and in 1814 h saild again for Canada. Whn th War of 1812 ndd in Dcmbr 1814, Bayfild was with th British flotilla on Lak Champlain. H was promotd to liutnant in March 1815, but continud to srv as midshipman or acting mastr for anothr yar. His war srvic cam officially to an nd in January 1816 whn h was transfrrd from HMS Champlain to HMS Princ Rgnt, th British naval hadquartrs at Kingston, Uppr Canada (Ontario). Thr h was rcruitd by Captain W. F. W. Own, Snior Officr Commanding on th Laks and Naval Survyor, to assist in th Grat Laks survy bgun th prvious yar. Summr of 1816 found Acting Liutnant Hnry Bayfild on HM Sloop Star assisting in th survy of Lak Ontario, and sounding th channls in th St. Lawrnc Rivr among th Thousand Islands and as far ast as th Galops Rapids, 10 mils byond Prscott. This was Bayfild's training priod as a naval survyor. Captain Own was gratly plasd with th progrss of his apprntic survyor. H commndd Bayfild in a lttr of July 22, 1816, to J. W. Crokr, Scrtary of th Admiralty, for his "Assiduity and ability," adding prophtically that "... his srvics will vr b valuabl in this branch of his profssion." At th conclusion of Bayfild's first sason as survyor, th Star was paid off. Liutnant Bayfild was about to rturn to England but Captain Own urgd him to rmain with him as assistant survyor, and Bayfild ".. without hsitation accptd th mploymnt proposd." Unxpctd advancmnt cam in Jun 1817 whn Captain Own was abruptly rcalld to England. Twnty-two-yar-old Hnry Bayfild was placd in charg of th survys of laks Eri and Huron but with a gratly rducd stablishmnt. H was lft with an inxprincd assistant, Midshipman Philip E. Collins, and two boats, th Trou ghton and th Ramsdn. Th largr vssls wr all ".. paid off and laid up in ordinary." Bayfild and Collins compltd th survy of Lak Eri in 1818, and thn movd to Pntanguishn to bgin work on Lak Huron. This survy provd to b vry tim-consuming. Tn wks wr rquird to survy 45 mils of th north shor bcaus, Bayfild xplaind, ".. in that distanc, w hav ascrtaind th Shap, siz & situation of upwards of 6,000 Islands, flats and Rocks; th main shor too is brokn into dp Bays and Covs..." Altogthr about 20,000 islands wr survyd in Lak Huron, among thm th 100-mil-long Manitoulin Island. On Lak Huron, and latr Lak Suprior, th survyors had to tak provisions for six wks at a tim, as thr wr no sttlrs living on th shors of thos laks. "Two Boats, not largr than ships cuttrs, carrid our whol stock of convnincs, of which w had fwr than th nativ Indians," Bayfild wrot yars latr. "I had not room vn for a matrss, but slpt, in all wathrs, in th Boat, or on th shor upon a Buffalo rob undr th Boat's mainsail thrown ovr a fw branchs placd on th ground. Many a night hav I slpt out, in this way, whn th Thrmomtr was down to nar Zro, and somtims vn blow it. Yt vn this was not so waring as trying to slp, in vain, in th warm nights of summr... in th smok of a Fir to kp off th clouds of Moschttos which litrally darknd th air." Somtims th survyors and crw suffrd from agu, somtims from scurvy, and thy had no mdical aid. Whn Liutnant Bayfild rturnd to his wintr quartrs at Pntanguishn in lat Octobr 1822, h rportd that h had compltd ".. th Survy of Lak Huron up to th Rapids of th Npish, at th ntranc of Lak Gorg." In th spring of 1823, Bayfild and his assistant, Midshipman Collins, st out for Lak Suprior. Théy now had a schoonr, th Rcovry, chartrd from th Hudson's Bay Company, with Bayfild as Acting Commandr. But, h said, ".. having no officr to command hr in my absnc and finding I could gt on fastr in th Boats, sh could only b usd in supplying us with provisions at distant points, in carrying th ncssary supplis, provisions across th Lak for wintr consumption or occasionally making runs with th Chronomtr." Wintring at Fort William during th Lak Suprior survy, Bayfild and Collins wr compltly isolatd from th sttld parts of th country and rcivd mail from England only onc iri six months. How xciting it must hav bn whn Captain John Franklin arrivd at Fort 2
William in May 1825, on his scond Arctic xpdition. Franklin lft two instrumnts, a dfctiv chronomtr and a brokn baromtr, with Bayfild to b rturnd to th British Admiralty for rpairs. Bayfild had his own problms with instrumnts. "Th Rocky shors of Lak Huron hav so shook our Tim Kprs, that,.in thir prsnt stat thy ar uslss," h wrot in Novmbr 1822. Bfor starting th Lak Suprior survy, h askd to b supplid with a nw or rpaird tim kpr, a boat sxtant, a thodolit, a tlscop, two Massy's patnt logs, a Catr's compass, a small boat compass "... so fittd as to avoid th ffct of th motion of th Boat," a pair of proportional compasss, a st of magntical bars, and a pntograph. In th thr summrs of 1823 to 1825, Bayfild and Collins circumnavigatd Lak Suprior in thir small survy boats, xamining all th bays and islands. Hithrto, this lak had bn almost unknown xcpt to Indians and fur tradrs. At th nd of th 1825 sason, th two survyors rturnd to England. Bayfild told th Admiralty Hydrographr that h had "... finishd th Survys of Laks Suprior, Huron, & Eri which I hav brought with m but which will rquir som tim to prpar for thir Lordships inspction, Lak Huron bing as yt in Pncil & Lak Suprior not yt plottd." It took two yars' work in th Admiralty's Hydrographic Offic in London to complt th charts including (in addition to th gnral charts of th thr laks) plans of th conncting watrs Rivr and Lak St. Clair, Dtroit Rivr, St. Josph Channl, St. Mary Rivr and plans of Pntanguishn and othr harbors. Bayfild was proud of his accomplishmnt. H, assurd th Hydrographr that ".. th Charts of th Laks which I hav just finishd ar as critically corrct in all th dtails as to rndr any futur Survy of thm unncssary for Nautical or gnral purposs, but it is highly dsirabl that thy should b filld up with Soundings, which xcpt to a crtain xtnt from th shors I could not obtain without a Vssl." Bayfild annotatd his lak charts with commnts on th natural faturs of th coasts, th timbr, gological formations, and natur of th soil. In rcognition of thir srvics, th two Grat Laks survyors rcivd promotions Bayfild to commandr in 1826, Collins to liutnant in 1827. By this tim, Bayfild, agd 32, had dvlopd grat skill in survying. H was highly disciplind, his moral fibr-toughnd by yars of nforcd slf-rlianc and th constant battl with th lmnts. H saw a challng in th prospct of conncting his survy of th Grat Laks with a survy of th St. Lawrnc Rivr and Gulf. H pointd out to th Hydrographic Offic that thr was no chart whatvr of th rivr btwn Montral and Qubc, and from Qubc to Anticosti Island thr wr only th "vry incorrct" charts mad many yars prviously by Colonl J. F. W. Ds Barrs, who had basd thm on th 1765 survys of Samul Holland. (Bayfild did not mntion th charts mad in th 1760s by Captain Jams Cook.) "Thr ar fw parts of th Glob in which mor accidnts occur to Vssls than in th dangrous Gulf and Rivr St. Lawrnc," Bayfild wrot to Crokr, adding that h blivd loss of lif could b lssnd and commrc xtndd "... by an accurat Survy of th Rivr and th ntir Gulf of St. Lawrnc from th Wstrn Shors of Nwfoundland to Montral." Bayfild askd for authority to xcut this survy. Th Admiralty grantd his rqust, and on Sptmbr 1, 1827, Commandr Bayfild arrivd at Qubc harbor with two assistants, Liutnant Philip Collins and Midshipman Augustus Bown. A yar latr, Dr William Klly joind th srvic as surgon. H rmaind ovr 20 yars, attnding to th mdical nds of officrs and crw and assisting with astronomical and mtorological obsrvations. Bayfild bgan immdiatly to mak plans for his grat work. H contractd for a 140-ton schoonr, th Gulnar,"... to b a good, strong, first class Vssl, copprd and coppr fastnd," built to his spcifications, and dlivrd to him in th spring of 1828, "Mannd and Victualld for th Sason." Sh was to b quippd with two boats. In addition, Bayfild ordrd two six-oard cuttrs to b built as survy boats. Ths would b ownd by th Admiralty, but not th Gulnar, which was hird for th summr months ach yar. Sh was th first of thr Gulnars in th survying srvic, ach on largr and strongr than hr prdcssor. Smallr sailing ships wr also addd to th srvic in subsqunt yars. Bayfild spnt 14 yars, from 1827 to 1840 inclusiv, with hadquartrs in th city of Qubc, conducting th St. Lawrnc survy. It covrd th ntir north shor of th St. Lawrnc Rivr, Lak St. Ptr, Montral and Qubc harbors, th Sagunay Rivr as far as navigabl, th northrn coast of Gaspé, th Strait of Bll Isl, th coast of Labrador from Bll Isl to Cap St. Lwis, part of th wst coast of Nwfoundland, Anticosti, th Magdaln and othr St. Lawrnc islands, Chalur Bay, th Nw Brunswick coast of Northumbrland Strait, and th rivrs Miramichi, Rstigouch, and Richibucto with thir main harbors. 3
During th yars of this -survy, Bayfild was in his prim. In summr, h workd from sunris to sunst, six days a wk and somtims on th Sabbath. H st high standards which -h xpctd his officrs to follow. H was intolrant of lazinss, carlssnss, or drunknnss, and h must hav smd a hard mastr to mn (spcially th crw) who did not shar his puritanical idals. "Stoppd th grog of th drunkn mn & of th 3 mn & 3 boys who hav givn thir allowanc to othrs contrary to my ordrs," h wrot in his Journal, whn h discovrd that th samn wr playing cards for grog. Bayfild was largly slf-traind and h was impatint with officrs who did not show similar concrn for slf-improvmnt. H criticizd on assistant, for instanc, for ".. his idl habits... that is h will nvr study to prfct himslf in his duty or in anything ls." But Bayfild was gnrous with prais whn h flt his officrs mritd it, and h ncouragd thm to study for promotion vn whn it mant a yar's absnc in England, to th grat inconvninc of th survy. Nautical survying was vry dmanding work, calling for skill in handling boats as wll as knowldg of th tchniqus of sounding, and making th ncssary obsrvations to masur distancs. Much of th work was don in boats 25 ft long. "In ths small boats," Bayfild rcordd in his Journal, "bsids th provisions for th Crws & ourslvs, w carry Tnts for th mn & ourslvs, oil cloths, bdding & changs of cloaths for ach, Instrumnts, Axs, camp Kttls, lins, lads, anchors & cabls, &c., so that thr is only room lft for ach prsons ft to go down so that thy may not sit & pull yt thy ar not so dp but that thy.will bar a vry considrabl sa in safty if ably managd." Th vagaris of th wathr prsntd a constant hazard. On th north shor of th St. Lawrnc opposit Anticosti, strong winds blw most of th tim, "... rolling in a havy swll and a Fog so dns that w could not s a Cabl's lngth," said Bayfild. Th fog pntratd ".. vn to our bdding, rusting and dstroying vrything." Hr also th survyors wr pstrd with mosquitos. "Nvr saw th Moschttos & Black Flis mor thick, thir bits covrd us with blood whil obsrving & w could not opn our mouths without swallowing thm. Th tormnt of thm was byond dscription." This was in th summr of 1832. Th nxt yar, at Littl Natashquan on th sam coast, Bayfild was surprisd to find th famous Amrican ornithologist, J. J. Audubon, studying and sktching th watr fowl for his Birds of Amrica. Th two mn xchangd visits on board thir rspctiv schoonrs. Audubon's lif-siz drawings imprssd Bayfild as bing "most bautifully paintd." A month latr, Bayfild and an assistant wr maroond in a wind and rain storm for fiv days on a barrn, granit island. "W could do nothing for vrything was too wt and cold to writ or calculat obsrvations without risking an agu by bcoming quit chilld through," Bayfild wrot. On th fifth day, "W bgan today to catch Puffins & young Gulls & to collct muscls & clams to mak our provisions run out as long as possibl." Whn th wathr bcam too svr in th fall to work in th xposd watrs of th Gulf, th survyors movd to Lak St. Ptr or th shltrd watrs of th rivr btwn Montral and Qubc. In lat Octobr, survying activitis ndd for th sason, and th mn rturnd to thir offic in Qubc. Thr thy spnt th wintr and spring putting on papr th rsults of thir obsrvations of th prcding summr, snding th plans and charts to th Admiralty Hydrographic Offic in London to b ngravd. Th proof shts cam to Bayfild latr for approval. H xamind th ngravd charts with th y of a prfctionist, insisting on accuracy, good styl, and th most appropriat scal for ach particular chart. "I fl my own crdit in grat masur concrnd, not only in thir accuracy, altho' that is by far th most important mattr, but also in thir apparanc whn finishd," Bayfild told th Hydrographr. H criticizd th styl of on ngravd chart as apparing ".. loos & coars... in th Hills, th lins ar wid apart and rough, th dottd lins of th shoals, th rprsntation of th slat rfs that dry at low watr, and th pointing by no mans nat." But th styl was lss important than th scal which, Bayfild said, should vary with th ara covrd by th chart and its particular purpos. That of th Magdaln Islands, for xampl, should b ".. on such a scal that Vssls could, by its aid, approach th islands closly and farlssly in vry part." Ships should b abl to "... avail thmslvs of anchorags undr diffrnt parts of thir shors, instad of bating about th Gulf in thick fogs and uncrtain tids and currnts as thy hithrto hav don, and bn frquntly wrckd in consqunc." A tragic vnt occurrd in Sptmbr 1835, whn Liutnant Collins, Bayfild's assistant for 18 yars, suddnly did of apoplxy whil survying th Magdaln Islands. Captain Bayfild (h had bn promotd in 1834) found as rplacmnt Liutnant John Orlbar who, in tim, bcam his most valud and trustd assistant. 4
Captain Bayfild was frquntly consultd by th Admiralty and th govrnmnt of Lowr Canada (Qubc) on problms connctd with navigation on th St. Lawrnc. In tstimony bfor an 1829 navigation committ of th Lowr Canada Hous of Assmbly, Bayfild pointd out that thr wr thr channls in th rivr that could safly b usd by ships but th rivr pilots knw only on. Th Assmbly consquntly passd a law rquiring pilots in futur to qualify for taking ships through ach of th thr channls. Th Admiralty was rqustd to supply copis of Bayfild's rivr charts for th pilots' us. Whn rbllion brok out in Lowr Canada in Novmbr 1837, th British Govrnmnt askd Bayfild for advic on th arlist dat in th spring by which British troops might b abl to land at th harbor of Qubc. Lighthouss wr important for safty in navigation. Bayfild advisd th authoritis on th bst positions for lighthouss on th coasts and islands of th St. Lawrnc, and latr, on th coasts of th Atlantic Provincs and Sabl Island. Bayfild's intrsts as a survyor wr not limitd strictly to navigation. Whil on Lak Suprior, h collctd sampls of rocks and minrals that wr forwardd to th British Musum. A papr of his on this subjct, "Outlins of th Gology of Lak Suprior," was publishd in th first issu of th Transactions of th Litrary and Historical Socity of Qubc in 1829. Bayfild was an honorary mmbr of this socity. H contributd a scond brif papr, "Rmarks on Coral Animals in th Gulf of St. Lawrnc," to th Transactions in 1831. This told how th survyors had hookd, by accidnt, spcimns of coral off th coasts of Gaspé and Anticosti. Bayfild had no formal training in scinc but h was obsrvant, had an analytical mind, and rad scintific litratur. As h survyd th north shor of th St. Lawrnc, h collctd gological spcimns as wll as spcimns of th organic rmains on Anticosti and th Mingan Islands. H prsntd complt sts of ths collctions to th Litrary and Historical Socity of Qubc and th Gological Socity, London, England, and a st of th gological spcimns to King's Collg, Cambridg Univrsity. H prpard a papr, "Nots on th Gology of th North Coast of th St. Lawrnc," that th Gological Socity publishd in Transactions in 1837. Othr Bayfild paprs publishd by th Socity wr: "On th Transportation of Rocks by Ic" (1836), and "On th Junction of th Transition and Primary Rocks of Canada and Labrador" (1845). Bsids gology, Bayfild was knly intrstd in such phnomna as fogs, tids, and th aurora boralis. H contributd - articls on trrstrial rfraction in th St. Lawrnc, on chronomtrs, and othr navigational subjcts to Nautical Magazin. Astronomical obsrvations formd part of Bayfild's work, and h was a Fllow of th Royal Astronomical Socity, as wll as a mmbr of th Société géologiqu d Franc, and an honorary mmbr of th Royal Canadian Institut. Bfor th first magntic obsrvatory in Canada was stablishd in Toronto in 1839, th Admiralty consultd Bayfild about th bst location. H rcommndd Toronto rathr than Montral or Qubc on th basis that Toronto was mor likly to b fr from th magntic influnc of mountains. Fiv yars latr, Bayfild was consultd again whn th first obsrvatory in Qubc City (built 1854) was bing considrd. In his yars as a survyor on th Grat Laks, Bayfild's lif was almost dvoid of fmal socity. H was shy and rsrvd. Nvrthlss, aftr moving to Qubc, h mingld "... in th plasurs of th fstiv sason," as th Qubc Mrcury put it, and at ag 43, in April 1838, h marrid Fanny, only daughtr of Captain (latr Gnral) Charls Wright of th Royal Enginrs. Mrs Bayfild assistd hr husband in th arly yars of thir marriag by copying his official lttrs (all handwrittn, oftn svral pags long, and in duplicat), and th manuscript for som chaptrs of his book on sailing dirctions. Captain and Mrs Bayfild bcam th parnts of four sons and two daughtrs. Bayfild was a dvotd husband and fathr. In May 1841, Captain Bayfild transfrrd his hadquartrs from Qubc to Charlotttown, Princ Edward Island, a harbor that had a longr navigation sason than Qubc and was mor cntral to th projctd survying activitis. Bfor Bayfild's dpartur from Qubc, th Mastr of Trinity Hous (th body that rgulatd St. Lawrnc shipping and th conduct of rivr pilots) prsntd him with a tstimonial xprssing apprciation of his "talnts and scintific acquirmnts" and thanking him for "th advic and assistanc h has on diffrnt occasions rndrd to this corporation." Th survyors concntratd thir fforts on th coasts of Princ Edward Island and Nova Scotia for th nxt 15 yars. At th bginning of this priod, Bayfild had two assistants, Liutnants John Orlbar and G. A. Bdford, who had rplacd Bown in 1839. Whn Bdford lft for anothr post in 1844, h was succdd by Liutnant John 5
Hancock, Orlbar's cousin. A junior assistant, William Forbs, joind th staff in 1845, and a draughtsman,thom. Ds Brisay, was ngagd to prpar th charts and assist in survying. It was customary for on or two of th assistants to go off in survy boats for a fw days or wks to work on parts of th survy whil Bayfild and anothr assistant workd lswhr. But thr was nvr any doubt as to who was in charg. Bayfild gav xplicit instructions bfor his assistants lft on an xpdition; thy rportd to him frquntly in prson or by lttr; and h xamind thoroughly th rsults of thir work. Rlations wr usually harmonious btwn Bayfild and his officrs. In particular, Bayfild had th utmost confidnc in his snior assistant, Liutnant Orlbar (promotd to commandr in 1845), and gav him incrasing rsponsibility. Whn th Captain took a much-ndd holiday in England in th fall and wintr of 1844-45, h lft Orlbar in charg of th hydrographic offic in Charlotttown. Bayfild and Orlbar wr both dvoutly rligious. On summr Sundays, whnvr possibl, rligious srvics wr hld on th Gulnar. "Rad th morning srvic as usual, to which Capt. Orlbar addd an appropriat srmon, slctd for th occasion." This was a typical Sunday ntry in Bayfild's Journal. Occasionally popl from th shor attndd th srvic. Th Gulnar bcam infctd with dry rot and, in 1844, Captain Bayfild had hr rplacd by a nw Gulnar, "... a fin larg schoonr of 180 Tons," built in Charlotttown undr his clos suprvision. This ship, in turn, dtrioratd, and had to b rplacd aftr only ight sasons. Th third Gulnar, "much largr and suprior in vry way," was built in Qubc City. This 212-ton ship wnt into srvic in Jun 1852. Bayfild was anxious to obtain th xact masurmnts of distancs btwn th mridians of St. John's, Charlotttown, Halifax, and Qubc, and h rpatd his obsrvations svral tims to nsur accuracy. Similarly, whn his formr commandr, Captain W. F. W. Own, was survying th Bay of Fundy, Bayfild wnt to Bai Vrt twic (in July 1843 and July 1844) to assist Own in masuring with rockts th mridian distanc across th Nova Scotia isthmus from Bai Vrt to th Cumbrland Basin. Bayfild also stablishd th mridian distanc btwn Boston and Halifax, with th coopration of Captain Own and th Cambridg Obsrvatory at Boston. A controvrsy dvlopd in 1846 ovr dpning th ship channl in Lak St. Ptr and th cours it should follow. Captain Bayfild was summond to Montral to mak rcommndations to a spcial Committ of th Excutiv Council of th Canadian Govrnmnt. His rport sparkd furthr controvrsy du, in Bayfild's opinion, "... to th ptty, party animositis which this qustion has involvd." Bayfild's survying program was intrruptd in August 1847 by instructions from th Admiralty to go to Cap Pin, on th southrn xtrmity of Nwfoundland's Avalon Pninsula, to dtrmin th bst position for a lighthous. His obsrvations on this assignmnt ld him to conclud that Cap Pin was not accuratly placd on th Admiralty chart thn in us. By 1848, Bayfild and his assistants had survyd th ntir coastlin of Princ Edward Island with its bays and dp harbor inlts, th Northumbrland Strait coast of Nova Scotia, and th northastrn xtrmity of th Gaspé coast (it had bn incompltly survyd bfor). In th fall of 1847, thy bgan work on Cap Brton Island, a major task which, including th Strait of Canso, îl Madam, th coast and harbors of Cap Brton, and th Bras d'or Laks, rquird fiv yars to complt. Th traffic in th Strait of Canso imprssd Bayfild. H wrot in Octobr 1847, "Th importanc of an accurat survy, on a larg scal of this Strait will appar vidnt, whn I stat, that no lss than 7,000 vssls wr rcordd on th books of th Light-Hous Kpi to hav passd through it last yar." An unxpctd rqust cam from th Admiralty in July 1851 to vrify th position of Sabl Island and mak rcommndations concrning a lighthous. Captain Bayfild, with Commandr Orlbar and Liutnant Hancock, saild to th island in th Gulnar. Thy travlld across th island on horsback, through th thick sand, taking masurmnts and making obsrvations. Aftr thr days, Bayfild and Orlbar dpartd, laving Hancock to complt th survy. Bayfild rcordd in his Journal on August 20, 1851, that thy had ".. compltly survyd th island, and its bars; and dtrmind accuratly th position of its two xtrms, & th principal stablishmnt, astronomically & chronomtrically thus affording a foundation for any furthr oprations that may at any tim b dmd ncssary." Bayfild's carr as a survyor was now drawing to a clos. His vigor was dclining and h suffrd from rhumatism.. His last major undrtaking was th survy of Halifax, 1852-53. This work includd 6
th ntir harbor of Halifax with th adjacnt hadlands and bays Bdford Basin, Sambro harbor and ldgs, and Dartmouth harbor. Latr, th survy was xtndd along th southrn coast of Nova Scotia from Halifax to Cap Canso. A continuing projct of Bayfild's was th prparation of Sailing Dirctions for th Gulf and Rivr of St. Lawrnc (including th coastal watrs of th Maritim Provincs and th Bras d'or Laks). H workd on this book, chaptr by chaptr, yar aftr yar, from 1828 to 1855, snding ach chaptr whn finishd, to th British Admiralty to b printd. Th work was publishd in thr stags, in 1837, 1847, and 1857. Finally, in 1860, it was publishd in two volums undr th titl Th St. Lawrnc Pilot. (Svral ditions hav sinc bn publishd.) A list of latituds and longituds, compild laboriously by Bayfild, was issud in 1857 as Maritim Positions in th Gulf and Rivr St. Lawrnc, on th South Coast of Nova Scotia. Bayfild concludd his writings with Th Nova Scotia Pilot, publishd in two parts (1856 and 1860). Hnry Bayfild rtird from th survying srvic in 1856 whn h bcam a rar admiral. H was promotd to vic admiral in 1863 and to admiral in 1867. Admiral Bayfild continud to liv quitly in Charlotttown until his dath, Fbruary 10, 1885, at th ag of 90. Ovr 100 charts by Bayfild ar in th Map Division of th Public Archivs of Canada, Ottawa. For practical purposs, thy hav bn supplmntd or suprsdd by mor rcnt charts. Bayfild's survying mthods wr ncssarily primitiv. H masurd dpths of watr by lad lin and patnt sounding machin, and faturs of th coast (inlts, shoals, and rocks) by triangulation and th thodolit. His chif instrumnts for dtrmining latitud and longitud wr chronomtrs and th sxtant. His charts and sailing dirctions wr as accurat as h could mak thm, howvr, and for ovr 50 yars thy guidd innumràbl ships through trachrous watrs along th watrway of th Grat Laks and St. Lawrnc Rivr and Gulf (xcpt for Lak Ontario and th uppr St. Lawrnc, th survys of which wr only partially his). This xcptional man providd th foundation for hydrography in Canada, and his succssors hav built on his pionring work. As a man, Bayfild was highly rspctd by all who knw him his supriors in th Admiralty, th officrs h commandd, Canadian govrnmnt officials, and, of cours, his many frinds. H was a 19th-cntury gntlman, distinguishd in apparanc, courtous and kindly, but rsrvd and formal. An apt apprciation of Bayfild was xprssd by Captain J. G. Boulton, R.N., a rtird hydrographic survyor, who said, "Th Admiralty Survying Srvic has producd good mn, from Cook onwards, but I doubt whthr th British Navy has vr possssd so giftd and zalous a Survyor as Bayfild. H had a marvllous combination of natural talnt with trmndous physical nrgy, and was, I fl convincd, a man who would hav gaind th summit of any profssion h might hav honourd, for his on thought was his work." Th Canadian Hydrographic Srvic traditionally nams on of its ships in Bayfild's honor. His srvic to Canada has bn commmoratd by plaqus in Charlotttown and Pntanguishn, and by th adoption of his nam for a rivr and villag in Ontario, villags in Nw Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Princ Edward Island, and for Bayfild Sound off Manitoulin Island. 7
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Sourcs of Information Th biography of Bayfild is basd largly on th following manuscript documnts in th Public Archivs of Canada, Ottawa: Corrspondnc with th British Admiralty, MG12, Admiralty 1, vol. 1573-87, 2263-67, 2544, 2792, 3444-45, and unnumbrd volums in film rls A-423 and A-424; Capt. Hnry W. Bayfild paprs, MG24, F28, vol. 1, Corrspondnc with th Admiralty, 1816-39; vol. 2, Nots on survy of th Grat Laks, 1816-25; vol. 3-8, Captain Bayfild's Journal, St. Lawrnc survy, July 20, 1829-Dc. 31, 1853 (xcpt for two gaps, April 5, 1836-Dc. 31, 1840, and March 1, 1848-Dc. 31, 1850). Th Public Rcord Offic, London, England, supplid a copy of Bayfild's baptismal crtificat and an outlin of his naval srvic (th lattr availabl also in PAC). Th Provincial Àr chivs of Princ Edward Island, Charlotttown, providd information on Bayfild's childrn. Th bst publishd sourc is an untitld papr on Admiral Bayfild, by J. G. Boulton, in Transactions of th Litrary and Historical Socity of Qubc, sssions 1908-09, No. 28 (Qubc, Qu., 1910), p. 27-95. (Availabl in rprint form.) 13
Sourcs d rnsignmnt La biographi d Bayfild st basé n grand parti sur ls documnts suivants ds Archivs publiqus du Canada (Ottawa): corrspondanc avc l'amirauté britanniqu, MG 12 Amirauté 1, volums 1573-87, 2263-67, 2544, 2792, 3444-45, t volums non numérotés n bobins A-423 t A-424; ls documnts du capitain Hnry W. Bayfild, MG24, F28, volum 1, corrspondanc avc l'amirauté, 1816-39; volum 2, nots sur ls rlvés dans ls Grands lacs, 1816-25: volums 3-8, journal du capitain Bayfild, rlvé du Saint-Laurnt, du 20 juillt 1829 au 31 décmbr 1853 (sauf pour dux périods, du 5 avril 1836 au 31 décmbr 1840, t du r mars 1848 au 31 décmbr 1850). L burau ds dossirs publics d Londrs (Angltrr) nous a fourni un copi du crtificat d baptêm d Bayfild t un aprçu d son srvic dans la marin (c drnir disponibl égalmnt aux Archivs publiqus du Canada). Ls Archivs provincials d l'îl-du- Princ-Édouard (Charlotttown), nous ont donné ds rnsignmnts sur ls nfants d Bayfild. La millur sourc publié st un articl sans titr sur l'amiral Bayfild, par J. G. Boulton dans Transactions of th Litrary and Historical Socity of Qubc; sssion 1908-09, n 28 (Québc (Québc), 1910), pags 27-95 (disponibl n nouvll édition). 13