U.S. History-Honors Unit 3: An Emerging New Nation (1783-1850) Chapters 7-9
Directions: Complete the graphic organizer below indicating American scholars and artists of the late- 17 th and early-18 th centuries. (pgs. 240-241) Person Cultural Importance Mercy Otis Warren Benjamin Rush Benjamin Banneker Charles Willson Peale Phillis Wheatley Noah Webster
Republican Virtues self-reliance, hard work, frugality, harmony, and sacrificing individual needs for the common good. US population 1780 2.7 million 1830 12 million Why? Average birthrate ~5 children Effects of a Mobile Society Great opportunity to improve your life Improved social skills to deal with new people and settings Marriage Courtship longer periods of getting to know potential spouse
Second Great Awakening Protestants Christian Bible, aka Scripture, is the final authority Salvation can only be achieved through a personal belief in Jesus Demonstrate faith through performing good deeds Evangelical movement focusing on congregations
Directions: Complete the graphic organizer below explaining the new denominations that grew during the Second Great Awakening. (pgs. 246-247) Denomination Leader Beliefs Methodists Unitarians Mormons Millennialists
the fulfillment of our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions. -John L. O Sullivan July 1845
Acquisition of Florida Seminole War of 1818 Adams-Onís Treaty
Expansion Appalachians - through the Cumberland Gap (KY) into the Ohio River valley Daniel Boone Rockies mountain men fur trapped Soon develop overland trails to mass migrate settlers Oregon Trail began in 1842; 4-6 months travel. Wanted land. Mormon Trail 1847 led by Brigham Young, Mormons settle near the Great Salt Lake to escape religious persecution Santa Fe Trail began in 1821 to trade with Mexico California Trail to Northern California to get rich
The Doomed Donner Party CANNIBALISM!! Margaret Patrick John Breen Breen Breen James Reed & Wife April 1846 April 1847 Of the 83 members of the Donner Party, only 45 survived to get to California!
The Oregon Trail -Albert Bierstadt, 1869
The Oregon Dispute: 54 40º or Fight! By the mid-1840s Oregon Fever was spurred on by the promise of free land. The joint British- U.S. occupation ended in 1846.
Maine Boundary Settlement, 1842
California Gold Rush (1849)
California Gold Rush (1849)
Overland Immigration to the West Between 1840 and 1860, more than 250,000 people made the trek westward.
The Pony Express Delivered news and mail between St. Louis, MO and San Francisco, CA Took 10 days Replaced by the transcontinental telegraph line
Texas 1821 Mexico wins independence from Spain 1822 Missourian Stephen Austin received permission from the Mexican government to establish a colony in Texas on three conditions. No slavery Become a Mexican citizen Convert to Catholicism Americans ignored these and moved anyway They then pushed for greater political power Stephen Austin
Sam Houston Davy Crockett Texas War for Independence Battle of the Alamo (2-3/1836) Mexico defeats the Texans 3/2/1836 Texans sign their declaration of independence founding the Republic of Texas Battle of San Jacinto (4/21/1836) Texans led by Sam Houston defeat the Mexicans and capture Gen. Santa Anna Treaty of Velasco (5/14/1836) Santa Anna is forced to sign recognizing Texan independence 1836-1845: Texas is an independent country 1845: Texas is annexed by the U.S.
Directions: Complete the graphic organizer below identifying the American inventor and explaining the effect of their new products during the Industrial Revolution. (pgs. 272-278) Inventor Inventions When Political, Economic or Social Effect Samuel Slater Eli Whitney Robert Fulton Francis Lowell
Transportation Revolution Roads Cumberland (National) Road. Most were privately built for profit (i.e. tolls). Rivers acted as transportation themselves or to connect roads. Most important: Ohio and Mississippi Canals man-built waterways connecting waterways. Most important: Erie Canal linked Atlantic Ocean with Great Lakes Railroads 1828: first railroad in America is constructed connecting Baltimore to the Ohio River (B&O)
Market Revolution America shifts from an agrarian to manufacturing economy, most notably in New England Growth of the free enterprise system aka capitalism People work outside of the home in specialized jobs Less self-sufficiency leads to more shopping Banking first appears in the 1780s Loan people money and charge interest thus making a profit Uncontrolled lending led to economic recessions/depressions called Panics in 1819, 1837 & 1839 Banks created bank notes rather than deal in specie
Directions: Complete the graphic organizer below comparing the economies of the North. (pgs. 280-283) Economy Old Northwest Northeast Type of Economy Industrial Urban Growth Major Products Economic Challenges Spoiled products
Growth of Northern Cities & Labor Manufacturing led to migration to cities from rural areas Standard of living was very poor Unsanitary: no sewage or fresh water Lived in tenements New factories were designed to make $ Thus they paid laborers very little and forced them to work long hours (12+ a day) Led to workers going on strike and forming Labor Unions to protect their interests
Changes in Cotton Production 1820 1860
Southern Economy King Cotton nearly all southern states were dependent on cotton production Virginia and North Carolina stuck with tobacco Rural Very few major cities Richmond, VA; Charleston, SC & New Orleans, LA Very little industry, roads, railroads, or banks Thus dependent on the North and Europe
Value of Cotton Exports As % of All US Exports
Southern Population
Slave-Owning Families (1850) Only 25% of Southern white families owned slaves. Southern farmers who did not own slaves were called yeoman.
Slavery System & Revolts Viewed as property Most worked in the fields Others cooked, cleaned, or served their masters Revolts Denmark Vesey (1822) planned to seize Charleston, SC. Ratted out and hanged. Nat Turner (1831) attacked four plantations killing 50+ whites in Virginia. Hanged.
Directions: Complete the graphic organizer explaining nationalist Supreme Court decisions. (pgs. 291-292) Supreme Court case McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) Significance Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819): Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
Our policy, in regard to Europe is, not to interfere in the internal concerns of any of its powers; to consider the government de facto as the legitimate government for us; to cultivate friendly relations with it, and to preserve those relations by a frank, firm, and manly policy; meeting, in all instances, the just claims of every power; submitting to injuries from none It is impossible that the allied powers should extend their political system to any portion of either continent, without endangering our peace and happiness. -President James Monroe December 2, 1823 Monroe Doctrine
Elections of 1824 & 1828 1824 Corrupt Bargain J.Q. Adams wins Along with Sec. of State Henry Clay, promotes American System which saw gov promote economic development and pass protective tariffs encouraging business growth Democratic (Jeffersonian) Republican Party splits Jacksonian Democrats National Republicans 1828 Andrew Jackson wins Largely due to relaxing voting laws (i.e. you no longer had to own land) Henry Clay The Great Compromiser
Voting Requirements in the Early 19 th Century
Age of Jackson The Spoils System aka patronage Relied on his Kitchen Cabinet Vetoed more bills than all presidents before him. Nullification Crisis Congress passed the Tariff of 1828 heavily taxing imports Andrew Jackson Hurt the South since it increased the cost of manufactured goods. Called it the Tariff of Abominations. South Carolina, led by VP and ex-sen. John Calhoun declared states could nullify federal laws they viewed as unconstitutional In 1832, they nullified a new tariff and threatened to secede Jackson threatened to send in troops, but Henry Clay negotiated a compromise reducing the tariff and SC cancelled the nullification Vetoed a bill re-chartering the Second Bank of the United States Moved money to pet banks in the states. The lack of a plan to deal with national finances led to the Panics of 1837 and 1839.
Indian Removal Act of 1830
Trail of Tears 1838 15,000 Cherokees are forced to walk over 1,000 miles from GA to OK 25% die.
Directions: Complete the graphic organizer explaining Indian resistance to the Indian Removal Act. (pgs. 301-302) Indian Leader Black Hawk Tribe(s) Resistance & Result Osceola Sequoyah developed Cherokee alphabet
Directions: Complete the graphic organizer describing the various reform movements, their leaders, and actions. (pgs. 310-316) Reform Effort Leader(s) Actions Protestant Revivalists Transcendentalists Temperance Public Education Prison Utopian Communities
William Lloyd Garrison Antislavery Movement 1822 American Colonization Society establishes the colony of Liberia in West Africa to send emancipated slaves and free blacks 1831 Newspaper publisher William Lloyd Garrison opens The Liberator, an antislavery newspaper calling for abolition Frederick Douglass Former slave that was self-educated Preeminent antislavery orator Published autobiography in 1845 Served an example of a good negro Frederick Douglass
Antislavery Movement Divisions within the Movement Women s participation Race Tactics Abolitionists were a vast minority in the North They were nearly non-existent in the South Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Harriet Tubman aka Black Moses Abolitionists communicated to slaves through Quilts Link 40,000+ slaves use to find freedom
Women s Rights Movement Cultural and Legal Limits Place was in the home Raise children Did not engage in public activities Could not vote or keep money earned Enter public life thru temperance and abolition movements 1848 Seneca Falls Convention Wrote Declaration of Sentiments calling for women s rights including suffrage Elizabeth Cady Stanton Lucretia Mott
Rising Immigration 1820s 143,000 immigrants 1830s 600,000 immigrants 1850s 2.6 million immigrants 1820s-1860s First Great Wave Primarily from Ireland and Germany Ireland suffered the Irish Potato Famine Settled in Northeastern cities Germany had a series of failed rebellions Bought farmland in the Midwest