Ch 13: Moving West Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) By 1860, The United States had settled: A) its boundaries with both Canada and Mexico. B) its boundary with Mexico, but not Canada. C) its boundary with Canada, but not Mexico. D) neither its Canadian nor Mexican boundaries. E) its boundary with Spain, but not Mexico. 1) 2) In 1815, Spain held title to all of the following present-day lands EXCEPT: A) Arizona. B) Utah. C) Texas. D) California. E) Louisiana. 2) 3) According to agreements made in 1818 and 1827, the United States and Great Britain: A) jointly occupied Oregon. B) divided the Oregon Territory at the 49th parallel. C) engaged in joint explorations of the Northwest. D) agreed to remove Indians from the Oregon Territory. E) cooperated in the fur trade. 3) 4) Americans were attracted to Texas in the 1820s by the: A) prospect of mining for precious metals. B) promise of freedom of religion and good lands for tobacco cultivation. C) demand of Mexicans for American products. D) flourishing trade in bison robes and cowhides. E) lure of cheap land for cotton cultivation. 4) 5) Eastern Indian tribes from the South and Old Northwest, whom the American government forcibly relocated in the West: A) converted the Plains Indians to agricultural enterprises. B) found that both local tribes and white immigrants welcomed them. C) strengthened Native American resistance to further white expansion. D) served ironically as agents of white civilization. E) received permanent protection of their new lands. 5) 6) In his popular Emigrants' Guide to Oregon and California (1845), Lansford Hastings: A) applauded the concept of joint occupation of Oregon with the British. B) provided both practical information as well as encouragement for frontier settlers. C) suggested that the mountains should only be crossed during the winter. D) maintained that California belonged rightfully to the United States rather than Mexico. E) defended the rights of Native Americans to certain lands of the Northwest. 6) 1
7) The slogan "Manifest Destiny" referred to the conviction of Americans in the 1840s that the United States had a(n): A) God-given right to exist as a nation. B) destiny to spread slavery to the Pacific and beyond. C) opportunity to replace greed with benevolence. D) obligation to spread across the continent. E) destiny to conquer the world. 7) 8) In 1821, Mexico won its: A) right to sell slaves to the U.S. B) independence. C) right to import sugar from the Caribbean. D) revolutionary war against France. E) none of the above 8) 9) As a result of Mexican restrictions in Texas, American settlers there: A) freed their slaves. B) disallowed further American immigration. C) fought a war with Mexico. D) made an alliance with Native Americans. E) converted to Roman Catholicism. 9) 10) With the victory at San Jacinto in 1836, Texas: A) won recognition from the Mexican Congress. B) gained its independence from Spain. C) gained its independence from Mexico. D) lost heroes Davy Crockett and Jim Bowie. E) secured admission to the United States. 10) 11) Democrats such as Stephen Douglas supported the annexation of Texas on the grounds that it would: A) increase the wealth of the United States. B) spread the benefits of American civilization. C) ease sectional tensions within the United States. D) expand the institution of slavery. E) secure the reelection of John Tyler. 11) 12) In 1845, President Polk sent to Mexico City: A) diplomat Nicholas Trist. B) General Zachary Taylor. C) John C. Calhoun. D) agent John L. Slidell. E) Secretary of State James Buchanan. 12) 2
13) All of the following factors nourished an American conviction that California must become part of the United States EXCEPT the: A) favorable position of California for the China trade. B) desire of newcomers to blend into California society. C) arrival of 1,500 overland emigrants in the 1840s. D) gradual recognition of California's fine harbors. E) suspicion that other nations had designs on the region. 13) 14) The town of Sante Fe was: A) fiercely guarded and protected during the Mexican War. B) settled by Americans in the 1820s to promote trade. C) taken by Mexican forces in 1846. D) captured and annexed by Texans in 1841. E) occupied without a shot by American forces in 1846. 14) 15) In the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848), the United States agreed to: A) guarantee the civil and political rights of former Mexican citizens. B) pay $10 million for large tracts of land in New Mexico. C) pay Mexico $30 million for California. D) receive $15 million in reparations from Mexico. E) collect all outstanding American claims against Mexico. 15) 16) Between 1842 and 1845 in Oregon: A) American settlers wrote a constitution and elected a legislature. B) American settlers allied with Native Americans against British fur traders. C) the British expanded their interests in the fur trade. D) the number of American settlers gradually declined. E) most Americans located north of the Columbia River. 16) 17) In reference to the Oregon question, President Polk: A) supported a division of the territory at the 49th parallel. B) exercised great tact and skill in achieving compromise. C) suggested that the Oregon Territory extended all the way to Alaska. D) recommended a continued joint occupation with Britain. E) demanded a "fifty-four forty or fight" resolution. 17) 18) Britain agreed to a division of the Oregon Territory at the 49th parallel so long as it retained possession of: A) Vancouver Island. B) the Puget Sound. C) the Willamette Valley. D) Ontario. E) the Columbia River. 18) 19) Most of the emigrants who headed for the Far West were: A) members of the poorest class. B) from southern and eastern Europe. C) slaveholders from the Deep South. D) Asians, especially from China. E) white and born in America. 19) 3
20) Perhaps most emigrants to the Far West were motivated by dreams of: A) bettering their lives by cultivating the land. B) bringing Christianity and education to the Indians. C) restoring their health by escaping debilitating sicknesses. D) making a fortune by the mining of gold. E) freedom from religious persecution. 20) 21) The pre-emption acts during the 1830s and 1840s: A) increased the minimum amount of public land purchases. B) reserved choice public lands for the political elite. C) removed Indians from their lands in order to give it to white settlers. D) offered free government land to prospective settlers. E) encouraged westward migration by protection of "squatters' rights." 21) 22) For most emigrants on the overland trails: A) drawing up rules and electing officers prevented dissension. B) a traditional division of labor persisted through the journey. C) the trip proved novel and even enjoyable. D) Indians attacked on a regular basis. E) difficulties multiplied as the trip lengthened. 22) 23) In contrast to the travel journal of Robert Robe, the travel journal of Mary Stuart Bailey reveals a greater preoccupation with the: A) conditions of travel. B) tools of survival. C) availability of food. D) lack of privacy. E) absence of the familiar. 23) 24) The first task facing pioneer farmers was to: A) construct a crude shelter. B) plant a crop. C) build a fort for safety. D) locate a suitable claim. E) clear the land. 24) 25) In Oregon, early settlers seemed most anxious and able to establish: A) courts. B) public schools. C) a political system. D) social clubs. E) organized churches. 25) 26) In contrast to the agricultural frontier, migrants to the mining frontier were more: A) isolated from their neighbors. B) often married and older in age. C) intent on making a quick profit. D) successful in establishing local government. E) likely to make money. 26) 4
27) Between 1848 and 1883, California gold: A) caused the population to shift from the east coast to the west coast. B) transformed Los Angeles from a sleepy town into a bustling metropolis. C) provided equal investment opportunities for California's minority populations. D) fueled the agricultural and commercial development of California and Oregon. E) supplied over two-thirds of the world's supply. 27) 28) The Mormon emigrants to Utah: A) sought to have Utah annexed to the United States. B) concentrated on converting rather than killing Native Americans. C) lived as independent farmers on individual homesteads. D) encouraged polygamous family life for all new settlers. E) maintained a strict separation of church and state. 28) 29) Nineteenth-century western cities: A) attracted many families and single women. B) tended to have more male than female residents. C) grew extremely slowly. D) had homogenous populations. E) offered excellent opportunities to newcomers who had no capital. 29) 30) Most of the Plains Indians: A) immediately opposed white emigrants crossing their territory. B) fought fierce battles to exterminate their enemies. C) lived a nomadic lifestyle in pursuit of the buffalo. D) organized their tribes to provide strict hierarchial authority. E) lived in pueblos and engaged in agriculture. 30) 31) The primary cause for Indian-white conflict by the late 1840s was the: A) Indian refusal to attend a general council to resolve problems. B) refusal by President Polk to provide compensation for lost Indian lands. C) Indian attacks on, and scalpings of, white emigrants. D) destruction of Indian grass, timber, and buffalo by white emigrants. E) hostility of white emigrants towards Native Americans. 31) 32) In return for various presents offered by the United States government at the Fort Laramie Council of 1851, participating Indian chiefs pledged that their tribes would: A) move to lands in Canada. B) never attack white emigrants. C) limit their movements to prescribed areas. D) end all tribal warfare. E) move to lands farther west. 32) 33) For Mexicans living in territory annexed by the United States, the influx of Anglos: A) gave them opportunities to intermarry with people of the same race. B) often meant increased oppression rather than opportunity. C) seldom threatened the dominance of Spanish-speaking residents. D) guaranteed their land holdings would increase in value. E) made no impact on their influence and prestige. 33) 5
34) "Bursts of florid rhetoric accompanied territorial growth, and Americans used the slogan 'Manifest Destiny' to justify and account for it." If something is manifest, it is: A) secret in design. B) ordained by God. C) singular or unique. D) of greatest necessity. E) clearly apparent. 34) 35) "Frederick Douglass accused the country of 'cupidity and love of dominion.'" Cupidity is the "crime" of: A) love. B) immorality. C) greed. D) negligence. E) prejudice. 35) 36) "Joseph Smith and other church leaders had secretly practiced polygamy in the early 1840s..." For Mormons, polygamy was the practice of: A) having more than one wife. B) sharing all lands and profits. C) worshipping many gods. D) electing several church leaders. E) having multiple households. 36) TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 37) By 1835, almost 30,000 Americans were living in Texas, the largest group of Americans living outside the nation's boundaries at that time. 37) 38) From the very beginning of the 1840s, thousands of American emigrants on the overland trails lost their lives to hostile Indian raids. 38) 39) Life on the western farming frontier was unusually violent, with justice executed by rough and ready vigilante groups. 39) 40) Although a belief in the special economic and social opportunities of the frontier encouraged emigration, the dream was more often illusory than real. 40) 41) Because of their opposition to the Mexican War, the Mormons were delayed from making their westward trek to Utah. 41) 42) Most Mormon women lived in polygamous families, protesting a relationship they considered no better than slavery. 42) 43) As late as 1880, in fully 18 of the 24 largest western cities, men comprised a disproportionate share of the population. 43) 44) Tribal warfare among the Plains Indians was not fought to exterminate enemies nor claim territory, but rather to steal horses and to prove individual valor. 44) 6
45) In both Texas and California, the percentage of Spanish-speaking residents in the population continued to increase from 1840 to 1860. 45) SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 46) The conviction that America's superior institutions and culture gave the United States a God-given right, even an obligation, to spread its civilization across the continent was expressed in the phrase. 46) 47) Upon news of the Texas rebellion, Mexican dictator and general hurried north to crush it with an army of 6,000 conscripts. 47) 48) Hoping the issue would boost his reelection chances in 1844, President reopened the question of annexing Texas. 48) 49) In securing the Democratic nomination in 1844, called for "the reannexation of Texas at the earliest practicable period" and the occupation of the Oregon Territory. 49) 50) tended to oppose annexation of Texas fearing expansion of slavery and growth of southern power. 50) 51) Although he successfully negotiated an end to the Mexican War, was fired by President Polk who denounced him as an "unqualified scoundrel." 51) 52) President Polk considered the 49th parallel a reasonable boundary for the Oregon Territory, for it would extend the to the Pacific. 52) 53) Joseph Smith's murder in 1844 marked no end to the persecution of his followers, the, who decided to seek refuge in the arid Great Basin area of Utah. 53) 54) Most of the Plains Indians were dependent upon the which provided them with food, fuel, clothing, shelter, and trade items. 54) ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 55) Justify American westward expansion in the 1840s. 56) Analyze President Polk's actions in handling the Oregon question. Was Polk lucky or smart in achieving a peaceful compromise with Britain? 57) Contrast the different lives and tasks faced by pioneers on the agricultural, mining, and urban frontiers in the West of the 1840s and 1850s. 58) Describe the culture and political organization of the Plains Indians. Discuss how and why their relationship with white Americans changed from the 1840s to 1851. 7