CARTER ANCESTRY. Written by Nancy Barnett Edited by Donald Eugene Barnett

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1 CARTER ANCESTRY Written by Nancy Barnett Edited by Donald Eugene Barnett The following is the story of the Carters (Juanita Barnett s ancestry) and their extended families. The Carter family goes back to the beginning of America and beyond to England. The Carters fought and died on the Kentucky frontier and were early landowners in Virginia. Beginning with one of the most notable ancestors, WILLIAM I, King of England, the family history is traced through the Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts, the Revolutionary War, into the mass migration into Kentucky, Missouri, Illinois and finally to Ft. Scott, Kansas, where Juanita Pearl Carter and Donald Earl Barnett were married in Generation One WILLIAM I was a Norman who invaded England and conquered the Saxons, the ruling party at the time. The Normans were actually Vikings who had settled on the coast of France and adopted the French culture. However, they did not lose their passion for conquest. WILLIAM was descended from RAGNALD, the ancestors of the Earls of Orkney. The line can actually be traced beyond this to the 7 th Century. 1. WILLIAM I, THE CONQUEROR was born in 1028 at Falaise, Normandy, France. He married MATILDA, also known as MAUD of Flanders in 1053 at the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Normandy, France. He is known as WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR or WILLIAM THE BASTARD (as he was known in his day). He was the illegitimate son of ROBERT I, Duke of Normandy. Many historians start Britain s royal history with WILLIAM, although his claim on the English throne was tenuous. He maintained that King Edward the Confessor had promised him the succession as far back as 1051 during a period of time when Edward s relationship with the Earl of Godwin was strained and Edward was looking for support from WILLIAM. The connections between the Saxon and Norman royal families extended back to Athelred the Unready who had married Emma, the sister of WILLIAM s grandfather RICHARD II of Normandy. WILLIAM was the son of Edward the Confessor s first cousin, ROBERT I. Researchers have been unable to find any evidence of King Edward s promise, at least among English documents, and its only provenance is among the Norman chronicles. WILLIAM was later able to gather support for his claim from Harold Godwinson, Earl of Wessex, who was at WILLIAM s court in The Bayeux Tapestry shows Harold offering fealty to WILLIAM. When King Edward died in 1066 and Harold was crowned as

2 king, WILLIAM regarded him as a usurper and prepared to invade England. WILLIAM had already demonstrated his strength as a commander and soldier. His life was one of almost constant warfare as he carved out for himself a position as one of the most powerful, and when necessary, ruthless rulers of his day. WILLIAM succeeded to the Duchy of Normandy in 1035 when just seven or eight years old. His father ROBERT I died while on a pilgrimage at the age of 27. His mother, HERLEVA or ARLETTA, was ROBERT I s mistress. She was the daughter of a local tanner and, legend says, ROBERT I spied upon her while she washed clothes at the river. During WILLIAM s minority status there was much rivalry at the Norman Court as the aristocracy struggled for power. Three of WILLIAM s guardians were assassinated and the young duke knew he needed to assert his authority as soon as he was able. WILLIAM I, THE CONQUEROR That opportunity came in 1047 when his cousin, Guy of Brionne, rebelled and claimed the Duchy. Guy had considerable support and WILLIAM needed the help of Henri I of France to win the day after a tightly fought battle. This gave WILLIAM his authority, but it also imprinted upon him a streak of ruthlessness which caused him to retaliate against anyone who challenged him. Marriage was made for strategic purposes and WILLIAM s authority increased when he married MATILDA, the daughter of BALDWIN V, the Count of Flanders. He was a powerful ruler whose acceptance of WILLIAM as a suitable son-in-law showed that WIL- LIAM had risen above the trials of his youth. Not one to miss an opportunity, WILLIAM

3 may also have seen in MATILDA a further link with his claim to the throne of England. She was the seventh in line from Alfred the Great, an early Saxon king. The Pope apparently opposed this marriage for some years due to an earlier betrothal of MATILDA. However, he finally gave his blessing in Conquests of WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR During the decade of 1050s WILLIAM concentrated on consolidating his power, even to the point of incurring the wrath of his former ally, Henri I of France. WILLIAM succeeded in defending all attempts to invade Normandy and by 1062 had himself invaded Maine. He garnered the support of his allies before he took on the invasion of England in Nevertheless, this did not make WILLIAM s conquest of England a certainty. He was up against one of the most aggressive armies in Europe under the command of Harold Godwinson. King Harold s misfortune was that he had to face two invasions within one month. Harold s men already weakened by defeating Norway s army on September 25 th faced a quick march back to fight WILLIAM who had landed at Pevensey on September 28. WILLIAM had taken advantage of Harold s absence to develop

4 his defenses near Hastings and pillaged the local farmsteads and hamlets. By so doing WILLIAM succeeded in drawing Harold to him. The Battle at Hasting began on 14 October The weakened Saxon army was overpowered by WILLIAM s cavalry. The Saxon army surrendered after the death of Harold and his brothers. For the next two months WILLIAM s army moved strategically around the Kentish coast taking a circular route to London and seeking the submission of the English along the way. They burned Dover, and laid waste to most of Surrey. The English, in the meantime, had elected Edgar the Atheling as their new king. However, he was only a boy of 13 or 14 and was unable to retaliate against WILLIAM. The citizens of London prevented WILLIAM from crossing the Thames, so he sacked Southwark and moved west, crossing the Thames at Wallingford. Edgar surrendered at Berkhamstead and the Normans then approached London from the north. Lud Gate was opened to the invaders by a collaborator and in the Battle of Ludgate Hill, countless Londoners were killed. WILLIAM was crowned King in the Westminister Abbey on 25 December Cries of support from the Normans present were interpreted as an English rebellion and the guards promptly attacked the Saxons and set fire to nearby houses. WILLIAM himself had to stop the panic. This was the beginning of twenty years of upheaval in English history. Although WILLIAM called himself the King of England, not all of England accepted him as king. Plots for his early demise abounded. WILLIAM remained in England for three months after his coronation, during which he appointed a wide range of Norman officials, and dispatched his army to plunder the churches in order to pay his army. When he returned to Normandy in late February 1067 he took with him the most likely candidates to lead any rebellion in England; Edgar the Atheling, Stigand the Archbishop of Canterbury, and Earls Edwin and Mordor. In Normandy WILLIAM displayed the spoils of his conquest and made the most of his fame. His half-brother Odo endeavored to impose Norman rule in England, but with minimal success. WILLIAM returned in December 1067 and began a systematic conquest of England. He turned his attention first to the west, at Exeter, where King Harold s mother had taken refuge. The town submitted after a siege of eighteen days. WILLIAM was comparatively lenient to the townsfolk, though he exacted payment. He also ordered the building of a castle and established a Norman noble as local guardian. This became WILLIAM s approach over the next few years. As he advanced upon his conquests, he would maintain the peace in that territory. Initially the castles were hasty constructions of wood. It was only later that he and his successors began the construction of massive stone castles in key sites. These castles became the image of Norman power created not to defend England but to dominate it. A total of 78 castles were constructed by WILLIAM s order, the most famous being the Tower of London. By March 1068 WIL- LIAM felt sufficiently secure in the south to bring his wife, MATILDA, over to England, where she was crowned queen. She remained in England for a year, accompanying WILLIAM on his tour of conquest. Their last son, the future HENRY I was born at

5 Shelby in September She returned to Normandy in 1069 and remained there until her death in It was during 1068 that WILLIAM faced his first major opposition. The Saxons sought the support of the Welsh, though clearly they were not acting with any coherent plan. WILLIAM was soon able to quash the rebellion. WILLIAM continued north, establishing castles at Nottingham and York. His original plans to govern northern England through the Saxon aristocracy changed. He believed that with this rebellion they had forfeited their rights. From this point on he redistributed the lands of the Saxon upon the Norman and French aristocracy. The native English were not simply conquered, they were dispossessed. WILLIAM was hated and despised by the English, but any attempt to display this feeling encountered ruthless retaliation. WILLIAM returned to Normandy in 1072 and remained there for much of the next twelve years. He did not return for any significant period of time until 1085, when he brought over a massive army to defend the island against the planned invasion under Canute IV of Denmark. Canute, however, was murdered before the invasion began. WILLIAM s army caused considerable hardship to the Saxons during this period. In addition, WIL- LIAM had to raise the land taxes in order to pay his sizeable army and this caused further discontent. The problem was that WILLIAM had no way of knowing who owned what land and what its value was, so that he could levy taxes. This led to him ordered a major survey of England. The record of this survey, carried out with remarkable accuracy and speed during 1086, became known as the Domesday Book, and though its purpose was for WILLIAM to ensure he had control over his taxes in England, the true result was a rare and indispensable historical document. WILLIAM, however, made little use of the document himself. In July 1087 WILLIAM besieged the town of Mantes. As his horse jumped over a ditch WILLIAM received an injury from the pommel of his saddle which ripped into his stomach. The wound became infected leading to peritonitis. WILLIAM was carried back to Rouen in considerable pain. He lingered on for five weeks, and died in September. He was 59 years old. His body was returned to Caen for burial. WILLIAM changed England irrevocably. His total domination had, within less than a generation, almost eradicated the Saxon aristocracy and imposed a feudal society run by a small handful of Normans. The language difficulties added further to the alienation, but perhaps the most significant difference was the lifestyle. Although the Normans had descended from the Vikings, they no longer looked to the north as their ancestral home, unlike the Saxons whose inheritance was from northern Europe. The Normans had a more sophisticated lifestyle of the French, which brought with it the power, grandeur and aloofness of upper-class existence. WILLIAM used England as his playground, establishing the New Forest of Hampshire for his hunting. He had no liking for the English, or for that matter, for England, seeing it only as a rich source of revenues. Although his rule brought peace to England, where men were able to travel without fear of crime, this was only because the English lived in much greater fear of revenge and retribution from their Norman overlords.

6 WILLIAM was devoted to his wife MATILDA was much saddened by her death. They had ten children. The eldest, Robert succeeded WILLIAM as Duke of Normandy and Count of Maine even though he had been in open rebellion against his father in his later years. The second son, Richard, died in his twenties in 1081 while hunting in the New Forest. Two other sons, William and HENRY, succeed WILLIAM I as Kings of England. 1 Generation Two Children of WILLIAM I THE CONQUEROR and MATILDA of Flanders were: 2. i. HENRY I, King of England born September 1068 at Shelby, Yorkshire, England; married EDITH ATHELING of Scotland. HENRY I, (son of WILLIAM I) was born in September 1068 in Selby, Yorkshire, England. He married EDITH ATHELING of Scotland on 11 November 1100 at Westminster Abbey in London, England. He died on December 1, 1135 at St. Denis-le-Fermont, Rouen, France at the age of 67. HENRY I, King of England HENRY had at least 25 illegitimate children by eight or more women other than his wife. As fate would have it only one legitimate daughter survived. HENRY was the fourth and youngest son of WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR, and possibly the most ambitious. Although he was less quarrelsome than his elder brothers, Robert, who inherited the Duchy of Normandy, and William who became William II of England, he clearly had his eyes on ruling either England or Normandy or both as early as In that year, while Robert and William II were fighting each other, HENRY took control of several castles 1 (Bartlett, 2000)

7 and made a bid for power. Realizing that he had left his back unguarded William II soon quelled his upstart brother, and did not take his eyes off him after that, keeping him always close at hand. William and Robert agreed that if either of them died childless, then the survivor would succeed. This effectively disinherited HENRY who had long begrudged the fact that he had not been able to inherit his mother s estates in England that she had bequeathed him upon her death in His father believed that as the youngest HENRY would be destined for the church. This was a common occupation for the younger sons. As a result he had a good education, hence his nickname Beauclerc, meaning fine scholar. HENRY was not satisfied with this arrangement and it has been conjectured that it was he who masterminded the death of William II, making it look like he was killed as a result of a hunting accident. If this is true then its timing was critical. In 1096, his brother, Robert de Normandy joined the Crusade to the Holy Land and pledged the Duchy of Normandy to William II. By the summer of 1100 news reached England that Robert was returning, along with a new bride. Immediately upon the death of William II, a hastily convened council elected HENRY I as his successor. However, many of the Barons supported Robert, who was at the crest of his popularity following his victories in the Holy Land. By the first week of September, when Robert had returned to Normandy, HENRY had been elected and crowned. One of his first acts was to recall Anselm from his exile to the Archbishopric of Canterbury, and with Anselm s support HENRY s position was inviolable. He further cemented it by a political marriage to EDITH, the daughter of MAL- COLM III of Scotland and the niece of Edgar the Atheling, thus establishing alliances with the elder Saxon aristocracy and with the Scots. Robert raised a considerable army and invaded England in June 1101 clearly misleading HENRY whose army waited at Arundel while Robert landed at Portsmouth. It is possible that had Robert pressed home his advantage he could have defeated HENRY s army. He might easily have captured Winchester, where the Treasury was held, but his army passed the town. It stopped short of invading London, though this too was within his grasp. Instead the two armies met at Alton where Robert asked for negotiations. Clearly Robert lacked the opportunism that marked the success of his father and younger brother. Even worse, he was prepared to trust HENRY. The result was that HENRY agreed to pay Robert 3,000 marks annually and recognize him as the legal claimant to the throne in exchange for HENRY remaining king while he lived. In the eyes of HENRY and the Barons, possession was 9/10 th of the law, and Robert was the loser. A few years later, in 1106, HENRY took control of the matter, invading Normandy and capturing his brother at Tinchebrai. Robert was brought to England and imprisoned the rest of his life, which lasted another 28 years; he was certainly over 80 when he died in 1134.

8 Once HENRY had secured the dukedom of Normandy he had his hands full in keeping it. Since England was now relatively safe, he found he had to spend more time in Normandy. His queen EDITH officially served as regent during these absences, but increasingly the administration came under the capable control of Roger, Bishop of Salisbury. Since HENRY drew heavily upon the English revenues to finance his army in Normandy as well as his extensive building projects across England, Roger developed a system for controlling the exchequer. In effect he established the basis for what would evolve into the civil service. Although HENRY would enter into the battle if necessary, he sought to pave the way by treaty or diplomacy first, and in this he was admirably skilled. Such act was the marriage in January 1114 of his eldest daughter Adelaide (who adopted the name Matilda upon her marriage) to Heinrich V, Emperor of Germany, and she was crowned Empress on that day. She was eleven years old at the time and the Emperor was 32. HENRY held Normandy against all opposition. His ultimate victory was the defeat of Louis VI of France in When peace was agreed upon with the Pope s blessing, HENRY was accepted unchallenged as the Duke of Normandy. HENRY cemented this advance by marrying his eldest son, William to Alice, the daughter of Fulk V, Count of Anjou and Maine. William was only fifteen, Alice less then twelve. In 1120, as HENRY s eldest son, William came of age, he was made Duke of Normandy, and stood in succession to the throne of England, even though HENRY s eldest brother Robert and his son, William were still alive. In the summer of 1120 HENRY could be proud of his achievements. Through his own marriage and those of his children he had alliances with the strongest neighboring royal families of Europe; others he had dominated by conquest or treaty. He had reached a satisfactory arrangement with the papacy and all looked well for the future. And then everything fell apart. In November 1120 his two eldest legitimate sons, William and Richard drowned when the White Ship foundered off Barfleu, while sailing from Normandy to England. He was left without a male heir, although his eldest illegitimate son, Robert Fitzroy, Earl of Gloucester, now turned an eye to the throne. HENRY s first wife, EDITH, had died in May 1118, an event over which HENRY did not seem especially concerned. He arranged a quick marriage of convenience to Adeliza, daughter of Geoffrey VII, Count of Louvain. The marriage was childless, although HENRY had several more illegitimate children, and Adeliza bore seven children to her second husband, William d Albini, Earl of Arundel, after HENRY s death. In 1125 HENRY s daughter, MATILDA became a widow when Emperor Heinrich died. She was twenty-three but had no children. In 1126, fearing he would have no further children; HENRY made the Barons swear an oath of fealty to MATILDA as the heirpresumptive to the throne. The Barons agreed, though the idea of being ruled by a queen was an anathema to them. The position was further aggravated when, in May 1127, HENRY arranged a second marriage for MATILDA, this time with GEOFFREY of Anjou, who was then only 14. The Normans had little affection for the Angevins and did

9 not like to consider that GEOFFREY might become their king. They began to turn their allegiance to HENRY s nephew, William, the son of his brother Robert, who was known as William Clito. At that time, April 1127, he was supported by the French king, who had just made him Count of Flanders. In January 1128, he married Giovanna, the daughter of the Count of Burgundy. William was gradually rising in power and his right to the English throne was becoming increasingly recognized by the Norman aristocracy. Unfortunately, William was wounded in a skirmish near St. Omer in July 1128 and died five days later. The Barons now realized that there was little alternative but to MATILDA becoming their queen, but they increasingly showed their opposition. GEOFFREY, who became Count of Anjou in 1129, recognized this and though he never seems to have considered himself as having any claim on the throne of England, he did consider the Duchy of Normandy and asked HENRY if he would give him custody of the castles along the French coast. HENRY refused, with the result that the relationship between HENRY and GEOFFREY deteriorated rapidly. It had not been helped by MATILDA deciding she could not stand GEOFFREY and deserting him to return to England. HENRY, still with an eye on MATILDA producing a grandson, sought to reconcile the two with some degree of success. Nevertheless, by 1135 HENRY and GEOFFREY were openly at war. HENRY sailed to Normandy but soon after his arrival he became ill, apparently after eating some lampreys (eels). The result was ptomaine poisoning and six days later HENRY died. Despite having declared MATILDA his heir, neither she nor the Barons took up that position, and the throne was claimed by HENRY s nephew, Stephen. HENRY was a highly capable king. Although he was frequently involved in warfare, either direct or diplomatic, most of this was over his lands in Normandy. For all of his long reign, after the first year, he maintained peace throughout England, though it was a peace at the cost of exacting taxes needed to maintain his army. This led to him establishing the Crown Exchequer, the basis of the future Treasury. With his many campaigns and international affairs, HENRY had little time for anything other than the pleasures of the flesh, although he did establish a royal menagerie at his manor at Woodstock, near Oxford, which is regarded as the first English zoo. 2 It is ironic that, despite having fathered at least 29 children, he was able to leave only one legitimate heir to the throne, and she was not seriously considered by HENRY s Barons until it became convenient to do so. For all of HENRY s schemes and plans during this thirty-five year reign, it all came to nothing. Within four years of his death, England was plunged into Civil War. 3 2 (Ashley, 1998) 3 (Bartlett, 2000)

10 EUROPE in 1142 Generation Three Children of HENRY I, King of England and EDITH ATHELING of Scotland were as follows: 3. i. Richard, born July 1101 in England, died November ii. William, Duke of Normandy; born before 5 August 1103 at Selby, Yorkshire, England; Died November iii. MATILDA of England (HENRY I, WILLIAM I) was born 7 Feb 1104 at Winchester, Hampshire, England. She married GEOFFREY V PLANTAGENET, Count of Anjou on 22 May 1128 at Le Mans Cathedral, France. She died on 10 September 1157 at the Abbey of Notre Dame, Rouen, France, at age 53. MATILDA was the uncrowned Queen of England, known as the Lady of the English. She was the only daughter of HENRY I and was christened Adelaide at birth. She adopted the name MATILDA when her marriage took place in 1114 to the German Emperor, Henry V. Since she was only 11 at the time, it was clearly a political marriage and the young girl does not seem to have been especially happy. Raised in the strict

11 atmosphere of the court, MATILDA acquired a haughty, almost arrogant nature, to some extent inherited from her father. She was used to having her own way and found it difficult to make friends. When her husband died in 1125, she returned to England to be acknowledged as heir to her father because of the death of her elder brothers five years earlier. Although the Barons swore their loyalty they did relish the idea of being ruled by a woman, especially one who was now married a second time to the young Count of Anjou. The Angevins were long-time enemies of Normans in northern France, and if MATILDA became queen, her husband GEOFFREY, would almost certainly become king, and the Normans had even less desire to be ruled by an Angevin. As a result, when Stephen claimed the throne on HENRY s death in 1135, the Norman Barons soon rallied round him. It was not until May 1138, with the rebellion of Robert of Gloucester, an illegitimate son of HENRY I and the half-brother of MATILDA, that MATILDA s cause gained significant support. MATILDA and her half-brother Robert landed in England, at Arundel, in September For the next eight years England was in the grip of Civil War. MATILDA s hour came after the defeat of King Stephen, at Lincoln, on February 2, Within the month the Empress MATILDA had secured the support of Henry, Bishop of Winchester, King Stephen s brother, which allowed her access to the royal treasury. She arrived in London a few weeks later and in April was declared Lady of the English. She still preferred to be known as Empress, but occasionally styled herself as queen. Although preparations were in hand for her coronation, that never happened. MATILDA rapidly made herself unpopular. First she raised a tax on all of the nobility, and then she proposed to revoke the status of commune which had been granted to London by King Stephen. This status allowed London to collect its own taxes for its own benefit. MATILDA wanted access to these taxes. She certainly was not a good politician. Naturally, her support in London rapidly dwindled and when Stephen s queen, Matilda, was able to bring her own forces from Kent, with William of Ypres, the Empress was driven out of London in June. She settled in Oxford, although she spent some weeks in a complicated siege at Winchester. It was during this and the following skirmishes in the surrounding countryside that Robert of Gloucester was captured and Point of Interest: GEOFFERY was frequently known as PLANTAGENET because of a sprig of broom he would wear in his cap, and this subsequently became the surname of his descendants and the title of the Royal House of England. Its official name though was the House of Anjou, and it would dominate England for over 350 years. It gave England some of its most powerful kings, including the first Angevin, HENRY II MATILDA only narrowly escaped. MATILDA needed Robert as head of her forces and as a consequence she had to trade for his release by releasing King Stephen from captivity in Bristol. Her advantage was lost and by November, Stephen had restored himself as king. A year later, MATILDA found herself under siege at Oxford. She was able to escape from the castle by rope from an open window and then, cloaked in white as a camouflage against the snow, she crossed the frozen river and made her way to Abington. Although her forces scored occasional victories in the following months, it became a gradual war of attrition, which fizzled out with the death of Robert of Gloucester in October MATILDA returned to Normandy in the following spring and never returned to England. She continued to fight for the right of succession of her son, and indeed outlived her enemy, Stephen, to witness her son take the throne as HENRY II. Al-

12 though she ruled as uncrowned queen for less than a year, MATILDA was the first Queen of England. MATILDA of England Had she not been so arrogant and fiery tempered, she might have been remembered more for her successes than her failures. Generation Four The child of MATILDA of England and GEOFFREY V PLANTAGENT was: 6. HENRY II CURTMANTLE, King of England (MATILDA, HENRY I, WILLIAM I) born between 5 March 1132 and 1133 at Le Mans, France 4 HENRY II married ELEANOR of Aquitaine, the daughter of WILLIAM VIII, Duke of Aquitaine, Count of Poitou and ELEANOR de Chastellerault. He died on 8 July 1189 at Chinon, Normandy. HENRY II, King of England 4 (Ashley, 1998)

13 HENRY II and his wife, ELEANOR had eight children. He had at least 12 illegitimate children by five or more women. HENRY was the eldest son of the Empress MATILDA. His father was GEOFFREY, Count of Anjou, and Duke of Normandy. HENRY II first attempted to continue his mother s war against King Stephen after she had returned to Normandy in 1148, but HENRY was a young boy of fifteen without the sufficient resources to maintain such an effort. The next five years would see a significant change in him. When his father died in 1151 he inherited the Duchy of Normandy, as well as becoming Count of Maine and Anjou. Eight months later he married ELEA- NOR of Aquitaine, who was at least ten years his senior. She was the former wife of Louis VII of France whom Louis had divorced, ostensibly on the grounds of consanguinity (too-closely related), but it was really because she had produced no male heir. The marriage to HENRY infuriated Louis VII of France, because now HENRY controlled more territory than the King of France. Louis sent forces against HENRY as a show of power, but HENRY was able to contain them. In fact he felt sufficiently in control to accompany a small force to England in January 1153 in an effort to dispose King Stephen. He was unsuccessful, but Stephen no longer had the will to fight. Most of the hostilities were between HENRY and Stephen s son, Eustace. In August Eustace died and this paved the way for HENRY s succession. This was sealed under the Treaty of Wallingford in November. By its terms, King Stephen continued to rule for as long as he lived, but HENRY II was his undisputed successor. When Stephen died in October 1154, HENRY inherited a considerable territory, subsequently called the Angevin Empire, though not known as that in HENRY s day. At its peak it stretched from the Scottish border to the Pyrenees, and would include Ireland. Several sources record HENRY s appearance. They all agree that he was very strong, energetic and surpassed his peers athletically. he was strongly built, with a large, leonine head, freckle fiery face and red hair cut short. His eyes were grey and we are told that his voice was harsh and cracked, possibly because of the amount of open-air exercise he took. He would walk or ride until his attendants and courtiers were worn out and his feet and legs were covered with blistered and sores He would perform all athletic feats.: 5 the lord king had been red-haired so far, except that that the coming of old age and grey hair has altered that colour somewhat. His height is medium, so that neither does he appear great among the small, nor yet does he seem small among the great curved legs, a horseman s shins, broad chest, and a boxer s arms all announce him as a man strong, agile and bold he never sits, unless riding a horse or eating In a single day, if necessary, he can run through four or five day-marches and, thus foiling the plots of his enemies, frequently mocks their plots with surprise sudden arrivals Always are in his hands bow, sword, spear and arrow, unless he be in council or in books 6 5 (Harvey) 6 (Faris, 1999)

14 A man of reddish, freckled complexion with a large, round head, grey eyes that glowed fiercely and grew bloodshot in anger, a fiery countenance and a harsh, cracked voice. His neck was poked forward slightly from his shoulders, his chest was broad and square, his arms strong and powerful. His body was stocky, with a pronounced tendency toward fatness, due to nature rather than self-indulgence which he tempered with exercise. 7 The energy with which HENRY set about establishing his authority over his territories was awesome. This was helped by the papal bull issued in 1155 by the new Pope Adrian IV (the only English Pope), which decreed that HENRY had authority over the whole of Britain, including Scotland, Wales and Ireland. In the space of two years ( ) HENRY had destroyed many of the castles established by Barons during the civil war, and with he referred to as a den of thieves ; he had negotiated terms with MALCOLM IV of Scotland, whereby Cumbria and Northumberland returned to English rule. He had invaded Wales and brought the Welsh princes to their knees. This last enterprise nearly cost him his life, however, when he was ambushed by the heir of Gwynedd, Cynan ab Owain. HENRY s strength of character, his papal authority, and his immense resources made him an impossible man to challenge, and by 1158 he had restored an order to England and its subservient kingdoms which it had not known to such a degree for many lifetimes. Wales would continue to be a thorn in his side for much of his reign, but he never considered it as much of a problem compared to other priorities. The most notorious aspect of HENRY s reign was his relationship with Thomas Becket. Becket was a personal friend of HENRY s. Born in London, the son of a wealthy merchant, Beckett was well educated and had trained as a knight before his father s misfortunes turned him to become a clerk, entering the household Theobald, the Archbishop of Canterbury, in He became an expert in canonical jurisprudence, and was appointed Archdeacon of Canterbury in 1154 and Chancellor of England in He fought alongside HENRY in Touslouse and became wealthy. His election as the next archbishop of Canterbury in May 1162 came as a surprise to many, and was not universally accepted among other churchmen because of Becket s background and worldliness. It was probably this that caused Becket to change so radically in character in order to prove his devotion to the Church. HENRY, who thought he had an ally within the Church who would help him in church disputes which had plagued past kings, found he had an unpredictable opponent. HENRY s short temper did not allow this to last for long and matters came to a head in October 1163 that these criminous clerks should be unfrocked and tried in lay court. Becket maintained that they would be tried in church courts. HENRY appealed to the new Pope (Alexander III), who requested that Becket be more conciliatory. HENRY now presented Becket with a series of terms, known as the Constitution of Clarendon, which was where the council was held in January Becket argued tenaciously but eventually submitted. HENRY believed he had succeeded but, soon after, Becket repented his change of heart and began lobbying the bishops. HENRY was furious. He summoned Becket on various charges including a 7 (Hosler, 2007)

15 debt of 44,000 marks (30,000 pounds) as owing since his days as chancellor. Becket was found guilty and his estates forfeited. He fled to France where he spent two years in the Cistercian Abbey of Pontigny in Burgundy before the Pope gave due attention to his cause. Becket could still not return to England. He remained in France where he wrote letters of exhortation to the bishops, threatening excommunication unless they heeded his words. In the meantime HENRY had more pressing matters at hand. The Pope s support and the Clarendon verdict had allowed HENRY to start breaking down the old feudal system in England by ensuring that the local Baronial courts were subordinate to a strong central court. He reestablished the jury system and introduced a new code of laws. By a series of strategic marriages of his children, HENRY was establishing himself as one of the most powerful men in Europe. HENRY s dispute with Becket returned to haunt him in In that year HENRY determined to have his eldest son Prince Henry formally crowned as King of England, which effectively elevated HENRY himself into an imperial role. He needed the support of Becket and the Pope in this, and begrudgingly accepted reconciliation with Becket. However, before this was fully resolved, HENRY went ahead and had his son crowned by the Archbishop of York. Becket condemned this when he returned to England a year later. Becket was welcomed by the general populace as a hero: their champion against Baronial oppression. HENRY could not understand why Becket was so quarrelsome. It was during one such moment of frustration that HENRY uttered the notorious words. Will no one rid me of this turbulent priest? or words to that effect, sparked the darkest event of HENRY s reign. Four knights, hearing these words and determined to prove themselves, immediately left HENRY s court in Normandy, arriving at Canterbury on 29 December 1170 where they killed Becket in the cathedral. Although the murder shocked Christendom, it had not been at HENRY s direct bidding. The knights each did their penance. HENRY wore sackcloth, and apologized to the Pope, and he soon weathered the storm. A major threat for HENRY II came from within his family. The Angevin Curse is infamous among Plantagenet rulers. HENRY s sons were never satisfied with the way he divided up his land when he died. Another problem occurred because Prince Henry wanted more than just a royal title. He had been crowned in 1170 while HENRY II was still king. However, he was given no power at all by his father. They were referred to as the old and the new king. In 1173 Prince Henry rebelled, backed by his mother and her former husband, Louis VII. The rebellion was not particularly successful, and a truce was agreed in the autumn in It was established that the young king should inherit just over half of HENRY II s land. The rest of the land was divided between Richard and Geoffrey, two other sons. HENRY s plan for an orderly transfer of power relied on Prince Henry ruling and his younger brothers doing homage to him for land. However, Richard refused to be sub-

16 ordinate to his brother, because they had the same mother and father, and the same Royal blood in their veins. 8 In 1182, the Plantagenet children s aggression turned inward. Prince Henry, Richard and their brother Geoffrey all began fighting each other for their father s possessions on the continent. The aggression was exacerbated by French rebels and the French King, Philip Augustus. 9 This was the most serious threat to come within the family yet, and HENRY II faced the true possibility of civil war. However on 11 June 1183, Prince Henry died. The uprising, which had been built around the Prince, quickly collapsed and the remaining bothers returned to their individual lands. The final battle between HENRY s Princes came in 1184, Geoffrey of Brittany and JOHN of Ireland, the youngest brothers, had been promised Aquitaine, which belonged to the elder brother Richard. Geoffrey and JOHN invaded, but Richard had been controlling an army for almost ten years and was an accomplished military commander. Richard expelled his brothers and they never again would face each other in combat, largely because Geoffrey died two years later, leaving only Richard and JOHN. In 1186 while fighting the Angevins, Richard told his father he was going to marry Princess Alice of France, and would like to be recognized as an heir to the throne. HENRY would not accept this, which started a bitter family quarrel. HENRY did not surrender for fifteen years, until his last son, JOHN-whom he trusted-left him and joined the French. Weak, ill and deserted by all but an illegitimate son, Geoffrey, Archbishop of York, HENRY died at Chinon on 6 th of July His legitimate children, chroniclers record him saying, were the real bastards. 10 His eldest remaining son, was crowned Richard I of England on 1 September HENRY was only 56 years old when he died. His widow, ELEANOR, would live another fifteen years, dying at the remarkable age of 82, the oldest of any English Queen Consort until the twentieth century. She still continued to exert an influence over her scheming children. 11 From Sir Winston Churchill: HENRY II PLANTAGENET, the very first of that name and race, and the very greatest King that England ever knew, but withal the most unfortunate his death being imputed to those to whom himself had given life, his ungracious sons 12 8 (Heiser) 9 (Heiser) 10 (Heiser) 11 (Faris, 1999) 12 (Humes, 1994)

17 ELEANOR of Aquitaine was renowned for her cultivated intelligence and great beauty. She was queen to two kings and the mother of two others. She was one of the most powerful and fascinating personalities of feudal Europe. ELEANOR of Aquitaine ELEANOR was the granddaughter of GUILLAUME (WILLIAM) of Aquitaine ( ), who was one of the first and most famous troubadours. He was a cheerful man and an ardent lover of women. He joined the First Crusade. When he returned from this disastrous crusade early in the century in a very cynical mood, he found that his Countess, Philippa of Tourlouse, had taken up with a strange religious movement. He abandoned his lady and took up with COUNTESS OF CHATELLERAULT to enliven his middle years. The new Countess was the mother of a daughter, ANOR (ELEANOR) by

18 her previous marriage and this young woman was married to GUILLAUME S own son, GUILLAUME X. ANOR and GUILLAUME X were the parents of ELEANOR, a sister Petronilla and a brother, Agret who did not survive childhood. The court of GUILLAUME X was the center of western European culture. Unlike most of her contemporaries, male and especially female, ELEANOR was carefully educated and she was an excellent student. ELEANOR s happy childhood ended with the subsequent deaths of her mother, her little brother, and in 1127, her father. Heiress of the Duchy of Aquitaine, the orphaned ELEANOR was married to Louis VII, King of France in 1137 at the age of 15, bringing to the union her vast possessions from the River Loire to the Pyrenees. Louis had been brought up for an office in the church, but he had become heir to the French throne after the death of his elder brother. He was a weak, dull, grave and pious man and he and lively ELEANOR were ill matched. Louis never understood his young wife, but he appears to have adored her with a passionate admiration. It wasn t until 1145 that a daughter, Marie, was born. A few years after her marriage, at age 19, ELEANOR knelt in the Cathedral of Vezelay before the celebrated Abbe Bernard of Clairvaux offering him thousands of her vassals for the Second Crusade, which included many other ladies of quality;" Sybille, Countess of Flanders, whose half-brother was the King of Jerusalem, Mamille of Roucy, Florine of Bourgogne, Torqueri of Bouillon, Faydide of Toulouse, and scores of others. No one appears to have asked publicly what these female warriors were to inflict upon the Saracens. Historians do not explain well why hordes of women took up the cross. However, most of the writers deplored the fact that the queen s example made the other ladies intractable and to the Second Crusade went a good many women who had no business being included in the army. While the Church may have been pleased to receive her thousand fighting vassals, they were less happy when they learned that ELEANOR, attended by 300 of her ladies, also planned to help tend the wounded. The presence of ELEANOR, her ladies and wagons of female servants, was criticized by commentators throughout her adventure. Dressed in armor and carrying lances, the women never fought. In the papal bull for the next Crusade, it expressly forbade women of all sorts to join the expedition. All the Christian monarchs, including King Louis, agreed to this. When they reached the city of Antioch, ELEANOR found herself deep in a renewed friendship with Raymond, her uncle, who had been appointed Prince of the City. Raymond, only a few years older than ELEANOR, was far more interesting and handsome than ELEANOR s husband, Louis. When Raymond decided the best strategic objective of the Crusade would be to recapture Edessa, ELEANOR sided with his view. But Louis VII, fixated on reaching Jerusalem, rejected the plan and a quarrel followed. Louis demanded that ELEANOR follow him to Jerusalem. ELEANOR, furious, announced to

19 one and all that their marriage was not valid in the eyes of God, for they were distantly related to an extent prohibited by the Church. Wounded by her claim, Louis began to make preparations for his departure and after dark ELEANOR was forcibly taken from Antioch. Soon the crusade became a complete failure. On the way back to France, Louis and ELEANOR visited the Pope to plead for a divorce. Instead, the Pope tried to reconcile them and induced them to sleep in the same bed again. On her way home, while resting in Sicily, ELEANOR was brought the news that her Uncle Raymond had been killed in battle, and that his head delivered to the Caliph of Baghdad. Although her marriage to Louis continued for a time, the relationship was over. In 1152 the marriage was annulled and her vast estates reverted to ELEANOR s control. Although consanguinity was the official reason for the annulment of their marriage in 1152, basic incompatibility was the real reason. Hardly had her marriage to Louis been dissolved (eight weeks) ELEANOR married HENRY of Anjou, soon to become King HENRY II of England. ELEANOR s inheritance passed to the English crown. Which, when combined with his English possession, made HENRY much more powerful than Louis, and he was a frequently hostile neighbor. The marriage of ELEANOR and HENRY was as stormy as her first marriage. Although ELEANOR S first marriage had resulted in only two daughters born in fifteen years, ELEANOR bore HENRY five sons and three daughters. As the children grew up and HENRY openly took mistresses, the couple grew apart. ELEANOR was 44 years old when she gave to birth to their youngest son, JOHN LACKLAND. By then she had discovered the existence of Fair Rosamund Clifford, the most famous of HENRY s mistresses. Later HENRY even managed to seduce the fiancée of his son Richard, who was the daughter of Louis VII and she became HENRY s second wife. In 1169 HENRY sent ELEANOR of Aquitaine to restore order as its Duchess. Her proceedings from the time she resumed her residence in Poitou indicate a resolution to cut her self away from feudal kings and to establish a Poutevin domain. She was no mere game piece as were most feudal women, to be moved like a queen in chess. In this, the third important role in history, she was the pawn of neither king, and arrived as her own mistress. She was resolved to escape secondary roles, to assert her independent sovereignty, to dispense her own justice, and her own patronage. Though continuing now and then to cooperate with HENRY outside her provinces in the interest of her other sons, she took measures to establish her own heir, Richard, in Poitou and Aquitaine and to restore throughout her provinces the ancient glories of the native dukes and counts.

20 Once more the ducal palace at Poitou became the center of all that was civilized and refined. Troubadours, musicians and scholars were welcome. There, in 1170 ELEA- NOR reconciled with her firstborn daughter, Marie of France, Countess of Champagne. Marie had a code of love written down in thirty-one articles. They described feminist ideas far beyond the 12 th century cult of chivalry. In addition, ELEANOR sponsored the courts of love in which men having problems with the code of love could bring their questions before a tribunal of ladies for judgment. When in 1173 their sons revolted against their father, ELEANOR backed them and was subsequently imprisoned by HENRY until his death in By then three of their sons had already died and HENRY s successor was ELEANOR s favorite son, Richard I Lionheart, who appreciated his mother s advice. When he went on a crusade, ELEANOR became regent. Although Richard was reputedly a homosexual, he was supposed to provide England with heirs, so ELEANOR escorted his bride-to-be to Sicily. When Richard was killed in 1199, he was succeeded by his youngest brother, JOHN LACK- LAND. ELEANOR then returned to Aquitaine and retired in the Abbey of Fontevraud. She remained busy and active and lived to 82, an extraordinary age in the middle ages. Generation Five Children of HENRY II Curtmantle, King of England and ELEANOR of Aquitaine were as follows: 7. i. Henry; born 28 Feb 1155; died June 1183 at age ii. Maud; born 1156; died 28 June iii. Richard the Lionheart of England; born 8 Sept 1157; died 1199 age iv. Geoffrey; born 23 Sept 1158; died 19 Aug 1186 in Paris, France, age v. Eleanor Plantagent, born 13 Oct 1162 at Falaise, Calvados, France 12. vi. Joan; born Oct 1165; died 4 Sept 1199 at age vii. JOHN I LACKLUND, King of England; born 24 Dec 1166 JOHN I LACKLUND, King of England

21 JOHN I was born at Beaumont Palace, Oxford. He was the fifth son and eighth child of HENRY II and ELEANOR. JOHN was always his father s favorite son, as the youngest he could expect no inheritance. His family life was chaotic from the beginning. His older brothers become involved in open rebellion against HENRY when he was a small boy. His mother ELEANOR was imprisoned by his father HENRY in 1173, when JOHN was only seven. As a child, JOHN was betrothed to Alice, daughter and heiress of Humbert III of Savoy. It was hoped that by this marriage the Angevin dynasty would extend its influence beyond the Alps, as JOHN was promised the inheritance of Savoy, the Piemonte, Maurienne, and the other possessions of Count Humbert. Alice made the trip over the Alps and joined HENRY s court; but died before ever being married. Before JOHN became king, he had already acquired a reputation for treachery, having sometimes conspired with and sometimes against his elder brothers, Henry, Richard and Geoffrey. In 1184, JOHN and Richard both claimed that they were the rightful heir to Aquitaine, one of the many unfriendly encounters between the two. In 1185, JOHN became the ruler of Ireland, whose people grew to despise him, causing JOHN to leave only after eight months. During Richard s absence on the Third Crusade from 1190 to 1194, JOHN attempted to overthrow William Longchamp, the Bishop of Ely. This was one of the events that inspired later writers to cast JOHN as the villain in their reworking of the legend of Robin Hood. JOHN was more popular than Longchamp in London and in October 1191 the leading citizens of the city opened the gates to him while Longchamp was confined to the Tower. JOHN promised the city the right to govern itself as a commune in return for recognition as Richard s heir apparent. 13 While returning from the Crusade, Richard was captured by Leopold V, Duke of Austria, and imprisoned by Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor. JOHN is said to have sent a letter to HENRY II asking him to keep Richard away from England for as long as possible, but Richard s supporters paid a ransom for his release because they thought JOHN would make a terrible king. On his return to England in 1194, Richard forgave JOHN and named him as his heir. When Richard died, JOHN did not gain immediate universal recognition as king. Some regarded his young nephew, Arthur of Brittany, the son of JOHN s late brother Geoffrey, as the rightful heir. Arthur fought his uncle for the throne, with the support King Phillip II of France. The conflict between Arthur and King JOHN had fatal consequences. By the May 100 Treaty of Le Goulet, Phillip II recognized JOHN over Arthur and the two came to terms regarding JOHN s vassalage for Normandy and the Angevin territories. 13 (Inwood, 1998)

22 The war upset the Barons of Poitou enough for them to seek redress from the King of France, who was King JOHN s feudal overlord with respect to certain territories. In 1202, JOHN was summoned to the French court to answer the charges. JOHN refused and, under feudal law, because of his failure of service to his lord, the French king claimed the lands and territories ruled by King JOHN as Count of Poitou, declaring all JOHN s French territories except Gascony in the southwest forfeit. The French promptly invaded Normandy; King Phillip II invested Arthur with all those properties King JOHN once held (except Normandy), and betrothed him to his daughter Marie. Needing to supply a war across the Channel, in 1203 JOHN ordered all shipyards in England to provide at least one ship. He made Portsmouth the new home of the Navy. By the end of 1204, he had 45 large galleys available to him, and from then on an average of four new ones every year. He also created an Admiralty of four admirals, responsible for various parts of the new navy. During JOHN s reign, major improvements were made in ship design, including the addition of sails and removable forecastles. He also created the first big transport ships, called buisses. JOHN is sometimes credited with the founding of the modern Royal Navy. As part of the war, Arthur attempted to kidnap his own grandmother, ELEANOR OF AQUITAINE, at Mirebeau, but was defeated and captured by JOHN s forces. Arthur was imprisoned first at Falaise and then at Rouen. No one is certain what happened to Arthur after that. Besides Arthur, JOHN also captured his niece, Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany. Eleanor remained a prisoner for the rest of her life (which ended in 1241); through deeds such as these, JOHN acquired a reputation for ruthlessness. In 1189 JOHN was married to Isabel of Gloucester, daughter and heiress of William Fitz Robert, 2 nd Earl of Gloucester. They had no children, and JOHN had their marriage annulled on the grounds of consanguinity, some time before or shortly after his accession to the throne, which took place on 6 April 1199, and she was never acknowledged as queen. JOHN remarried on 24 August 1200, ISABELLA of ANGOULEME, who was twenty years his junior. She was the daughter of AYMER TAILLEFER, Count of Angouleme, JOHN had kidnapped her from her fiancé, Hugh X of Lusignan.

23 ISABELLA of ANGOULEME After successfully putting down the Welsh Uprising in 1211 and settling his dispute with the papacy, JOHN turned his attentions back to his overseas interests. The European wars culminated in defeat at the Battle of Bouvines (1214), which forced the king to accept an unfavorable peace with France. This finally turned the Barons against him (some had already rebelled against him after he was excommunicated), and he met their leaders at Runnymede, near London, on 15 June 1215, to seal the Great Charter, called in Latin Magna Carta. Because he signed under duress, however, JOHN received approval from his overlord the Pope to break his word as soon as hostilities had ceased, provoking the First Barons War and a French invasion by Prince Louis of France. JOHN traveled around the country to oppose the rebel forces, including a personal two month siege of the rebel-held Rochester Castle. Retreating from the French invasion, JOHN took a safe route around the marshy area of the Wash to avoid the rebel held area of East Anglia. His slow baggage train (including the Crown Jewels), however, took a direct route across it and were lost on it to the unexpected incoming tide. This dealt JOHN a terrible blow, which affected his health and state of mind. Succumbing to dysentery and moving from place to place, he stayed one night at Sleaford Castle, before dying on October 1216, at Newark Castle. He was buried in Worchester Cathedral in the city of Worcester. His nine-year old son succeeded him and became King HENRY III of England, and although Louis continued to claim the English throne, the Barons switched their allegiance to the new king, forcing Louis to give up his claim and sign the Treaty of Lambeth in Winston Churchill summarized the legacy of JOHN s reign: When the long tally is added, it will be seen that the British nation and the English-speaking world owe far more to the vices of JOHN than to the labors of virtuous sovereigns (Humes, 1994)

24 JOHN is given a great taste for lechery by the chroniclers of his age, and even allowing some embellishment, he did have many illegitimate children. Matthew Paris accuses him of being envious of many of his Barons and kinsfolk, and seducing their more attractive daughters and sisters. John had the following illegitimate children: Joan, Princess of Wales, the wife of Prince Llywelyn of Wales (by a woman named Clemence) Richard FitzRoy, (by his cousin, Adela, daughter of his Uncle Hamelin de Warenne) Oliver FitzRoy, (by mistress named Hawise) who accompanied the papal legate Pelayo to Damietta in 1218, and never returned. By unknown mistress or mistresses JOHN fathered: Geoffrey FitzRoy, who went on an expedition to Poitou in 1205 and died there. John FitzRoy, a clerk in 1201 Henry FitzRoy, who died in 1245 Oscar Gifford, who was given lands in Oxfordshire, Norfolk, Suffolk, and Sussex, and is last seen alive in Eudes FitzRoy, who accompanied his half-brother Richard on Crusade and died in the Holy Land in Bartholomew FitzRoy, a member of the order of Friars Preachers Maud FitzRoy, Abbess of Barking, who died in Isabel FitzRoy, wife of Richard Fitz Ives Phillip FitzRoy, found living in 1263 (The surname of FitzRoy is Norman-French for son of the king) Generation Six Children of JOHN I LACKLAND, King of England and ISOBELLE OF ANGOULEME were as follows: 14. i. HENRY III, King of England, born 1207, died ii. Richard, born 1209, 1 st Earl of Cornwall, died iii. Joan, born 1210,Queen Consort of Scotland, died iv. Isabella, born 1214, Empress of Germany, died v. Eleanor, born 1215, married Simon de Montfort, died 1275 HENRY III assumed the crown under the regency of the popular William Marshal, but the England he inherited had undergone several drastic changes in the reign of his father JOHN I. He spent much of his reign fighting the Barons over the Magna Carta and royal rights, and was eventually forced to call the first parliament in He was also unsuccessful on the Continent, where he endeavored to re-establish English control over Normandy, Anjou and Aquitaine.

25 After his father JOHN s death in 1216, HENRY III, who was nine at the time, was hastily crowned in Gloucester Cathedral. Under JOHN s rule, the Barons were supporting an invasion by Prince Louis of France because they disliked the way that JOHN had ruled the country. However, they quickly saw that the young prince was a safer option. HENRY s regents immediately declared their intention to rule by Magna Carta, which they proceeded to do so during HENRY s minority. Magna Carta was reissued in 1217 as a sign of goodwill to the Barons and the country was ruled by regents until HENRY III, King of England As HENRY III reached maturity he was keen to restore royal authority, looking towards the autocratic model of the French monarchy. HENRY married ELEANOR OF PROVENCE and he promoted many of his France relatives to higher positions of power and wealth. HENRY s tendency to govern for long periods with no publicly-appointed ministers who could be held accountable for their actions and decisions did not make matters any easier. Many English Barons came to see his method of governing as foreign. HENRY was much taken with the cult of the Anglo-Saxon saint King Edward the Confessor, who had been canonized in Told that St. Edward dressed austerely, HENRY took to doing the same and wearing only the simplest of robes. He had a mural of the saint painted in his bedchamber for inspiration before and after sleep and even named his eldest son EDWARD. HENRY designated Westminster, where St Edward had founded the abbey, as the fixed seat of power in England and Westminster Hall became the greatest ceremonial space of the kingdom, where the council of nobles met. HENRY appointed French architects from Rheims to the renovation of Westminster Abbey in Gothic style. Work began, at great expense, in The centerpiece of HENRY s renovated Westminster Abbey was to be a shrine of the confessor king, Edward. HENRY s shrine to Edward the Confessor was finished in 1269 and the saint s relics were installed. HENRY was known for his anti-jewish decrees, such as a decree compelling them to wear a special badge of shame in the form of the Two Tablets. HENRY was ex-

26 tremely pious and his journeys were often delayed by his insistence on hearing Mass several times a day. He took so long to arrive on a visit to the French court that his brother-in-law, King Louis IX of France, banned priests from HENRY s route. On one occasion, as related by Roger of Wendover, when King HENRY met with papal prelates, he said, If (the prelates) knew how much I, in my reverence of God, am afraid of them and how unwilling I am to offend them, they would trample on me as an old and worn-out shoe. ELEANOR OF PROVENCE HENRY s advancement of foreign favorites, notably his wife s Savoyard uncles and his own Lusignan half-siblings, was unpopular with his subjects and Barons. He was also extravagant and avaricious; when his first child, Prince EDWARD, was born. HENRY demanded that Londoners bring him rich gifts to celebrate. He even sent back gifts that did not please him. HENRY s reign came to be marked by civil strife as the English Barons, led by Simon de Montfort, demanded more say in the running of the kingdom. French-born de Montfort had originally been one of the foreign upstarts so loathed by many as one of HENRY s foreign counselors; after he married HENRY s sister, Eleanor, without consulting HENRY, a feud developed between the two. Their relationship reached a crisis in the 1250s when de Montfort was brought up on weak charges for actions he took as lieutenant of Gascony, the last remaining Plantagenet land across the English Channel. He was acquitted by the Peers of the realm, much to the HENRY s displeasure.

27 HENRY also became embroiled in funding a war in Sicily on behalf of the Pope in return for a title for his second son, Edmund, a state of affairs that made many Barons fearful that HENRY was following in the footsteps of his father, King JOHN, and needed to be kept in check. De Montfort became a leader of those who wanted to reassert Magna Carta and force the king to surrender more power to the Baronial council. In 1258, seven leading Barons forced HENRY to agree to the Provisions of Oxford, which effectively abolished the absolutist Anglo-Norman monarchy, giving power to a council of fifteen Barons to deal with the business of government and providing for a three-yearly meeting of parliament to monitor their performance. HENRY was forced to take part in the swearing of the collective oath to the Provisions of Oxford. In the following years, those supporting de Montfort and those supporting the king grew more and more polarized. HENRY obtained a papal bull in 1262 exempting him from his oath and both sides began to raise armies. The Royalists were led by Prince ED- WARD, HENRY s eldest son. Civil war, known as the Second Barons War, began. The charismatic de Montfort and his forces, had captured most of the southeastern England by 1263, and at the Battle of Lewes on 14 May 1264, HENRY was defeated and taken prisoner by de Montfort s army. While HENRY was reduced to being a figurehead king, de Montfort broadened representation to include each county of England and many important towns that is, to groups beyond the nobility. HENRY and EDWARD continued under house arrest. The short period that followed was the closest England was to come to complete abolition of the monarchy until the Commonwealth period of and many of the Barons who had initially supported Montfort began to suspect that he had gone too far with his reforming zeal. But only fifteen months later Prince EDWARD escaped captivity (having been freed by his cousin Roger Mortimer) to lead the royalists into battle again and turned the tables on Montfort at the Battle of Evesham in Following this victory, savage retribution was exacted on the rebels. HENRY s reign ended when he died in 1272, after which he was succeeded by his son, EDWARD I. His body was laid, temporarily, in the tomb of Edward the Confessor while his own sarcophagus was constructed in Westminster Abbey. Generation Seven Children of HENRY III, King of England and ELEANOR OF PROVENCE were as follows: 19. i. EDWARD I, King of England, born 1239, died ii. Margaret, born 1209, married to King Alexander II of Scotland, died iii. Beatrice, born 1242, married to John II, Duke of Brittany, died iv. Edmund Crouchback, born 1245, died v. Katherine, born 25 Nov 1253, deafness discovered at age 2, died 2 May 1257

28 EDWARD I was born 17 June He was popularly known as Longshanks 15, also as Edward the Lawgiver or the English Justinian because of his legal reforms, and as Hammer of the Scots, 16 achieved fame as the monarch who conquerored Wales and who tried to do the same to Scotland. He reigned from 1272 to 1307, ascending the throne of England on 21 November 1272 after the death of his father, HENRY III. His mother was queen consort ELEANOR OF PROVENCE. EDWARD I, King of England He was born at the Palace of Westminster and named after Edward the Confessor. From 1239 to 1246 EDWARD was in the care of Hugh Giffard and his wife Sybil, who had been one of the midwives of EDWARD s birth. On Giffard s death in 1246, Bartholomew Pecche took over. Early grants of land to EDWARD included Gascony, but Simon de Montfort, 6 th Earl of Leicester had been appointed by HENRY III to seven years as a royal lieutenant in Gascony in 1248, a year before the grant to EDWARD, so in practice EDWARD derived neither authority nor revenue from the province. EDWARD S first marriage (age 15) was arranged in 1254 by his father and Alfonso X of Castile. Alfonso had insisted that EDWARD receive grants of land worth 15,000 marks a year and also asked to knight him; HENRY had already planned a knighthood ceremony for EDWARD but conceded. EDWARD crossed the Channel in June, and was knighted by Alfonso and married to Eleanor of Castile (age 13) on 1 November 1254 in the monaster of Las Huelgas. Eleanor and EDWARD would go on to have sixteen children, and her death in 1290 affected EDWARD deeply. He displayed his grief by erecting the Eleanor crosses, one at each place where her funeral cortege stopped for the night. Children of EDWARD I, King of England and Eleanor were as follows: i. Daughter, stillborn in Mary 1255 in Bordeaux, France 15 (Prestwich, 1988) 16 (Costain, 1958, 1962)

29 ii. Katherine, living 17 June 1264, died 5 September 1264 and buried at Westminster Abbey. iii. Joan, born January 1265, buried at Westminster Abbey before 7 September 1265 iv. John, born 13 July 1266, died 3 August 1271 at Wallingford, in the custody of his granduncle, Richard, Earl of Cornwall. Buried at Westminster Abbey. v. Henry, born before 6 May 1268, died 16 October 1274 vi. Eleanor, born 18 June 1269 and died 29 August She was long bethrothed to Alfonso III of Aragon, who died in 1291 before the marriage could take place, and in 1293 she married Count Henry III of Bar. vii. Daughter, born after May 1271 in Palestine and died before September 1272 viii.joan of Acre, born at Acre 1272 and died 7 April She married (1) Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Hertford, (2) Ralph Morthermer, 1st Baron Monthermer. ix. Alphonso, Earl of Chester, born 24 November 1273, died 19 August 1284, buried in Westminster Abbey. x. Margaret Plantagenet, born 15 March 1275 and died after She married John II of Brabant. xi. Berengaria, born 1 May 1276 and died before 27 June 1278, buried in Westminster Abbey. xii. Daughter, died shortly after birth, January 1278 xiii Mary, born 11 March 1279 and died 29 May 1332, a nun in Amesbury, Wiltshire, England. xiv. A son, born in 1280 or 1281, who died very shortly after birth. xv. Elizabeth of Rhuddlan, born August 1282 at Rhuddlan, died 5 May She married (1) John I, Count of Holland, (2) Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford and 3rd Earl of Essex. xvi. Edward II King of England, also known as Edward of Caenavron, born 25 April 1284 at Caernarvon, died 21 September He married Isabella of France. EDWARD s second marriage, (age 60) at Canterbury on September 10, 1299, to MARGUERITE OF FRANCE, (age 20) (known as the Pearl of France by her English subjects), the daughter of King PHILLIP III of France (Phillip the Bold) and MARIA of Brabant. MARGUERITE OF FRANCE was born in Paris in 1282 and died 14 February 1317 at Marlborough Castle. She was the daughter of PHILIP III of FRANCE and MARIA of BRABANT. Three years after the death of his beloved wife, Eleanor of Castile, at the age of 49 in 1290, EDWARD I was still grieving. But news got to him of the beauty of Blanche, daughter of the late King PHILIP III. EDWARD decided that he would marry Blanche at any cost and sent out emissaries to negotiate the marriage with her half-brother King Philip IV. Philip agreed to give Blanche to EDWARD on the following conditions. EDWARD, surprisingly, agreed and sent his brother Edmund Crouchback, Earl of Lancaster, to fetch the new bride. EDWARD had been deceived, for Blanche was to be married to Rudolph of Bohemia and the eldest son of Albert I of Germany. Instead Philip offered her younger sister MARGUERITE, a young girl of 11, to marry EDWARD

30 (then 55). Upon hearing this, EDWARD declared war on France, refusing to marry MARGUERITE. After five years, a truce was agreed, under the terms of which ED- WARD would marry MARGUERITE, would regain the key city of Guienne, and receive 15,000 owed to MARGUERITE. EDWARD was now 60 years old. The wedding took place at Canterbury on September 8, EDWARD soon returned to the Scottish border to continue his campaigns and left MARGUERITE in London. After several months, bored and lonely, the young queen decided to join her husband. Nothing could have pleased the king more, for MARGUE- RITE s actions reminded him of his first wife, Eleanor, who had two of her sixteen children abroad. MARGUERITE soon became firm friends with her stepdaughter, Mary, a nun, who was two years older than the young queen. She and her stepbrother, Edward, who was two years younger than her), also became fond of each other. He once made her a gift of an expensive ruby and gold ring, and she on one occasion rescued many of the Prince s friends from the wrath of the King. In less than a year MARGUERITE gave birth to a son, and then another year later. It is said that many who fell under the king s wrath and was saved from too stern a punishment by the queen s influence over her husband. Pardoned solely on the intercession of our dearest consort, queen Marguerite of England. The mismatched couple was blissfully happy. When Blanche died in 1306 (her husband never became Emperor), EDWARD ordered all the court to go into mourning to please his queen. He had realized the wife he had gained was a pearl of great price. The same year MARGUERITE gave birth to a girl, Eleanor, named in honor of EDWARD s first queen, a choice which surprised many, and showed MARGUERITE s un-jealous nature. She never remarried after EDWARD s death in 1307, despite being only 26 when widowed. She lived out the remainder of her life in Marlborough Castle, by this time a dower house, and used her immense dowry to relieve people s suffering. Her saying was when Edward died, all men died for me. She died just 10 years after her husband, at the age of 36, and was buried at Greyfriar s Church, Greenwich. EDWARD I and his father, HENRY III s policies continued to diverge, and on 9 September 1256, without his father s knowledge, EDWARD signed a treaty with Gaillard de Soler, the rule of one of the Bordeaux factions. EDWARD s freedom to manuever was limited, however, since the seneschal of Gascony, Stephen Longespee, held HENRY s authority in Gascony. EDWARD had been granted much other land, including Wales and Ireland, but for various reasons had less involvement in their administration. In 1258, HENRY was forced by his Barons to accede to the Provisions of Oxford. This, in turn, led to EDWARD becoming more aligned with the Barons and their promised reforms, and on 15 October 1259, he announced that the supported the goals of the

31 Barons. Shortly afterwards, HENRY crossed to France for peace negotiations, and EDWARD took the opportunity to make appointments favoring his allies. HENRY learned that EDWARD was plotting against the throne; and, in the spring of 1260, HENRY returned to London. HENRY then forced EDWARD s allies to give up the castles they had received, and EDWARD s independence was sharply reduced. EDWARD s character greatly contrasted with that of his father, who reigned over England throughout EDWARD s childhood and consistently tended to favor compromise with his opponents. EDWARD had already shown himself as an ambitious and impatient man, displaying considerable military prowess in defeating Simon de Monfort at the Battle of Evesham in 1265, having previously been imprisoned by de Montfort at Wallingford Castle and Kenilworth Castle. He gained a reputation for treating rebels and other foes with great savagery. He relentlessly pursued the surviving members of the de Montfort family, his cousins. In 1269, Cardinal Ottobono, the Papal Legate, arrived in England and appealed to Prince EDWARD and his brother, Edmund, to participate in the Eighth Crusade alongside Louis IX of France. In order to fund the crusade, EDWARD had to borrow heavily from Louis IX and the French. The number of knights and retainers that accompanied EDWARD on the crusade was quite small, possibly around 230 knights. Many of the members of EDWARD s expedition were close friends and family including his wife Eleanor of Castile, his brother Edmund, and his first cousin, Henry of Almain. The original goal of the crusade was to relieve the beleaguered Christian stronghold of Acre, but Louis had been diverted to Tunis. By the time EDWARD arrived at Tunis, Louis had died of disease. The majority of the French forces at Tunis had returned home, but a small number joined EDWARD who continued to Acre to participate in the Ninth Crusade. After a short stop in Cyprus, EDWARD arrived in Acre with thirteen ships. Then, in 1271, Hugh III of Cyprus arrived with a contingent of knights. As soon as EDWARD arrived in Acre, he sent an embassy to the Mongol ruler of Persia Abagha, an enemy of the Muslims. The embassy was led by Reginald Rossel, Godefroi of Waus and John of Parker, and its mission was to obtain military support from the Mongols. In an answer dated September 4 th, 1271, Abagha agreed to cooperation and asked at what date the concerted attack on the Mamluks should take place: The messengers that Sir EDWARD and the Christians had sent to the Tartars come back to Acre, and they did so well that they brought the Tartars with them. -Eracles, p The arrival of the additional forces of Hugh III of Cyprus futher emboldened EDWARD, who engaged in a raid on the town of Ququn. At the end of October 1271, the Mongol troops requested by EDWARD arrived in Syria and ravaged the land from Aleppo 17 (Grousset)

32 southward. Abagha, occupied by other conflicts in Turkestan could only send 10,000 Mongol horseman under general Samagar from the occupation army in Seljuk Anatolia, but they triggered an exodus of Muslim populations (who remembered the previous campains of Kithuqa) as far south as Cairo. 18 When Baibars mounted a counter-offensive from Egypt on November 12 th, the Mongols had already retreated beyond the Euphrates, but these unsettling events allowed EDWARD to negotiate a ten-year peace treaty with the Mamluks. Upon hearing of the death of his father HENRY III, EDWARD left the Holy Land and returned to England in Overall, EDWARD s crusade was rather insignificant and only gave the city of Acre a reprieve of ten years. However, EDWARD s reputation was greatly enhanced by his participation in the crusade and was hailed by some of this contemporaries as a new Richard the Lionheart. One of King EDWARD I s early achievements was the conquest of Wales. Under the 1267 Treaty of Montgomery, Llywelyn ap Gruffydd extended Welsh territories southwards into what had been the lands of the English Marcher Lords, and gained the title of Prince of Wales, although he still owed homeage to the English monarch as overlord. King EDWARD refused to recognize this Treaty which had been concluded by his father and in 1275, pirates in King EDWARD s pay intercepted a ship carrying Eleanor de Montfort, Simon de Montfort s only daughter, from France to Wales,where she expected to marry Llywelyn. EDWARD imprisoned her at Windsor. After Llywelyn repeatedly refused to pay homage to EDWARD in , EDWARD raised an army and launched his first campaign against the Welsh prince in After this campaign, Llywelyn was forced to pay homage to EDWARD and was stripped of all but a small piece of territory in Gwynedd. But EDWARD allowed Llywelyn to retain the title Prince of Wales, and the marriage with Eleanor de Montfort went ahead. Llwelyn s younger brother, Dafydd (who had briefly been an ally of the English) started another rebellion in But EDWARD quickly destroyed the remnants of resistance, capturing, brutally torturing, and executing Dafydd in the following year. 18 (Grousset)

33 Wales became incorporated into England under the Statue of Rhuddlan in 1284, and in 1301, EDWARD I dubbed his eldest son Edward, first Prince of Wales, since then the eldest son of most English monarchs have borne the same title. EDWARD then turned his attentions to Scotland. He had planned to marry off his son and heir, Edward, to the heiress Margaret, the Maid of Norway, but when Margaret died with no clear successor, the Scottish Guardians invited EDWARD s arbitration, to prevent the country from descending into dynastic war. Before the process got underway, EDWARD insisted that he be recognized as Lord Paramount of Scotland, the feudal superior of the realm and, after some initial resistance, this precondition was finally accepted. Points of Interest: EDWARD I was known to be found of falconry and horse riding. The names of his horse have survived: Lyard, his war horse; Ferrault his hunting horse; and his favorite, Bayard. At the Siege of Berwick, EDWARD is said to have led the assault personally, using Bayard to leap over the earthen defenses of the city. He was largely responsible for the Tower of London in the form we see today, including the concentric defenses, elaborate entranceways, and the Traitor s Gate. His Royal motto was pactum serva, Keep troth. He was portrayed by American actor Patrick McGoohan in the 1995 film Braveheart. Was a very tall man, standing over 6 2 against an average male height of 5 7 at the time. EDWARD presided over a feudal court held at the castle of Berwick-upon-Tweed in November 1292, where judgment was given in favor of John Balliol over other candidates. Balliol was chosen as the candidate with the strongest claim in feudal law, but EDWARD subsequently used the concessions he had gained to undermine the authority of the new king even summoning Balliol to do homage to him in Westminster in EDWARD also made it clear that he expected John s military and financial support against France. But this was too much for Balliol, who concluded a pact with France and prepared an army to invade England. In response EDWARD gathered his largest army yet (25,000) and razed Berwick, massacring almost the whole population of 11,000 inhabitants. He then proceeded to Dunbar and Edinburgh from where the Stone of Destiny was removed and taken to Westminster Abbey. Balliol renounced the crown and was imprisoned in the Tower of London for three years before withdrawing to his estates in France. All freeholders were required to swear an oath of homage to EDWARD, and he ruled Scotland like a province through English viceroys. Opposition sprang up, and EDWARD executed the focust of discontent, William Wallace, on 23 August 1305, having earlier defeated him in the Battle of Falkirk (1298). made recently famous in the movie Braveheart.

34 EDWARD s plan to conquer Scotoland never came to fruition during his lifetime, however, as he died in 1307 by Burgh-by-Sands, Cumberland on the Scottish border, while on his way to wage another campaign against the Scots under the leadership of Robert the Bruce, According to the chroniclers, EDWARD desired to have his bones carried on Scottish military campaigns, and that his heart be taken to the Holy Land. Against his wishes, EDWARD was buried in Westminster Abbey in a plain black marble tomb, which in later years was painted with the words Scottorum malleus, Latin for Hammer of the Scots. He was buried in a lead casket wishing to be moved to the usual regal gold casket only when Scotland was fully conquered and part of the Kingdom of England. To this day he still lies in the lead casket although the thrones of Scotland and England were united in 1603 following the death of Elizabeth I and the accession of James VI of Scotland to the English throne, and the Kingdom of Great Britain was created in 1707 by the Acts of Union 1707, united Scotland and England in an incorporating union, the conquest EDWARD envisaged was never completed. Generation Eight Children of EDWARD I, King of England and MARGUERITE of FRANCE: 24. i. THOMAS of BROTHERTON, 1 st Earl of Norfolk, born 1300, died ii. Edmund of Woodstock, 1 st Earl of Kent, born 1301, died 1330, married Margaret Wake, 3 rd Baroness Wake of Liddell with issue. Executed by Isabella of France and Roger Mortimer following the overthrow of Edward II. 26. iii. Eleanor of England, born 4 May 1306, died 1311 THOMAS OF BROTHERTON, 1 st Earl of Norfolk was born at the Manor House in Brotherton. His mother MARGUERITE was staying at Pontefract Castle and was following a hunt when she went into labor. He was born in the main house, later demolished due to disrepair in the 1930s, although the new (17 th Century) wing still exists. He was named in honor of St. Thomas. His father EDWARD I died when he was 7 years old. THOMAS half-brother, Edward II, became King of England. The Earldom of Cornwall had been intended for THOMAS, but Edward II instead bestowed it upon his favorite, Piers Gaveston, in When he was 10 years old, his brother Edward II of England assigned him and another brother, Edmund, the estates of Roger Bigod, 5 th Earl of Norfolk who had died without heir in In 1312 THOMAS was titled, Earl of Norfolk and on February 10, 1316 he was created Marshal of England. THOMAS was known for having a hot and violent temper. When his brother Edward II went to Scotland in the war, he was left Keeper of England. THOMAS was one of the many victims of the unchecked greed of Hugh the younger Despenser, (the favorite of his half-brother, King Edward II) who stole some of the young earl s lands. On October, the elder Despenser was accused of encouraging the

35 illegal government of his son, enriching himself at the expense of others, despoiling the church, and taking part in the illegal execution of the Earl of Lancaster. THOMAS stood as one of the judges in this trial. The elder Despenser was hanged and beheaded at the Bristol Gallows. King Edward and Hugh, the younger Despenser were caught on November 16 in Wales. The King was imprisoned at Kenilworth. Hugh was brutally executed: a huge crowd gathered in anticipation of seeing him die. They dragged him from his horse, stripped him, and scrawled biblical verses against corruption and arrogance on his skin, and then led him into the city, presenting him in the market square to Roger, Isabella, and other nobles. The list of charges was read out, taking a great time. THOMAS was a judge in this trial as well. Hugh was then condemned to hang as a thief, be castrated, and then drawn and quartered as a traitor, his quarters to be dispersed through England. The family continued to be torn apart in this upheaval. Edward II was informed at Kenilworth Castle that charges were being brought against him. The King was guilty of incompetence; allowing others to govern him to the detriment of the people and Church; not listening to good advice and pursuing occupations unbecoming to a monarch; having lost Scotland and lands in Gascony and Ireland through failure of effective governance; damaging the Church, and imprisoning its representatives; allowing nobles to be killed, disinherited, imprisoned and exiled; failing to ensure fair justice, instead governing for profit and allowing others to do likewise; and of fleeing in the company of a notorious enemy of the realm (Hugh Despenser), leaving it without government, and thereby losing the faith and trust of his people. Edward, profoundly shocked by this judgment, wept. He was then offered a choice: he might abdicate in favor of his son; or he might resist, and relinquish the throne to one not of royal blood, but experienced in government-this, presumably, being Roger Mortimer. The King, lamenting that his people had so hated his rule, agreed that if the people would accept his son, he would abdicate in his favor. The abdication was announce and recorded in London on 24 January, and the 25 th was proclaimed the first day of the reign of Edward III, who, at 14, was still controlled by his mother Isabella and Mortimer. The former King Edward II remained imprisoned. During this time, THOMAS brother, Edmund, 1 st Earl of Kent, changed his support to Edward II. The government of Queen Isabella and Mortimer was so precarious that they dared not to leave the deposed king in the hands of their political enemies. On April 3, Edward II was removed from Kenilworth and entrusted to the custody of two dependents of Mortimer, then later imprisoned at Berkeley Castle, where, it is generally believed, he was subsequently murdered. There are rumors that Edward II lived for at least 11 years after his supposed death in In 1330, Edmund was executed for treason, having supported his half-brother, the deposed King Edward II, by order of the Regents of Roger Mortimer and Queen Isabella,

36 before the outer walls of Winchester Castle. It was said that he believed Edward II to be still alive and had conspired to rescue him from prison. Such was public hostility to the execution that he had to wait five hours for an executioner, because nobody wanted to do it, until a convicted murderer offered to do the deed in exchange for a pardon. Point of Interest: THOMAS was also the ancestor of two of the wives of Henry VIII of England, Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard Kent s execution was the beginning of the end of Mortimer s regency. Thereafter, in October 1330, King Edward III assumed the full powers of the king with the support of Edmund and THOMAS cousin, the powerful Earl of Lancaster. Mortimer was executed the same year on fourteen charges of treason, most significantly the murder of Edward II (thereby removing any public doubt about his father s survival.) Edward III spared his mother and gave her a generous allowance, but ensured that she retired from public life for several years. THOMAS married first, probably in 1319 to ALICE HAYLES, daughter of SIR ROGER HAYLES and ALICE SKOGAN. She was supposed have been a great beauty. Her father was the coroner of Norfolk, a title that held a different meaning in the 14 th century than it does today; his posts demanded that he collect and protect revenues for the king. ALICE HAYLES died in 1330, when a chantry was founded for her soul in Bosham, Sussex. THOMAS was married again to Mary Brewes, widow of Ralph de Cobham, Lord Cobham. THOMAS died in September 1338, and was buried in the Abbey of Bury St. Edmunds. Generation Nine THOMAS of BROTHERON and ALICE HAYLES had three children: 27. i. Edward of Norfolk, born 1320, died ii. MARGARET, Duchess of Norfolk, born 1320, died 24 March iii. Alice of Norfolk, born 1324, died MARGARET de PLANTAGENET married first in 1337 to SIR JOHN de GRAVE, 4 th Baron Segrave (born 1315 and died 1353) by whom she had four children. In 1338, MARGARET inherited the Earldom of Norfolk when her father died, becoming the 2 nd Countess of Norfolk. Along with this title came the office of Lord Marshal. To date, she is the only woman to have served in this position (or, as it was called in the future, Earl Marshal). In 1350, MARGARET and JOHN de SEGRAVE began seeking a divorce based on the premise that they were contracted in marriage before she was of age, and that she had never consented to marry him. Furthermore, she had begun a relationship with a knight of great renown, Sir Walter Manny, 1 st Baron Manny, so she crossed the Channel in October 1350 to meet with him in Calais, without the king s permission. The inquisition re-

37 garding this incident shows that MARGARET illegally crossed the Channel and met with Manny s servant, who broke his lantern with his foot so she could pass unnoticed. MARGARET de PLANTEGENET JOHN de SEGRAVE died in 1353, before their divorce could be finalized; the next year MARGARET wed Walter Manny shortly before May 30, 1354, and had two more children. Sir Walter died in 1371, MARGARET never remarried, and as a widow was created Duchess of Norfolk for life in 1397, and her grandson, Thomas Mowbray, 1 st Duke of Norfolk was created the same year. MARGARET, Duchess of Norfolk, died in 1399 and was buried in the choir of the Grey Friars, London. Generation Ten The children of MARGARET and JOHN de SEGRAVE were: 30. i. Edmund de Segrave, died in the cradle 31. ii. ELIZABETH de SEGRAVE, born 1338, died iii. John de Segrave, born 13 Sept 1340, died iv. Anne de Segrave, Abbess of Barking ELIZABETH married JOHN de MOWBRAY, 4 th Baron of Mowbray. The MOW- BRAY s, Dukes of Norfolk, were from an ancient period a great Baronial family, and made a succession of fortunate alliances. The royal match of JOHN MOBRAY, Lord

38 Mowbray, with ELIZABETH SEGRAVE may be considered the first step from the Baronial rank. Generation Eleven JOHN MOWBRAY and ELIZABETH SEGRAVE had two sons and several daughters. One of the daughters was: 34. JOAN DE MOWBRAY, born 1363, died 30 November She married THOMAS GREY, Knight of Heton in Wark, Northumberland. Proof of the marriage consists of a 1480 visitation of the North with identifies Joan as filia Johannes Moubray. Also, JOAN s son, Henry Grey s tombstone indentifies his mother as being the sister of (Thomas Mowbray, Earl of Norfolk. 19 Generation Twelve One of the children of JOAN DE MOWBRAY and THOMAS GREY was: 35. AGNES DE GREY who was born about 1357 and died 25 October She married THOMAS DE UMFRAVILLE, born 1361 and died 8 March Generation Thirteen One of the children of AGNES DE GREY and THOMAS DE UMFRAVILLE was: 36. MARGARET DE UMFRAVILLE, birth date unknown, died 23 October She married SIR JOHN CONSTABLE, born 1388 in Halsham, England, died unknown. Generation Fourteen One of the children of MARGARET DE UMFRAVILLE and SIR JOHN CONSTABLE was: 37. AGNES CONSTABLE, who was born 1455 in Nottinghamshire, England and she died unknown in Lincolnshire, England. She married SIR WILLIAM SKIPWITH, born 14 April 1415 in Lincolnshire, England. He died 28 November 1482 in Lincolnshire, England. AGNES was his second wife. Generation Fifteen One of the children of AGNES CONSTABLE and SIR WILLIAM SKIPWITH was: 38. SIR JOHN SKIPWITH, who was born in 1454 in Lincolnshire, England and died 5 January (Scott, 1876)

39 Sir John Skipwith was High Sheriff of Lincoln in He was created a Knight- Banneret by Henry VII for service against the Cornish rebels at the Battle of Blackheath on 17 July He married CATHERINE FITZWILLIAM, who was the daughter of SIR ROBERT FITZWILLIAM of Aldwark. Generation Sixteen One of the children of SIR JOHN SKIPWITH and CATHERINE FITZWILLIAM was: 39. WILLIAM SKIPWITH was born about 1488 in Lincolnshire, England. He died on 7 July He married ALICE DYMOKE, who was born before 1517 in Scrivelsby, England. She died 29 June Generation Seventeen Children of SIR WILLIAM SKIPWITH and ALICE DYMOKE were: 40. i. John Skipwith 41. ii. Mary Skipwith 42. iii. HENRY SKIPWITH, Esquire of Keythorpe, and Tugby, Leicestershire, Knight of the Shire for Leicestershire. HENRY SKIPWITH married before 30 April 1562 to JANE HALL, widow of Francis Neale, and daughter of FRANCIS HALL, Esq. of Grantham, Lincolnshire (descendant of KING EDWARD I). They had four sons, WILLIAM, Francis, Henry and George, and nine daughters, Ursula (wife of Sir Edward Askew), Katherine (wife of Walter Askew), Dorothy (wife of Henry Smith), Alice, Jane (wife of Sir William Samuel, Bridget (wife of Walter Askew), Dorothy (wife of John Woodward), Elizabeth (wife of Thomas Harrington), and Margaret (wife of Sir Matthew Saunders). HENRY SKIPWITH died 15 August His widow, JANE, died 11 May They were both buried at Tugby, Leicestershire. 20 Generation Eighteen HENRY SKIPWITH and JANE HALL S firstborn son was: 43. WILLIAM SKIPWITH, Knight, of Prestwold (in Cotes), Leicestershire, Knight of the Shire for Leicestershire. He was born about About 1581 he married MARGARET CAVE, daughter of ROGER CAVE of Stanford, Northamptonshire. They had four sons, including SIR HENRY, and four daughters. MARGARET was buried 22 August He then married Jane Roberts, widow successively of John Walpole of Lincolnshire (buried 1590) and John Markam of Sedgebrook, Lincolnshire and daughter and heiress of John Roberts of Wollaston, Northamptonshire. 20 (Richardson)

40 SIR WILLIAM SKIPWITH died 3 May 1610, and was buried 7 May 1610 at Prestwold. His widow Jane was buried at Prestwold 4 April Generation Nineteen The oldest son and heir of SIR WILLIAM SKIPWITH and MARGARET CAVE was: 44. HENRY SKIPWITH, Knight of Prestwold (in Cotes), Leicestershire, was born 21 March 1589/90. He married about 1616 to AMY KEMPE, 3 rd daughter and co-heiress of SIR THOMAS KEMPE, of Ollantigh, Kent (descendant of KING EDWARD I). They had four sons, William, Henry, Thomas and Grey, and three daughters, Elizabeth, DIANA, and Anne. He created a Baronet by King James I in His wife, AMY, was buried 7 Sept He married a second time at St. Mary s Woolnoth, London 2 May 1639, Blandina, widow of John Acton, citizen of London. SIR HENRY SKIPWORTH, 1 st Baronet, was buried at Stapleford, Leicestershire 7 Nov Generation Twenty The daughter of SIR HENRY SKIPWORTH and AMY KEMPE was: 45. DIANA SKIPWORTH was born 21 May 1621 in Prestwold, Leicestershire and died 8 December 1694 in England. She married EDWARD DALE, who was born 6 April 1620 in Sefton, Landcanshire, England and died in Lancaster County, Virginia. They were married in England in EDWARD DALE is the first family immigrant to America. Generation Twenty-One DIANA SKIPWORTH and EDWARD DALE had three daughters: 46. i. KATHERINE DALE, born in 1652 (the year before her parents were married?) 47. ii. Elizabeth, born in iii. Mary, born in 1659 KATHERINE DALE eventually married CAPTAIN THOMAS CARTER, of Lancaster County, Virginia. This is the beginning of the Carter linage in America leading to the birth of Juanita Carter birth in Two Buttes, Colorado. 21 (Richardson) p (Richardson) p.660

41 CAPTAIN THOMAS CARTER I, died 22 October 1700 aged about 70 years. CATHERINE DALE CARTER died 10 May 1703 in the 51 st year of her life. CAPTAIN THOMAS CARTER POINTS OF INTEREST: In Lancaster County there is a home called Verville. It stands on the land that was once the Barford plantation of Captain Thomas Carter and his wife, Katherine Dale. The land was part of a 1674 wedding gift from Major Edward Dale. It is believed that the wood used in the center portion of the house is from 1690, about ten years before the death of Captain Thomas Carter. By 1711 Verville would have been located on the portion of the plantation given to their eldest son, Edward. He called this his Upper Plantation. In 1742 a James Gordon bought the 2 acres were Verville now stands from Thomas Carter, the son of Edward. John Carter, the son of Henry Skipwith Carter sold the adjoining 5 acres below the hill to James Gorden in Josiah Carter, a grandson of Henry Skipwith Carter sold the 95 acres adjoining to the south of Verville to a Col. James Gordon for 1,150 in Col. James Gordon was granted a license to building the surrounding Gordonsville in CAPTAIN CARTER S will, dated16 August 1700 was probated 14 November 1700 by his second son, THOMAS CARTER, JR. He divided his estate as follows: Wife KATHERINE to have the home plantation for the rest of her life, a negro man named Dick, the great table, and one-third of the remainder of his personal property. Sons Edward, THOMAS, Henry (then in England), and John to each have a hundred acres of land; son James to have land devised to Henry if the latter did not return from England. Daughters Elizabeth and Katherine, and sons Peter and Joseph have been provided for by their grandfather, EDWARD DALE. Son-in-law William George to account for 1,560 pounds of tobacco that he had advanced him on the DALE estate due to his wife from her grandfather. Son THOMAS was to have the home plantation after the death of his mother. The rest of the real and personal estates were to be divided equally between all children. CAPTAIN CARTER sealed his will with a seal showing the crest of his father-in-law, EDWARD DALE, which doubtless was more convenient at the time of signing the paper than this own seal. The original papers in Virginia show numerous examples of men

42 using some other family seal that their own, though they are known to have possessed one with their own seal. The personal estate amounted to 236, and included a parcel of old Bookes, a silver drinking pot, tankard, and twelve silver spoons, beside the usual household and plantation furnishings of a man of his class. There is a picture taken by a Mr. Dorit, a Lancaster photographer, with a description of a dilapidated old frame house standing not far from Corotoman River, and said to have been the old Carter home. It is a long wooden building, a story and a half high, and dormer windows front and back. There are four rooms and a small hall on each floor. There was a small chimney in the center and a great inside chimney at each end with enormous fireplaces upstairs and down. On either side of these end chimneys were large alcoves or closets with windows in them. The main rooms were about sixteen by twenty-four feet. Generation Twenty-Two As listed above CAPTAIN THOMAS CARTER and KATHERINE DALE had many children. The Barnett/Carter line evolves from the 2 nd son, THOMAS CARTER, JR. 49. THOMAS CARTER, JR. was born on 4 June 1672 in Barford, Lancaster County, Virginia and died 30 September 1733 in Barford, Lancaster County, Virginia. He was christened in the new church on 5 August 1672 in Lancaster County, Virginia. THOMAS CARTER, JR. inherited Barford after his mother s death, where he died in September He first appears in the Lancaster records in 1686 when THO: CARTER JUNR was a witness to a power of Attorney given by Wm. Robinson, of Belfast, Ireland, then in Virginia, to my trusty and well beloved friend Mr. THOMAS CARTER of Corotoman in the County of Lancaster and the Colony of Virginia. In 1696 he paid taxes on four persons: July 12, 1699, was appointed attorney for James Corneline; in 1700 probated his father s will and is mentioned in the probate as the second son. December 12, 1705, he took the oath as a Justice of Lancaster Court and served continuously from that date until May 14, 1729, nearly a quarter of a century, on the county bench. He served with such men as Col. Robert Carter, Capt. William Ball, Henry Fleet, Thomas Lee and John Turbervill. On April 7, 1711, he was commissioned by Governor Spotswood as a captain in the Lancaster militia. His original commission has been preserved. Besides being a planter he was also a merchant, and for a number of years was connected with Robert King Carter in the mercantile business. King Carter spoke of him in is will in very high terms, as follows: Whereas CAPT. THOMAS CARTER hath gone through a series of Business for me several years together in selling divers cargos of Goods and upon other accounts, whose honesty and integrity I have always had a very good opinion. It is my will that such accounts of my affairs as he can make up, be received as satisfactory from him by my Ex tors, and he be to no trouble at law upon my

43 account. He also directs that all his selling goods coming in by that shipping be delivered to CAPT. THOMAS CARTER to be disposed of by him with the goods already under his care. After appointing his three older sons his executors, he continued, And I do request, constitute, and appoint & make my Hon ble & good friends & relations Mann Page, Esq., of Gloucester Co., Maj. Benj. Harrison of Charles City County, Maj. George Eskridge & Capt. George Turberville of Westmoreland County, Mr. Richard Lee of Northumberland County, & CAPT THOMAS CARTER of Lancaster Co., to be assistant to my executors & to be consulted and advised with upon all occasions. After dividing certain parts of his wearing apparel, as was the custom of those days, among his three older sons, he directs & my other clothes I would have some given to my good friends CAPT. THOMAS CARTER & Mr. John Turberville. Besides the land inherited from his father, CAPTAIN THOMAS CARTER, JR. had grants between the years 1700 and 1722 for 1023 acres in various Northern Neck counties, and in 1712 a grant for 2,400 acres in Stafford. The latter grant, however, he seems to have disposed of before his death, but as Stafford records for this period are gone, no record of it can be found. On Sept. 12, 1706, he purchased Lot. NO. 88 in Queenstown, Lancaster County. It was the second lot from Anne Street and lay between Duke and Fairfax Streets. On August 6, 1720, THOMAS CARTER, GENT. had a deed from John Cook Butcher for twenty acres of land adjoining land of Edward and Henry Carter in Christ Church parish. If the old Christ Church Vestry Book could be found for that period in which CAPT. THOMAS CARTER lived in Lancaster, it would probably show he was a vestryman at that parish, for few men of his station at that time were not members of the vestry. His two brothers who were living in the period covered by the vestry book now in existence were both vestrymen, as well as his son, Dale, and his grandson, Daniel (Miller)

44 CAPTAIN THOMAS CARTER, JR. THOMAS CARTER, JR. married ARABELLA WILLIAMSON. She was the daughter of WILLIAMSON, who was the son of JAMES WILLIAMSON, of Rappahannock County. She was also the niece of Margaret Williamson who married Capt. William Ball. She was born in 1676 in Lancaster County, Virginia and died in 1737 in Lancaster County, Virginia. She and THOMAS were married 22 August 1695 at the Barford Plantation, Lancaster County, Virginia. A writer in the Virginia Historical Magazine, Vol VI, says that The first Williamsons in Virginia settled in Surry, opposite Jamestown, naming the estate Cobham Hall after Cobham Hall, Kent, England, the seat of the English Williamsons, and then they spread over Virginia and North Carolina. Probably from this family came Dr. Robert Williamson, who was Burgess in 1663 from the adjoining county of Isle of Wight, where he had grants of 3,850 acres of land in 1666; and also MR. JAMES WILLIAMSON (who was a brother of Dr. Robert), a Justice of the Isle of Wight court in This MR. JAMES WILLIAMSON is the grandfather of ARABELLA WILLIAMSON. He married ANNE UN- DERWOOD, daughter of MRS. MARGARET UNDERWOOD. In January 1652, MR. JAMES WILLIAMSON was a Justice of the Lancaster Court and probably continued as such until his death in 1656; and in 1654 he paid taxes on seven persons. JAMES WILLIAMSON s inventory of personal estate was recorded in that county. It amounted to 330 besides 38,530 pounds of tobacco, and included a small parcel of books at fifteen shillings. He was, in addition to being a planter, a merchant.

45 WILLIAM WILLIAMSON was the son of JAMES and ANN UNDERWOOD WILLIAM- SON. He had a grant of 200 acres of land in Rappahnnock County, March, 1663, and Feb. 27, WILLIAM WILLIAMSON of the county of Rapp, Planter leased it to John Webb, who was to build a house, plant an orchard, etc. In March, 1673, WILLIAM is spoken of as dead. And at a court held in Rappahnnock County, June 4, 1684, Mr. Henry Williamson exhibited an account as Guardian of Margaret & ARABELLA WIL- LIAMSON, orphan Daughter of MR. WM. WILLIAMSON, dec d. Generation Twenty-Three THOMAS CARTER, JR. and ARABELLA WILLIAMSON had the following children: 50. i. Thomas Carter, born 1696 in Lancaster County, Virginia. He married Joan Miller in 1722/23. He died 11 July ii. Joseph Carter, born 1697 in Lancaster County, Virginia. In 1719 he married Catherine Stevens in Spotsylvania County, Virginia. He died April 1751 at St. George Parish, Spotsylvania, Virginia. 52. iii. Daniel Carter was born 1 February 1700 in Lancaster County, Virginia. He married Elizabeth Pannell on 1722 in Lancaster County, Virginia. He died in 1759 in same county. 53. iv. Edward Carter was born in 1702 in Lancaster County, Virginia. He died in v. James Carter was born in 1704 in Lancaster County, Virginia. He married Hannah Chenoweth in 1733 in Baltimore, Maryland. He died on 18 November 1758 near Winchester, Frederick, Virginia. 55. vi. PETER CARTER, born on May 23, 1706 in Lancaster County, Virginia. He married JUDITH NORRIS on 1 May 1730 in Fauquier, Virginia. He died 15May 1789 in Fauquier, Virginia. 56. vii. Dale Carter, born in 1708 in Lancaster County, Virginia. He died 12 December 1776 in Christ Church Parish, Lancaster, Virginia. 57. viii. Charles Carter, born between 1710 and 1712 in Lancaster County, Virginia. He married Lucy Morgan about He died 2 November 1766 in Amherst, Virginia. PETER s father, CAPTAIN THOMAS CARTER JR., in his will dated April 24, 1728 made him executor in case of the death or remarriage of his wife, ARABELLA CARTER; and also made him guardian of his brother, Charles carter, until the latter reached the age of twenty. Under this will, PETER CARTER inherited the half of his father s five hundred acre plantation next to the river in King George County, and his just share of the residuary estate. In the account written in 1858 of the Carter family it is stated that PETER CARTER purchased the rest of this plantation and lived here until late in life, when he moved to Fauquier with his son, George Carter. By 1736 PETER and JUDITH had already moved from Lancaster County following THOMAS CARTER, JR.'s death, to take up PETER's inherited land in Prince William (formerly King George) County. This part of Prince William County became part of the new Fauquier County when it was created from Prince William in 1759.

46 PETER and JUDITH's family grew up in Prince William County on Carter's Run that flowed into the upper Rappahannock River. His father, THOMAS CARTER, JR. had bought the land in 1724, never intending to move there, as he lived all his life at "Barford," Lancaster County, on the Corotoman River that flows into the lower Rappahannock River. PETER CARTER owned the old Prayer Book of this grandfather, CAPTAIN THOMAS CARTER, SR., which contains many valuable records of the family. The book contains a great deal of information on PETER CARTER and his children. He evidently experienced a deeper religious feeling in the years 1775 and 1788 than at other times, as under these dates he made several records in the old prayer book, of which the following is an example: Ye Datte of this Holy Book is at it stands from the printer as follows. MDCLXII (1662) in the year of my God 1775 and in ye year of my Nattral Life 69. In ye Year of my God 1778 and in the year of my Nattral Life 82 Lord Give me a Clean heart And Renew a right spearit with me in ye of my Life 82. Romans ye 10 Chap & 9 vers. If thou shalt confess with thine mouth the Lord Jesus; and shall Believe in thine heart that God hat Rased him from the Dead thou shalt be saved. Romans ye 10 & 9 vers my Natral Life 82 in ye year of my God Peter Carter The inventory of his personal estate was recorded in Fauquier on 22 nd of February, 1790, and he probably died either in December 1789 or January This inventory mentions two Negro men servants, bed and furniture, chest, six chairs, and other furniture of a bedroom. He evidently lived with his son, George, who was living in that county. PETER CARTER seems to have been the last of his generation of the family to die, as in recording the deaths of his brother, Dale, and cousin, Thomas, both of whom died in Lancaster in December 1776, he said: Now indeed am I the last of my generation, the lone leaf on the tree Waiting the last Frost. The records of his own family seem to have been written in the Prayer Book at one time with a trembling, old hand, and the year before he died. In the year 1788 & ye year my Live years last May Day (May 1 st, 1730), I was married to JUDITH NORRIS who passt on ye 15 th day of May We was Blest with 9 sons and 4 daughters viz. Dale & Thomas on ye 24 th April Judy on November Job on ye 1 st Jan y Joseph on ye 4 th September Arabella Catharine on ye 17 August Solomon on ye 25 Septr Francis Ball on ye 8 th Jan y Peter on ye 9 th March Sarah on ye 16 th June Daniel on ye 22 nd December 1746 ye same Day and year as Dan, son of my cozen Robert Carter. Norris on ye 8 th November 1748 and George on 15 March Of which

47 Thomas, Joseph, Peter, Norris, George, Frances and Sarah are now living. George with me, Peter, in Amherst and the others on Clinch. MRS. JUDITH NORRIS CARTER, belonged to the Norris family of Lancaster County, who were well-to-do people in that County. JUDITH was a baptismal name in the Lancaster County family, as the marriage bonds of that county show the marriages of two Judith Norrises; one in 1788 to Fortunatus George and one in 1791 to John Brent. Generation Twenty-Four PETER CARTER and JUDITH NORRIS had nine sons and four daughters. 58. i. DALE CARTER, born on 4 th of April, ii. Thomas Carter, Dale s twin brother born on 4 th of April, iii. Judy Carter born in November iv. Job Carter born on January 1, v. Joseph Carter was born on September 4 th, vi. Arabella Catharine Carter was born on August 17 th, vii. Solomon Carter was born on September 25rh, viii. Francis Ball Carter was born on January 8, ix. Peter Carter was born March 9 th, x. Sarah Carter was born on June 16 th, xi. Daniel Carter was born on 8 th of November xiii. George Carter was born on March 15 th, 1757 In 1772 DALE CARTER moved to the Clinch River settlements with his brother, Thomas and cousin, John Carter. DALE CARTER was killed by Indians on October 6, 1774 near Blackmore s Fort. DALE CARTER Killed At Blackmore's Fort By Emory L. Hamilton From the unpublished manuscript, Indian Atrocities along the Clinch, Powell and Holston Rivers, pages On the same day that Colonel Shelby's Negro girl was captured, Logan, who must have split his raiding party, sending one part against Ft. Blackmore which secretly approached the fort and got within 75 yards before being discovered. Most of the men were sitting upon some logs which lay a short distance from the gate. Evidently seeing this, the Indians decided to make a bold push and enter the fort before the men could recover from their surprise. Creeping along the river bank, hidden by the bank and a fringe of brush and trees, they were just ready to push into the fort when they were discovered by DALE CARTER, who was about fifty-five steps from the fort and who cried, "Murder! Murder!" Upon hearing CARTER s alarm, the men ran towards the fort and succeeded in reaching the gate before the Indians. Frustrated in their designs of entering the fort they turned upon DALE CARTER. One Indian shot at him, but missed him; another shot him

48 through the thigh, inflicting a wound which rendered him too lame to escape into the fort. Another Indian ran up to CARTER, tomahawked and scalped him. DALE CARTER married MARY ANN BICKLEY in 1764 in Washington County, Virginia. The BICKLEYS had a distinguished history in England before making the trek to America. JOHN BICKLEY, (MARY ANN S father) was born in King and Queen County, 7 December His will was probated in Amherst County, 16 September He was one of six sons of JOSEPH BICKLEY of Stratton-Major parish, King and Queen, and his wife, MARY HURT. He is buried at Red Hill. Amherst, Virginia His father, JOSEPH BICKLEY, BORN 1679, was the 5th son of SIR FRANCIS BICK- LEY, third Baronet of "Attleborough Hall," County Norfolk, England, and his second wife, MARY, daughter and co-heir of SIR HUMPHREY WINCH. This is proven by the fact that Joseph and Sarah Gissage Bickley's eldest son, William Bickley of Virginia, succeeded to the Baronetcy in 1752 upon the death of his uncle, Rev. Sir Humphrey, Bart., and rector of St. Mary's Attleborough. JOSEPH BICKLEY moved from King and Queen County to that part of Hanover which in 1743 became Louisa County. He was the first sheriff of the new county as well as a justice in SIR FRANCIS BICKLEY, was the 3rd Baronet, born in 1644 in Attieborough, Norfolk, England. He married MARY WINCH. He was buried at St. Mary's Attleborough, June 19, He was the eldest son of SIR FRANCIS, born 1622, 2 nd Baronet, and his wife MARY MAWE, daughter of JOHN MAWE, Sheriff of Norwich in Bickley Arms: "Arg. a Chev. embattled, counter-embattled, between 3 griffins heads erased sable, each charged with a plate." Generation Twenty-Five DALE CARTER ( ) and MARY ANN BICKLEY ( ) had four children: 70. i. Matilda Carter, born ii. John Rhea Carter, born 25 February 1769 February in Scott County, VA. He married Nancy Hunnicut. 72. iii. JOSEPH CARTER, born 10 September 1772 in Scott County, VA. 73. iv. Matilda Caroline Carter, born 1774 in Scott County, Virginia. She married George W. Salling on 19 Jan 1791 in Rockbridge County, Virginia. She died in Scott County, Virginia in In the 1830 Census JOSEPH CARTER was living in Scott County, Virginia. By the 1840 he had moved with his family to Shelby County, Illinois. JOSEPH CARTER died 24 October, 1844 and is buried in the Mahoney Cemetery, Shelby County, Illinois.

49 He married MARTHA HARRIS about 1797 in Virginia and he died 24 October 24, Generation Twenty-Six JOSEPH CARTER and MARTHA HARRIS had twelve children. Their 10 th child was: 74. NATHAN H. CARTER. He was born 25 January 1817 in Scott County, Virginia. NATHAN married SARAH ANN GORDON on 14 March 1841 in Shelby County, Illinois. NATHAN moves to Iowa between 1864 and NATHAN shows up on the 1870 Census with his family living in Center, Wapello, Iowa. His listed occupation is farmer and he appears to be doing pretty well. His real estate holdings are valued at $7800 and his personal property at $2220, which is considerably higher than his neighbors. By the 1880 census he is in Glenwood, Schuyler County, Missouri. The census shows he is 63 years old. Two children are still living at home, Allen and Ella, 12 and 11 respectively. He dies in 1891 in Schuyler County, Missouri. Generation Twenty-Seven NATHAN H. CARTER and SARAH ANN GORDON had four children: 75. i. CHARLES WILMINGTON CARTER born about ii. Mary Elizabeth Carter, born 17 January iii. Thomas H. Carter, born in iv. George B. Carter, born 1851 SARAH ANN dies between 1851 and On 3 November 1857 NATHAN marries Eliza Ann Pearce in Shelby, Illinois. They have five children: 79. v. Anna Carter, born 1858 in Illinois. 80. vi. Martha J. Carter, born vii. Fannie Mariah Carter, born 24 December in Shelby, Illinois 82. viii. Allen B. Carter, born in 1868 in Iowa 83. ix. Ella Carter, born 1869 in Iowa CHARLES WILMINGTON CARTER marries SUSAN HAMPTON on 24 December 1867 in Peoria, Illinois. She was born on 5 April 1849 in Meiggs County, Ohio. CHARLES shows up on the 1880 Federal Census in Havana, Mason County, Illinois. It appears the family moved to Kansas in about In 1895 he shows up on the Kansas census. In 1910 CHARLES shows up on the Federal census in Horton Ward 2, Brown County, Kansas. CHARLES dies 31 July 1911 in Pottawatomie County, Kansas. He is buried at Huff Cemetery (now Pleasant Ridge Cemetery) in Pottawatomie County, Kansas. SUSAN HAMPTON CARTER dies 1 August 1939.

50 Generation Twenty-Eight CHARLES WILMINGTON CARTER and SUSAN HAMPTON had eight children: 84. i. Nathaniel Dewitt Carter, born 24 December, ii. THOMAS JEFFERSON CARTER, born 22 June 1872 in Watseka, Illinois. 86. iii. Lucy Jane Carter, born 13 December 1874 in Iroquois County, Illinois 87. iv. Maude May Carter, born 12 August 1877 in Havan, Mason County, Illinois 88. v. Theodore Harmon Carter, born 9 May 1881 in Easton, Mason County, Illinois 89. vi. Bertha Ann Carter, born 20 December 1883 in Iowa Point, Donaphin County, Kansas. 90. vii. Sarah Myrtie Carter, born 3 October 1886 in Iowa Point, Donaphin County, Kansas. 91. viii. Minnie Etta Carter, born 23 December 1889 in Wathena, Kansas. THOMAS JEFFERSON CARTER marries Frances Armitta Burns in Straight Creek, Kansas. They have four children: 92. i. Gracie May Carter, born 30 August 1897 in Holton, Pottawatomie County, Kansas. 93. ii. Theodore Herman Carter is born 13 November 1898 in Holton, Pottawatomie County, Kansas. 94. iii. Lillian Irene Carter is born 6 December iv. Thomas Jefferson Carter, Jr. born in 1914 in Two Buttes, Colorado. Francis Armitta Burns Carter dies in Two Buttes, Colorado about THOMAS has a business partner by the name of Leslie Gifford. They are developing land in Two Buttes, Colorado. Through his business partner, he meets CHRISTIE BLANCHE GIF- FORD, Leslie s sister. They married in Lamar, Baca County, Colorado on 22 April They have four children: 96. i. Charles Franklin Carter, born 10 September 1920 in Two Buttes, Colorado 97. ii. JUANITA PEARL CARTER, born 25 June 1922 in Two Buttes, Colorado 98. iii. Paul Nathaniel Carter, born 22 September 1924 in Two Buttes, Colorado 99. iv. Roy Gene Carter, born 1 April 1930 in Nevada, Vernon County, Colorado. THOMAS JEFFERSON CARTER died on 9 October 1932 in Nevada, Vernon County, Missouri. He is buried in Newton Cemetery, Nevada, Missouri.

51 CHRISTIE BLANCHE GIFFORD JUANITA PEARL CARTER