The Radicalization of Cicero

Transcription

1 The Radicalization of Cicero

2 Katherine A. East The Radicalization of Cicero John Toland and Strategic Editing in the Early Enlightenment

3 Katherine A. East Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne, ND UK ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Library of Congress Control Number: The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover credit: Jay s photo/getty Images Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

4 For my Parents

5 Acknowledgements During the development of this project, from its original incarnation as a PhD application to its current form, numerous debts of varying kinds have been accrued. First and foremost, to the Arts and Humanities Research Council for the financial support from their Doctoral Award, and the Classics Department at Royal Holloway, University of London, for their kindness during the years of my PhD studies. My thanks also to The Leverhulme Trust, whose award of an Early Career Fellowship has made possible the completion of this project. The School of History, Classics and Archaeology at Newcastle University continues to prove an extremely welcoming and supportive host during my Leverhulme Fellowship, and I remain incredibly grateful for the opportunities, kindness, and friends I have found there. Scholarships with the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Neo-Latin Studies in Innsbruck, with the Research Library Gotha and the Gotha Research Centre of Erfurt University, and with Fondation Hardt in Geneva, also provided the time and resources to develop the ideas in this book. There are two individuals without whom this project would never have started, let alone reached its current form, and whose guidance and support throughout has been simply invaluable: Jonathan Powell and Justin Champion. Jonathan Powell s advice during the translation of Cicero Illustratus was vital to the success of the project, while his careful supervision and attentive consideration of my work has repeatedly earned my deep gratitude, as has the kindness shown to me by his family vii

6 viii Acknowledgements during my time at Royal Holloway. Justin Champion s supervision was similarly priceless, consistently directing my research to exciting new questions, and with an incredible ability to reinvigorate my enthusiasm and excitement for my work no matter how frustrated I may have been before entering his office. I was also extremely fortunate in my examiners, Anthony Grafton and Gesine Manuwald, whose inquiries and feedback contributed a great deal to the evolution of the project, and whose advice and support ever since has been very gratefully received. The opportunity to publish and present some of this work previously has made a great contribution to its development, and my thanks for that go to Richard Whatmore, Anthony McKenna, the LECTIO Centre at KU Leuven, the Classical Association, the Institute of Classical Studies, the Institute of Historical Research, the always warm and welcoming audience of the Cicero Away Day, and the Cultures of Knowledge project at Oxford University. My thanks also to Federico Santangelo and Rachel Hammersley for taking the time to read and comment on this work, and for the kind support of both during its completion. I would also like to acknowledge my debt to Matthew Fox, who during a conversation in a pub in St Andrews unknowingly set me on this path with his recommendation of Cicero Illustratus as a text worth studying! On a personal note, it seems there are countless people who played a part in allowing me to reach this point, but I will constrain myself to a few. The importance of inspirational teachers must never be underestimated, and I was lucky in having several, but two in particular Kiran O Brien (née Modha) and Paul POB O Brien introduced me to Cicero and his world, thereby sealing my fate. Friends who manage to maintain your sanity and perspective during such an undertaking are of course a gift, so my thanks to those of mine who have put up with cancelled plans and ramblings about Cicero across the last decade. Finally, the most incalculable debt, to my family. To my father, for all the many ways he has supported me throughout; to my sister, for cheering me on and keeping me laughing; and to my mother, for always believing in me, driving me on, and ensuring I had everything I needed to achieve my goals.

7 Contents 1 Introduction 1 Part I Editing Cicero 2 The Editorial Project 27 3 The Book: Constructing the Edition 41 4 The Author: Composing the Prefatory Life 59 5 The Words: Criticising the Text 89 6 The Commentary: Interpreting the Text 121 Part II Interpreting Cicero 7 Toland s Ciceronianism The Commonwealthman: Cicero and Toland s Republican Discourse The Rationalist: Cicero and Toland s War on Priestcraft Conclusion: Cicero Remade? 225 ix

8 x Contents Appendix A: Catalogue of the Complete Editions of Cicero s Works, Appendix B: The Works of John Toland 239 Bibliography 247 Index 275

9 Abbreviations General Sources ANRW BL BNP DBI IJCT JHI JWCI NDB ODNB TAPA Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt The British Library Brill s New Pauly Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani International Journal of the Classical Tradition Journal of the History of Ideas Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes Neue Deutsche Biographie Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Transactions of the American Philological Society Works: John Toland CI Collection Cicero Illustratus A Collection of Several Pieces of Mr. John Toland, now First Publish d from his Original Manuscripts: with Some Memoirs of his Life and Writings. Edited by Pierre des Maizeaux. London: J. Peele, 1726 Works: Cicero Acad. Ad Att. Academica Epistolae ad Atticum xi

10 xii Abbreviations Ad Fam. Ad QFr. Amic. Arch. Balb. Brut. Clu. De Orat. Div. DND Dom. Fin. Flac. Font. Har.Resp. Inv. Leg. Man. Marc. Mur. Off. Orat. Para. Part.Orat. Phil. Pis. Planc. Prov.Cons. Rab.Perd. Rep. Rhet.Her. Sen. Sest. TD Top. Vat. Verr. Epistolae ad Familiares Epistolae ad Quintum Fratrem De Amicitia Pro Archia Pro Balbo Brutus Pro Cluentio De Oratore De Divinatione De Natura Deorum De Domo Sua De Finibus Pro Flacco Pro Fonteio De Haruspicum Responsis De Inventione De Legibus Pro Lege Manilia Pro Marcello Pro Murena De Officiis Orator Paradoxa Stoicorum Partitiones Oratoriae Philippica In Pisonem Pro Plancio De Provinciis Consularibus Pro Rabirio Perduellionis De Republica Rhetorica ad Herennium De Senectute Pro Sestio Tusculanae Disputationes Topica In Vatinium In Verrem

11 Textual Notes Latinised Names Most of the scholars discussed in the text are known by both Latinised and vernacular versions of their names. As a rule, I have used the Latinised version of the scholar in question s name, except on those occasions when the Latinised version is judged to be too unfamiliar (for example, Leonardus Aretinus as opposed to Leonardo Bruni). On the first occasion of an individual s prominent discussion in the text, I have followed their name with the alternative version in brackets, for the sake of clarity. Early Modern Text Passages from early modern texts have been slightly adapted for a modern audience, principally through the removal of accents and ligatures, but otherwise appear precisely as in the original text, particularly with respect to typography (caps, small caps, italics, etc.) due to the level of meaning imposed on the text by such typographical choices. Cicero Quotes Some passages of Ciceronian text are transcribed as they appear in the early modern text, so that the typographical emphasis imposed on said passage together with any textual decisions made by the author can be preserved. This is indicated both by the context of the quote, and by the phrasing in the reference; for example, Toland, CI, 9, quoting Cicero, Sest When Cicero is quoted directly, the reference is to the xiii

12 xiv Textual Notes Ciceronian text alone, and the text used is that located in the editions included in the Bibliography. Translations All translations of Cicero Illustratus are my own. Translations of the Ciceronian texts used are from the editions listed in the Bibliography, except when appearing within a quote from an early modern author, in which case the translation is preserved as in the source.