July Meeting. Literal Providers of Food and Drink : The Inka Empire, Feasts, and Ritual Control

Transcription

1 The Mission of the Hisatsinom Chapter of the Colorado Archaeological Society is to further the education, opportunities and experiences of its members, students and the general public by partnering with and serving the archaeological, avocational archaeological, and related scientific communities of the Montezuma Valley, the Four Corners area and the State of Colorado. VOLUME 27 JULY 2015 ISSUE 7 July Meeting 7 pm, Tuesday, July 7 James Davenport will discuss his work, Literal Providers of Food and Drink : The Inka Empire, Feasts, and Ritual Control During the Late Horizon (AD ), the Inka Empire grew from its capital city of Cuzco to encompass more than 2 million square kilometers, from Colombia in the north to Chile and Argentina in the south. During this rapid expansion, the Inka encountered a diverse range of people and employed many different strategies of control, drawing from millennia-long traditions of Andean statecraft. One of these strategies was ritual control, involving the production of feasts and ceremonies and the adoption of local deities and cults to quell sedition. Pachacamac, an important ritual and oracle center on the central coast of Peru, is an example of this: after conquering the site, the Inka made great investments in its ritual infrastructure, building a new temple and staging many feasts and ceremonies. Using compositional analyses of ceramics, the extent of this investment and the broader implications for strategies of Inka ritual control, are examined

2 James A. Davenport is a Ph.D. student at the University of New Mexico s Department of Anthropology. His research focuses on changes in ideological structure and control during cultural transitions on the central Peruvian coast. He has worked in Peru for over five years, starting with his undergraduate degree from Tulane University in New Orleans. He has conducted fieldwork in Peru, Greece, Florida, Georgia, and New Mexico and has worked previously at the Missouri University Research Reactor in Columbia, Missouri, conducting Neutron Activation Analysis and Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry. Some of the pottery from the Pachacamac collection. Originally excavated in the 1940s and published in the volume shown, Davenport is the first person to do any work with it since then. (photo from J. Davenport) Upcoming Speakers August 4 Kyle Bocinsky, Can Pueblo Corn Save Ethiopian Farms? Deploying 1,400 Years of Agricultural Knowledge in Service of the Future (This presentation is part of the 2015 Four Corners Lecture Series and will be at the Sunflower Theatre in downtown Cortez) THE TROWEL AND THE GAVEL A view from the President s Bench By Larry R. Keller, JD July, 2015 Greetings friends and fellow archaeology enthusiasts:

3 I have chosen this month to write about an issue most of us have not and will not encounter, but should probably understand as citizens of Colorado interested in archaeology. Due to a recent situation I was only tangentially involved in, I felt it necessary to research the issue of the appropriate legal and ethical handling of unidentified prehistoric human remains in Colorado. This is much more of an issue here in the Four Corners area than in most of the rest of the state due to the many centuries of habitation in this area by the Ancestral Puebloan peoples. I have heard from and read experts who believe there may have been more people living in Montezuma County at times in the Puebloan era than there are today (Montezuma County currently has roughly 25,000 residents). This means that there are undoubtedly many, many thousands of prehistoric human remains buried among the canyons and farmlands of our area. I knew little about the legalities and ethics of how those remains should be handled upon discovery, but I would like to share with you all what I have learned recently by talking to experts at the BLM and the Colorado State Archaeologist s Office, as well as doing my own research. I will try to avoid too much legalese and ethical preaching, and summarize as much as possible. The handling of unidentified human remains on federal and tribal lands is governed, as most of you know, by the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) passed by Congress with an effective date of November 16, The Act requires the tribal nations in the area of discovery to be notified of such discovery and sets out a procedure by which the nations may claim the remains. The Act also specifies how the remains, if proven to be appropriate, may be given back (repatriated) to the tribes, who may then provide for formal reburial in the tribal manner. NAGPRA also requires that the discoverer of unidentified human remains must comply with the laws of the state in which the remains are found, even if on private property. Bridget Ambler, Supervisory Curator at the Anasazi Heritage Center, helped to work out all Colorado state procedures and have them codified in the law. It was a ten-year process, she says. NAGPRA does not otherwise apply to remains found on private property. Colorado law provides a procedure to be followed by local officials when human remains are discovered (Colorado Rev. Stat ). That law clearly requires the discoverer of any human remains (or portion thereof) to report the same to local authorities who must immediately report the same to the County Coroner of the county where the remains are discovered, even if found on private property. This is undoubtedly because they may be recent and the result of a crime. If the coroner determines the remains are prehistoric, the find must be reported to the State Archaeologist's Office in a timely manner, and an archaeologist called in to verify that the bones are more than 100 years old. The find must then be reported to the Colorado Commission of Indian Affairs (the tribes) who then notifies the appropriate tribal agency. If a claim is filed and allowed, a tribal nation may take further action such as simple reburial or other more formal interment. Ernest House, Jr. of the Ute Mountain Ute tribe is the current Chair of the Commission (and is speaking to our chapter in November). CCIA serves as the coordinating body for intergovernmental dealings between tribal governments and the state and maintains open lines of communication for addressing tribal needs and priorities. CCIA was created in 1976 to deal with State/Native American issues in Colorado. It is important, both legally and ethically, for elected officials to follow both state and federal law when unidentified prehistoric human remains are found in our county. To this end, I have learned that the Office of the State Archaeologist will conduct on-site training here, with our County Coroner and other officials, later this summer or this fall. To their credit, it is my understanding that local officials are pleased to be able to have this guidance from those who have the final say on archaeology in our state as a legal matter. We occasionally hear of and read about the discovery of the remains of the Ancient Ones here in our backyard. It is my belief that we should all, as archaeology enthusiasts and citizens, have a better understanding of how the system works so we may remain as vigilant as we can to see that it works correctly.

4 Thank you for listening. Larry R. Keller, President Canyon Chronicles Thursday, July 2 at 8:30am on KSJD You just never know what in a string of unintended happenings - operating across forces of history - will impact the lives of those living through the events. Today, we almost can't imagine how life unfolded here in the Four Corners, one hundred and thirty years ago, or how the actions of the Stockton Brothers would affect our lives today. Born in 1850 and 1852 in NE Texas bordering the Oklahoma Territory, these two brothers became very bad hombres. They killed and raped, they wrestled cattle, and they murdered Indians. They were lawmen, friends of lawmen, and they were indicted for violent capital crimes across three states. They lived in the open, never hid, or made efforts to change their identities. They caused chaos up and down the Animas Valley and in the San Juan country. They butchered rustled cattle in Rico, killed men in Otero County, New Mexico, and lived for a time directly across the San Juan River from Aztec Ruins. Porter escaped vigilantes riding up to Durango from Farmington to hang him. He escaped death by the unlikely coincidence that another desperado had just been been removed from the Durango jail and lynched. Folks were riled up and the vigilantes thought it best to try another day. Porter and Ike fought the Utes just west of Dove Creek in the La Sals. The Stocktons and their cohorts shot up downtown Durango hotels. The Stocktons owned Durango bars and took boundless advantage of the lawlessness accompanying the period of the great cattle herds and trail drives, the brutality of the "hell-on-wheels" camps springing up south of Animas City where the D&RG Railroad was being headquartered, and the inability of local lawmen to control them. Michael R. Maddox spent six years meticulously researching and writing the story of the lives of the Stockton brothers. His accounts of incidents can be spellbinding. His understanding of the times that engendered such criminality is deep. Mike will share with a live audience not only what happened then, but how these undesirables left descendants - and some of these people changed the West. Please join us on KSJD Community Radio from 8:30 to 9:00 a.m. for the story of Porter and Ike Stockton. -Mike Woodrow (chapter member and host of Canyon Chronicles) To access any and all of previous Canyon Chronicles episodes, go to FOUR CORNERS LECTURE SERIES (July events) July 4/5 Saturday/Sunday, 11am 12noon 2pm, 4pm The Lomayestewa Family of Shungopovi Village, Second Mesa, AZ Traditional Hopi Dances Visitor and Research Center, MVNP

5 July 5 Sunday, 7pm The Lomayestewa Family of Shungopovi Village, Second Mesa, AZ Traditional Hopi Dances Cortez Cultural Center July 11 Saturday, 2pm Fred Blackburn Yucca House/Snider s Well: The Case of a Different Cradleboard Edge of the Cedars Museum, Blanding July 23 Thursday, 7pm Kathleen Fine-Dare NAGPRA+25: Where Do We Stand, and Where Are We Going? Sunflower Theatre, Cortez (hosted by CCAC and the Mesa Verde Foundation) July 30 Thursday, 7pm Lara Lloyd Race, Science, and Burials: The Impacts of NAGPRA on Mesa Verde Far View Lodge, MVNP <><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><> The CAS Third Quarterly Meeting of 2015 is on Saturday July 25 at the Anasazi Heritage Center. It is primarily for chapter delegates and state board members, but any CAS member may attend the afternoon session which begins around 1pm. This meeting is hosted by the Hisatsinom chapter, and many chapter members have been helping with all the facets of the event. Join the group for a while and learn more of what the state board does. Summer Solstice Field Trip Report Two Hisatsinom members departed for Utah on Friday June 19. Thanks to air-conditioned vehicles, the trip was not too bad. After spending some time in the Blanding Visitor Center and talking to several residents, we headed out for Montezuma Canyon. Along the way, and later in the afternoon, with hesitation and a few thoughts such as, does our trip leader know where he is going, we found the desired Spirit Bird Cave. We could see some remaining roomblock material from four surface rooms and lowered ourselves from one room into this cooler shady crack/alcove. We had to be careful where we stepped, or we would have quickly exited to a much lower level. Inside, there were partial walls and we also found a couple of rock faces with petroglyphs. From a portal in the cave, and the Cliff Kiva on the surface, we had a great view of Montezuma Canyon, the Nancy Patterson Site, and Ruin Canyon at Hovenweep NM. This site has public architecture and must have been associated with the Nancy Patterson site. There can be no question that we were overcome with a special feeling as we exited the cave onto the remnants of a room overlooking Montezuma Canyon. This was special! We camped at Hovenweep NM in order to be at Holly House at sunrise. We were at Holly House for a very short time when to our surprise there was Denis Boon. I have been to several very special places, and Denis shows up. A ray of sunlight from the left passes through the spiral on the left, then the light from the right passes thru a set of three concentric circles with a dot in the center. The two rays join and in short order the light spreads down the face of the rock in a few minutes. We then made haste to a site south of U.S.95 to view a site that is active for both solstices and the equinox. We arrived with extra time and watched a line with a bump (like a skyline with a

6 mountain) pass down the face of a big rock that had a set of three concentric circles with a dot in the center. The dot ended up on the top of the bump. Those of us without prior commitments then went to the Edge of the Cedars in Blanding to listen to an interesting talk by Winston Hurst about sites in Montezuma Canyon. In the lecture hall were Gail Ladage and Don Simonis! This was a trip enjoyed by all of us! - Richard Robinson Errin Walker exits Spirit Bird Cave (R. Robinson photo) Petroglyphs inside Spirit Bird Cave (E. Walker photo)

7 Private Land Survey Update The survey team has finally been making progress on the Trail Ridge Canyon rim project with the dry, albeit hot, weather. We have recorded about 20 sites thus far and are about 2/3 completed. Because of the hot weather, we will probably delay starting our next survey, near Dove Creek in Secret Canyon, until cooler weather prevails in late August. If you might be interested in that project, which will involve weekend survey and camping one night per weekend, contact Bob McBride for the details: or Bob McBride and Dale Diede assessing a large rubble mound (P. Lacey photo) This month begins a series on Getting to Know Your Hisatsinom Board Members. Following is a (very) short biography of President Larry Keller. Larry writes: I was born in Los Angeles, California but have lived in Los Alamos, New Mexico, Indian Springs and Las Vegas, Nevada, and Brigham City, Utah while growing up. I went to college in Ogden, Utah (Weber State) and Salt Lake City, Utah (University of Utah) where I received a B.S. in Political Science in 1969 and a Juris Doctorate (law) degree in I practiced law for almost 40 years in the Salt Lake City area and was a State Circuit Court judge from I ve always loved archaeology and the scenic beauty of southern Utah and the Four Corners area, and in 2008 my wife Donna and I retired and built a home just west of Arriola near Yellow

8 Jacket Canyon. We reside with various dogs, cats, donkeys and chickens. We have one daughter and two grandchildren in the Salt Lake City area. I ve volunteered in the Crow Canyon Lab since 2009 and in Curation at the Anasazi Heritage Center since I ve been President of Hisatsinom since Board Meeting Minutes The Board Meeting of June 3, 2015, was called to order at 5:36 pm by President Larry Keller. Members present were: Bob Bernhart, Nancy Evans, Mary Gallagher, Donna Keller, Patricia Lacey, Richard Robinson, Kari Schleher, Lillian Wakeley, and Terry Woodrow. The first item of old business came from Lillian, talking about both the state of the treasury and membership issues. Although the treasury seems robust (about $3600), this high figure is due to a CD being cashed in. In fact, dues are not always able to keep up with expenses. If there are nearly 90 members, there is a working capital of nearly $900. Dedicated expenses include: $30 for each month's meeting (if held at the church), $250 annually for speakers, possible travel reimbursements for President and CAS representative of up to $200 per, and yearly picnic expenses. This leads into the issue of membership: many of the members don't always pay, some pay late, others forget", and about 20 people are inactive. How can we best get everyone to pay every year on time? The idea of publishing a list of members once a year might remind those who simply forgot to get their money in if they want to keep getting the newsletter and be eligible for the field trips. Kari made a motion that we annually print a list of paid members in the January newsletter. It passed unanimously. Nancy told the group about the issues surrounding the use of the Sunflower Theatre for the four Hisatsinom-sponsored meetings this fall. While the use of the building is free, the use of it has gotten more complicated. The theater is now sending out contracts with some difficult issues: requirement of a $100 refundable damage deposit, proof of insurance, and an $80 cleaning deposit, refundable if we clean up. Larry will check with state CAS to see if they carry insurance that can be used by the chapters, and Nancy will check with the Sunflower Theatre to make sure the deposits are refundable and to see if they can be rolled over from month to month. It was also agreed that we would be responsible for the clean-up, which should not be onerous if we do not serve refreshments. Next, Richard talked about field trip issues. He asked the group for suggestions about how to get more people to participate. Some people responded that they thought trips would be more popular if they were just one-day trips. Several people gave support to Richard and told him they thought he was doing a good job. Richard also explained why he was not listing the specific locations of the sites to be visited. He is trying to follow parks and BLM officials guidelines for three levels of sites: 1) ones that everyone can visit; 2) ones that if you ask for it by name, officials will tell you how to get there; and 3) ones that officials won't help you find. Next Donna discussed her research on hats and T-shirts for the chapter to sell. Hats are generally expensive: $12 for one with an embroidered logo. Discount T-shirts are the cheapest: only $2 for a 5.3oz Jerzee T with a minimum order of 25. Lots of discussion ensued: Is the purpose of this to make money? To advertise the chapter? To have fun? Would it be possible to get a sample to check on quality? Could we get pre-orders from chapter members, so that we don't have to order every size and color? Donna was asked if she would please do a little follow-up to answer some of these questions, and we will discuss it again at the next meeting.

9 Terry announced that the next PAAC class would be November 5 and 6 and would be about ceramics. She also said that after being the PAAC coordinator for seven years, she was ready to step down. Larry said he also does not wish to run again and asked the other officers if they were willing to continue. All but Donna agreed to serve another year. The first item of new business was the conduct of chapter meetings and announcements. Some people felt that the announcements at the May meeting, which went on for 30 minutes, lasted too long. So some suggested that the speaker should be the first item on the agenda, and that the business meeting go last. Others felt that it was important for everyone to realize this was an active chapter, and that business and informational items should go first. Larry felt strongly that the meetings should follow this form. Several members spoke up to assure Larry that they loved the way he ran the meetings and did not want him to change, only that 30 minutes was too long for announcements. Most agreed that 15 minutes would be ideal for announcements, and that everyone should try to attain that goal. A related issue revolved around the Four Corners Lecture Series. These have been published as starting at a particular time, so is it right to have the business meeting before these four meetings? Do we want to run the 4CLS events differently? After much discussion, the general consensus seemed to be that there would be nothing wrong with a few announcements at the beginning, but we should try to keep these to a minimum. Nancy talked about forming a logistics committee for the Third Quarterly CAS Board Meeting at the Anasazi Heritage Center on July 25. Though there were a few volunteers from the board, Nancy will try to get volunteers that are not on the board. The next items on the agenda were volunteers for the CAS Annual Meeting in Durango on October 11, for which Larry will find out what is needed and get a committee formed; and the annual Hisatsinom picnic which will be in late August. We will set up the Planning Committee at the next meeting. The last item on the agenda was Larry's suggestion that we publish short bios of board members in the newsletter so that chapter members can get to know us. It was agreed that we would publish one bio + picture each month in the newsletter. The meeting was adjourned at 6:53 pm. Respectfully submitted, Mary Gallagher, Recording Secretary June Meeting Minutes Minutes of Hisatsinom Chapter for June 2, 2015 Larry Keller called the meeting to order at 7pm and welcomed all the seventy-one people in attendance. For those not yet members, he urged them to go online to the CAS site, click on the Hisatsinom link, and fill in the membership form. Then he thanked Joe Lantz for continuing to maintain and update the Hisatsinom site. He mentioned that member Gail LaDage just published a new book, A Hopi Flute Clan Migration Story. He reminded the group

10 that Karen Bernhart was at a front table selling raffle tickets for the Alice Hamilton scholarships, and that this was an important CAS project. He next introduced Diane McBride, executive director of Southwest Colorado Canyons Alliance. Diane explained that SCCA is an organization that provides support to both Canyons of the Ancients National Monument and the Anasazi Heritage Center. In order to raise money for a future matching grant, SCCA is holding a raffle for a painting by Navajo artist Benson Halwood. Tickets are $5 each, or five for $20. Then, Larry introduced Kari Schleher, who introduced the speaker, Brunella Santarelli, a graduate student in the Material Sciences Department at the University of Arizona. Ms Santarelli s talk was titled "Technological Analysis of Pueblo I Lead Glazes". She explained that lead glazes were present in Upper San Juan ceramics during PI times, from about CE. They then disappeared from the archaeological record and reappeared about CE in PIV habitations in Arizona and New Mexico. PIV was also a time of major social transformation as people left the Mesa Verde area and formed or joined new communities along the Rio Grande and other places to the south and west. Currently there is a lot of work being done on PIV ceramics and much is known about the temper, clay used, the nature of the glazes, and the organization of production. Little, however, is known about the early glaze paints (referred to as Rosa) and the technology of their production. Her work attempts to fill in this gap and then to see if there is any corresponding change in social dynamics at that time. Basketmaker III lead glazes were first written about by Anna Shepard in She described thick yellow/green glazes with a high refractive index and low viscosity on some ceramics in the Earl Morris collection. Ms Santarelli is trying to deepen this analysis to discover what materials were used, what the production variables were, the extent to which these factors were controlled, and to see if there were any corresponding social changes. She used data from the Animas-LaPlata archaeological excavations for her investigations, because it had wellestablished contextual information. Specifically, Blue Mesa and the Ridges Basin areas were used. Five different communities were identified, and one of them, the ridgetop site of Sacred Ridge, seemed particularly different. It had a tower that was visible to all the other communities, and it appeared to play an unusual social ritual role. Seventy per cent of the Rosa ceramics had lead glazes. The clay came from outside the area, the temper came from the Durango area, and at least some of the ceramics were made elsewhere. The ceramics in the whole area were not all from the same place, so there seemed to be some variability. From these five communities, she chose 110 ceramics. With these ceramics, she took pictures, examined them microscopically, and used a portable XRF. A few of the ceramics had a thick yellow glaze, but most looked like they had an organic carbon paint, a non-vitrified glaze. Looking at the temper of the Rosa ceramics, she found that 90% of the sample used andesite and diorite as the temper, which came from the terraces of the Animas. From petrography, she saw small clay balls in the sample, revealing poor mixing and firing at low temperatures. The electron microprobe showed the presence of lead oxide which, when added to silicon, can produce a glaze at a relatively low firing temperature. The amount of lead oxide in the sample ceramics ranged from 10% to 60%. The variation revealed in the ceramics did NOT however correspond to the different settlements. Looking at the microstructure of the ceramics, she could see quartz inclusions, lead ore coming from the paint, 8% iron oxide ( producing the black color on many pieces), and small bright orbs of galena. Elemental x-ray maps showed that galena was the basic starting material. These factors, along with incomplete vitrification, implied that the production techniques were not highly controlled.

11 Though they found three slab-lined kilns, there were no wasters, implying firing in simple pits and a lack of firing control. Different lead isotopes were found, but when comparing them there was no clustering, implying that these potters used a single lead source. Galena must be collected, it cannot wash down the Animas, and researchers do not yet know the source of this ore. The pattern though is clear: crushed Galena is mixed with an organic binder (beeweed) and a source of silicon, then painted on. The Sacred Ridge site does show, however, a different starting formula. In conclusion, Ms Santarelli noted that the lead glazes from PI were totally different from the PIV glazes. This is a clear case of independent invention, not of PI developing into PIV. PI potters were not using distinct recipes: neither kin groups nor separate communities had distinctive styles. Everyone was using one source of lead ore, and potters were not able to control all the production variables. People probably stopped making the lead glazes because of violence in the area. People left: the sites were abandoned quickly and completely. Larry thanked the speaker for her interesting presentation, gave her a piece of artwork, and adjourned the meeting at 8:02pm. Respectfully submitted, Mary Gallagher, Recording Secretary To read the CAS state newsletter, THE SURVEYOR, go to and click on NEWSLETTER ---- The Surveyor is also available as a print copy at the Cortez Public Library. It is in a folder labeled CAS SURVEYOR, lying flat on a shelf in the archaeology section, the 930s. It s not for checkout; you may read it there. P.A.A.C The full PAAC schedule is on the chapter website Contact Terry Woodrow regarding PAAC classes: or terrywoodrow@gmail.com Treasurer's Report as of 6/25/15.Finances Balance: Expenses: 5/15/15 - $ Speaker costs - $85.00 State CAS $ /15/15 - $ Printing/postage - $23.40 Total Expenses - $144.40

12 Membership information is on the chapter website click on Chapters, click on Hisatsinom 2015 Executive Board President Larry Keller Vice President Kari Schleher Recording Secretary Mary Gallagher Treasurer Lillian Wakeley P.A.A.C Coordinator Terry Woodrow Field Trip Coordinator Richard Robinson Newsletter Editor Nancy Evans CAS Representative Copy for the newsletter should reach the editor by the 20 th of each month. Submissions are welcome. Unless otherwise noted, meetings are held the first Tuesday of every month at 7pm at the First United Methodist Church in Cortez. Contact us: or write P.O. Box 1524, Cortez CO Our website: click on Chapters, click on Hisatsinom