Studies of Religion Topic 2 Judaism

Transcription

1 Studies of Religion Topic 2 Judaism Moses Maimonides ( ) Moses Maimonides ( ) was a Sephardi Jewish Rabbi, physician and philosopher. He was a pivotal individual of the teachings of Judaism. Born in Spain in 1136 in the centre of Jewish and Islamic Culture, into a family of Rabbinic Scholars father was one of his greatest teachers. Social and Cultural Background and Influences Islamic world where Jews were considered as second class citizens- - Acted as motivation for Maimonides to write his works dominance of Islam in parts of Europe- Muslims tolerated both Judaism and Christianity - monotheistic religions- all based their teachings on the scriptures. - Jews had freedom to practice their religion within the Muslim empire under special conditions (pay special taxes and were lower than Muslims in law). - Preserve and perpetuate the Jewish religion in an Islamic environment became a primary concern for Maimonides. Revival of classical philosophy posed as a threat to monotheism - The translation of Greek philosophy to Arabic enabled the re- emergence of Greek philosophy in Europe during the 11th- 12th centuries. - Revival of classical philosophy (eg. Aristotle) challenged the authority and validity of religious ideas posing a threat to the monotheistic religions. Major philosophical concerns - the Nature of God, the existence of God, free will and the existence of evil. - These perplexing issues posed a threat to monotheistic religions because their faith was not based so much on logic as on experience - the heart over the head. Sephardi Jews- - Despite dominance of Islam, Judaism flourished in Spain CE - "The Golden Age of Spanish Jewry". Jews living in Spain - Sephardi Jews. - Other Jews in Europe- Ashkenazim. - Sephardim - education was based on the Torah, as well as science and philosophy. It was in this community, with its spirit of inclusive education, that Maimonides grew up. - Expected that his writings would be greatly influenced by his knowledge of philosophical concepts. Almohades- - Very powerful group of Muslims who invaded Spain in claimed to have discovered a teaching- Muslims to tolerate Jews for five hundred years and if after this the Jewish Messiah had not come, Jews had to renounce Judaism and become Muslims, or be exiled or killed. - The result of such persecutions was that thousands of Jews fled from Spain and Morocco- wandered in Nomadic existence.

2 Influence- - Was influenced by the faith s surrounding him in North Africa did not believe that true prophecy was confined to only the Jews, but rather stressed a difference in the degree of responsibilities very significant thought process for the context. Family background- - Moses Maimonides was a Sephardi Jew born in Cordoba, Spain in 1136, a few years before the emergence of the Almohades. His family came from a long line of judges and his father also followed this profession. Maimonides' father was a deeply learned man whose education consisted of Torah study, mathematics and astronomy. His father also held a position of leadership in his community arising from his vast Torah knowledge and overall scholarship. Chronology Maimonides is born in Cordoba, Spain Almohades invade Spain, and the Maimon family chose to leave Spain as a consequence of the capture of Cordoba. They embark on an eleven year sojourn through Southern Spain and Northern Africa Maimonides begins to write the Commentary on the Mishnah Maimon family settles in Alexandria, Egypt Maimonides' father passes away Maimonides finishes the Commentary on the Mishnah Maimonides begins to write the Sefer HaMitzvot and Mishneh Torah Maimonides' brother David drowns in a shipwreck Maimonides decides to settle in Fostad, Egypt Maimonides is appointed as the Chief Rabbi of the Egyptian Jewry Maimonides finishes his 'magnum opus', the Mishneh Torah Maimonides finishes writing the Guide for the Perplexed Maimonides passes away. His final resting place was the holy place of Tiberias. Explain the contribution to the development and expression of Judaism in relation to Moses Maimonides. Talmud: authoritative record of rabbinic discussions on all aspects of Jewish life including religious law, ethics, customs and stories, which all combine to define the religious history. Referred to as oral law and has 2 parts; the Mishnah (commentary of the Torah) and the Gemara (literary expansion of the ideas of the Mishnah) Torah: Written law most famous Jewish Law codes by a Talmatic expert was Moses Maimonides believed certain doctrines were necessary for salvation. Three Major Works: - Mishnah Torah, The Commentary on the Mishnah (includes the 13 articles of faith) and the Guide for the Perplexed.

3 - He was able to consolidate Jewish communities in the fact of dual threats of persecution from Muslim dominance and challenges of classical philosophy. - Influential today because his writings have subsequently become the foundation of Jewish teachings. He is held in high regard in all strands of Judaism. - Commentary on the Mishnah This provided comprehensive commentary on each of the volumes of the Mishnah in a simple, understandable way. This is done through providing a history of the Oral Torah and explaining the link between learning the Torah and putting it into practice. - Intention make more relevant to average Jew living in Islamic society impact of this way the practicing of Jewish religion in everyday life, despite living in an Islamic world. - Written in Arabic - Impact Allowed Jews to see the links between the Torah and the practice of the covenant enlightened the Jews in their faith. - Wrote in a simple style and explained each mitzvot outside the context of the Rabbinic discussion significant because it cuts across the confusing, convoluted rabbinic discourse in presenting the final halakhic decision. 13 Articles of Faith - Very controversial when first proposed articles Existence of God, Unity of God, Eternity of God, Validity of Prophecy, Divine Origin of Truth, God knows our Deeds, God judges humanity, God will send a Messiah, Incorporeality of God, Prohibition of Idolatry, Moses: Greatest Prophet, Eternal Valididy of Torah, Resurrection of the Dead First 5 deal with knowledge of God, next 4 with prophecy and the Torah whilst final 4 deal with reward, punishment and ultimate redemption. - Contained commentary of Mishanh, this now forms the basis in creedal statements made by Jews today Consolidates Judaism by clarifying core beliefs Summarises the basic premise of Jewish belief. - Impact Basis for creedal statements, highlights main features of the Jewish faith and thus assist in consolidating Judaism by clarifying its core beliefs. - Published in prayer books for private and public use. Guide for the Perplexed Moreh Nevuchim Laid the foundation for all subsequent Jewish philosophical inquiry the text that integrated religion, science and philosophy. - Monumental philosophical and theological work of extraordinary importance, not only for the rational development of Judaism but for the history of philosophy in the Middle Ages. I have composed this work neither for common people, nor for beginners, nor for those who occupy themselves only with the Law as it is handed down without concerning themselves with its principles. The design of this work rather is to promote the true understanding of the real spirit of the Law, to guide those religious persons who, adhering to the Torah have studied philosophy and are embarrassed by the contractions between the teachings of philosophy and the literal sense of the Torah. - Impact significant for Jewish philosophers. Moses was able to show that philosophy helped Jews to better understand their faith through philosophical concepts, thus countering the skepticism that philosophy and faith

4 - did not mix Broke down the tendency for Jewish tradition to separate the sacred and secular in a way which compartmentalized life by attending to the study of religious truths. and therefore helped preserve faith in Judaism. Significance of the Moreh Nevuchim Essentially, Maimonides was breaking down the tendency in the Jewish tradition to separate the sacred and the secular in a way which compartmentalized life by attending to the study of religious truths on the one hand and the living of life in a secular community on the other. In doing so, what Maimonides tried to resolve genuine philosophical concerns over some apparent contradictions in Jewish understanding. Ideas such as the spiritual nature of God and the anthropomorphic depictions of God in the Tenak were at the centre of these concerns. Effect of the Moreh Nevuchim Maimonides succeeded in providing a clear and sound philosophical explanation of these issues. In doing so he was also able to successfully defend Judaism against philosophical challenges that the beliefs of Judaism could not be rationally sustained. Sefer HaMitzvot The book of Commandments Essentially an introduction in Maimonides great work, the Mishneh Torah. Seeks to list the 613 commandments found in the Torah. Both positive and negative. Impact: by codifying the mitzvot, Maimonides helps Jews to deeply understand the signifance of the commandments of the Covanent. Codified Talmud - Mishneh Torah Greatest contribution - This was a systematic code or summary of the entire body of Jewish law. Its function was to instruct Jews on how to behave in all situations without having to study the Talmud. Was his greatest contribution provided an exhaustive topical codification of the Talmud which facilitated much quicker and easier access to the Jewish precepts. - Comprised 14 books and was written in Hebrew in a style which was easy to read and understand. - Intention provide Jews with a comprehensible guide to Jewish Law without having to spend hours studying the Talmud. - Prior to Maimonides, there was no systematic presentation of the Jewish law, thus it would need to be studied in order to explain a Talmudic perspective on an issue. The Mishneh Torah says Every person among Israel is obligated to learn Torah all are obligated to fix a time for Torah study, because it says And you hsall meditate in it day and night. (Joshua 1:8) - Encompasses the full range of Jewish law and can be used by Jews in all context and time periods and the Mishnah Torah was met with universal acclaim. - Completely reorganizes and reformulates the laws in a clear and logical system. - Guide for Jews in all situations - Impact Authoritative guide to the application of Jewish law important as Judaism essentially a practical religion, concerned with the day to day practice of halakhic laws. Facilitated the study of the Torah and Talmud strengthen communities. Served as a model for the Shulchan Aruch (orthodox text)

5 - Significance of the Mishneh Torah It seems that Maimonides' intention in compiling the Mishneh Torah was to provide Jews with a comprehensible guide to Jewish Law without having to spend long hours studying the Talmud. By referring to the Torah and his code, Jews should be able to work out how to behave in any given situation. Prior to Maimonides there was no systematic presentation of the Jewish law (Torah and Talmud) thus a Talmudist would need to make an exhaustive study of the entire text in order to explain the Talmudic perspective on an issue. The Mishneh Torah was the result of ten years of meticulous study. Analyse the impact of this person on Judaism The momentous contribution of Moses Maimonides to Judaism can be briefly summed up thus: 1. Maimonides sought to consolidate Jewish communities in the face of the dual threats of persecution from Muslim communities and challenges of classical philosophy by advising Jewish communities on significant areas of controversy and with his literary works. 2. Maimonides wrote the Commentary on the Mishnah and the Mishneh Torah to facilitate the study of the Torah and Talmud among Jewish communities thus strengthening these communities. 3. Maimonides' Guide for the Perplexed addressed the relationship between religion and philosophy to demonstrate that Jewish beliefs had a sound basis in rational thought. 4. Maimonides developed the 13 Principles of the Jewish Faith which would become the basis for many Jewish credal statements. Surely therefore, it must be acknowledged that Maimonides' influence is virtually unparalleled in post biblical times. His influence embraces the great disciplines of religion, science and philosophy as well as providing Judaism with some its mostly highly regarded reference texts. Not all have embraced Maimonides' ideas however. Indeed he faced opposition from some of his contemporaries and continues to evoke criticism today. Codified Talmud - The aim of Maimonides' major work was to provide a topical codification of the Talmud so as to facilitate a much easier access to Jewish precepts. - Prior to this work, in order for a Jew to find out what they should do in any given circumstance, they would have to undertake a laborious study of the entire text. This is significant because Judaism is essentially a practical religion, concerned with the day to day practice of halakhic laws. - Essentially, therefore, the Mishneh Torah is significant because it can be regarded as the first comprehensive, exhaustive, topical codification of the Talmud. - The very fact that it was written in Hebrew, rather then Arabic, which was the language Maimonides used for most of his works, gives is an indication of Maimonides' intentions for this work. - That is, this great reference work was to be used not only by Arabic speaking Jews of his era but by Jews in all times. The importance of the Mishneh Torah as a reference guide is evident in the fact that it was met with almost universal acclaim across the different strands of Judaism. Commentary on the Mishnah

6 - The second realm of significant influence for Maimonides came through his Commentary on the Mishnah which provided a comprehensive commentary on each of the tractates of the Mishnah. Ultimately, Maimonides intended this work to make Judaism more relevant to the average Jew living in an Islamic society. - In the Commentary on the Mishnah Maimonides provides a link between learning the Torah and putting it in practice by providing comprehensive commentary on each of the tractates of the Mishnah. He wrote in a simple style and explained each mitzvot outside the context of the Rabbinic discussion and went straight to the halakhic decision. This contribution is significant because it cuts across the convoluted rabbinic discourse in presenting the final halakhic decision. 13 Principles of Faith - The third significant effect Maimonides had on Judaism was to formulate the 13 Principles of Faith as contained in the Commentary on the Mishnah. This now forms the basis for credal statements made by Jews today. They highlight the main features of the Jewish faith, and thus assist in consolidating Judaism by clarifying its core beliefs. Moreh Nevuchim - The fourth significant influence for Maimonides is his integration of religion, science and philosophy primarily through his Guide for the Perplexed. This text sought to rationalise Judaism in relation to classical philosophy and show that Judaism had a basis in rational thought. - Here he tried to resolve some apparent contradictions in the Jewish religion, which perplexed the Jewish community and particularly those schooled in Aristotelian thought. - In doing so, this work is helped to preserve faith in Judaism by people who were genuinely perplexed by the apparent contradictions in Jewish thought. - Even more significant is the fact that Maimonides helped to assure the Jews who were less educated that their religion was one with a sound basis, so that they would not turn away from Judaism. - This work was not however without its opponents. For example, the fact that the integration of philosophy of religion had never fully been embraced before meant that many regarded it as a contravention of the practiced wisdom of the sages. But despite opposition to his work, the extent of his influence in philosophy remains as a profound one. Torah and Talmud - It can be seen that Maimonides had a very significant effect on Judaism as he consolidated it in the face of the threat of Islamic dominance and the revival of classical philosophy. He did this by making the Torah and Talmud more understandable and accessible to the everyday Jew through his works the Mishneh Torah and the Commentary on the Mishnah. He also made Judaism relevant in the face of threats from classical philosophy through the Guide for the Perplexed where he showed that Judaism was grounded in rationalism. Influence/Significance Maimonides' contribution stands virtually without peer in the Jewish world. - Maimonides' work is acclaimed by all strands of the Jewish tradition.

7 - Maimonides work is highly regarded among the Hasidism because Maimonides was one of the first to incorporate the mystical teachings of the Kaballah. - Zionists have a high regard for Maimonides because he declared that it is a mitzvah to take possession of Israel and to live in it. - Orthodox Jews closely study the work of Maimonides in yeshivot all around the world. - Liberal and Reform Jews have a high regard for the philosophical works of Maimonides. - Commentary on the Mishnah made Jewish law easily accessible without large amounts of study of Talmud. - The thirteen principles of faith - Jewish creed is still used and found in most Jewish prayer books. - Established first code of Jewish law - Mishneh Torah which enabled Jews to know how to act in a given situation without reference to the Talmud. - Maimonides code was the basis for the 16th century code of law - Skulkhan Aruch by Joseph Karo, on which modern Rabbis base their legal decisions. - Maimonides made Judaism relevant to Jews living in an Islamic world- ensuring the continuance of traditional Judaism when it was under threat of being lost to Islam. - He reconciled biblical Judaism with philosophy through his "Guide of the Perplexed". - Showed that faith and reason were compatible and encouraged Jews to base their faith on reason. - Enabled Judaism to withstand the threat from philosophy by showing that it could be open to intellectual debate and scrutiny. - Provided leadership to scattered communities of the Jewish Diaspora at a time when they were being threatened by both Islam and the re-emergence of Greek philosophy. Immediate Influence: - Enriched medieval Judaism by giving it a new philosophical language. - Purge Judaism of any superstitions he thought it had accrued over the ages. - - Allowed Jews to see the links between the Torah and the practice of the covenant enlightened the Jews in their faith. Long Term Influence: - Defines the essence of what every Jews should do when faced with the demands for both their everyday work and Torah study making sure that Torah study and living have a place in their busy lives. - Maimonides importance to diverse systems of thought lies in the philosophers embrace of paradoxical and often contradictory ideas. Maimonides reconciliation of the philosophical and the traditional has given his legacy an extremely diverse and dynamic quality articles of faith included in Jewish prayer book and have become obligatory in orthodox Judaism today. - Wrote a number of works to make the teachings of Judaism easily accessible to the average Jewish adherent living in an Islamic society. - Also, codified sacred texts so that Jewish adherents could live out the teachings in everyday life. - He also ensured the religion was dynamic and living at the time by discussing issues arising from the revival of philosophy. Through doing this he ensured the survival of Judaism as a monotheistic religion. - Basis for creedal statements, highlights main features of the Jewish faioth and thus assist in consolidating Judaism by clarifying its core beliefs

8 - Codification is used today because is presents rulings without long winded discussion, making it easier to follow. - Was able to bring together, through his work, the ideas of many cultures and world include the Islamic, Jewish and Christian Faiths, as well as philosophy and the Graeco-Roman world. - Influence on non-jewish and Jewish people lived his faith through his life, spreading Judaism in this way. His writings cover all Jewish law and general response (many times and place) - Authoritative guide to the application of Jewish law important as Judaism essentially a practical religion, concerned with the day to day practice of halakhic laws. Facilitated the study of the Torah and Talmud strengthen communities. Served as a model for the Shulchan Aruch (orthodox text) - Maimonides is also influential today as his writings have subsequently become the foundation of much Jewish Teaching. The extent of the effect of his contributions is evident in that he is held in high acclaim by all strands of Judaism. Jewish Sexual Ethics Describe and explain Jewish Sexual Ethical Teachings General statement of Jewish Ethical Teachings regarding SEXUAL ETHICS. The Jewish ethical system is based on the 10 commandments and the 613 mitzvot. However, in modern Judaism, the 613 mitzvot need re-interpretation to suit modern day issues such as contraception, homosexuality and premarital sex. There are 2 precepts behind Jewish ethics; relationship with God and relationship with others. Within Judaism, both action and intention are important for the ethical decisions in daily life. One of the commandments of Judaism is to be fruitful and multiply. Hence sexuality is integral to being a Jewish human being, and it is believed that sexuality is a gift from God. Within Judaism, the focus on sexuality revolves around mutuality, pro-creation, fulfillment and sensitivity of physical need and the respect and concern for the dignity of the other and your relationship. The sexual act is considered holy and marriage or Kiddushin (Hebrew for holiness) allows the sexual act to be performed in a holy manner, with the right partner, at the right time and for the right purpose. For Jews, human sexuality is much more than a physical act, it also involves true partnership with another person. The Purity rules - According to Mosaic law, Jews may not have sex with a woman who is menstruating. - At this time there is an opportunity to further develop their relationship non-sexually. - These are the purity rules (Niddah) associated with sex and sexuality. - At the end of the Niddah period, the woman attends a mikveh or ritual bath to cleanse herself for reentry into the marriage. - It is a sign of renewal. Jewish Perspective - Human sexuality is a gift from God who created man and women to live together does not value celibacy, but endorses marriage and procreation.

9 - For some scriptural references refer to: o The 7 th Commandment Do no commit adultery (Ex 20:14) o Be Fruitful and Multiply (Gen 1:28) o The story of Ohan (Genesis 38:8-9) Slept with sister in law so that she could have children has her husband had died, withdrew prematurely and was punished by god for his disobedience. o It is not good for a man to be alone (Gen 2:18) o When a husband unites with his wife in holiness, the divine presence abides with them (Bavali Sotah 17a) - Some general notes: o Strict Judaism discourages any form of contraception, but liberal Judaism may teach that it is okay in specific circumstances eg. if a family already has several children o Sex outside marriage is forbidden o Women s rights are safe guarded; coercive sexual relations between husband and wife are forbidden, and marital rape is a crime. o Sexuality at all times is associated with the establishment of a family, with love, mutual consent and sensitivity to physical needs. Orthodox Position: Issue 1: Homosexuality - Traditional Jewish teaching, homosexuality is strongly condemned The Torah explicitly forbids male homosexual activity, and Jewish authorities have outlawed sexual activity amongst women. - Leviticus 18:22 A man shall not lie with another man as with a woman, it is an to eva. To eva can be translated into abomination or mistaken act, suggesting that homosexuality is a abominable mistake. Leviticus 20:13 If a man lies with a man as one lies with a woman, both of them have done what is detestable. They must be put to death; their blood will be on their own heads. - Reasons against homosexuality include that procreation is not possible, in contravention to the command in Genesis 1:28 Be fruitful and multiply. Homosexuality does undermine the concept of family and procreation and its role in Judaism ie. Family is the basic unit for faith expression. - Does not approve same sex marriages or the ordination of homosexual people There is a reference in the Midrash, "Rabbi Huna said in the name of Rabbi Joseph, 'The generation of the Flood was not wiped out until they wrote marriage documents) for the union of a man to a male or to an animal.' To the union of gay men, and the result is the wiping out of generations not allowed. - However, awareness and sensitivity is increasing in traditional orthodox communities. This is due to the changing society, and to ensure that Judaism remains a dynamic, living religion, social issues need to be considered. - Capital offence in the same level as incest and zoophilia. In modern society, it is personal choice but discouraged. Conservative Position:

10 - Many Jews have become increasingly uncomfortable with the traditional Jewish position on homosexuality, due to a change in society and societal views. This is also based on research, that because homosexuality is not a choice, it cannot be prohibited. This is due to the fact the traditional Jewish law does not hold one responsible for things out of one s control. - Rabbi and lay people have begun re-evaluating homosexuality, and the Jewish Churches response. o Compassion, sympathy, empathy, understanding- these are essential elements of Judaism. They are what homosexual Jews who care about Judaism need from us today. Jonathan Sacks, Chief Rabbi of the Untied Hebrew Congregations of the Commonwealth. - December 2006, the legal body in Conservative Judaism in America voted to ordain gay rabbis and celebrate same sex commitment ceremonies. This was a significant decision, as Conservative Jews commonly uphold Jewish law and tradition. Approves both same sex marriage and ordination of homosexual people, at the discretion of the rabbi. Progressive/Reform Position: - There is much debate occurring in Progressive Judiasm about Homosexuality. They believe that the image of God is reflected in every human being and must always be cherished and affirmed. Genesis 1:27- God created man in His own image, in the image of God He created him; male and female He created them. They also believe that Jews have been and must be sensitive to all forms of discrimination and prejudice. Homosexual Jews should be accepted as an Jew, because they have experienced anti-semitism and discrimination, which has been known to all Jews. - October 2007, Progressive Jewish rabbis in Australia also decided to support same sex commitment ceremonies. Approve both same sex marriages and the ordination of homosexual people. Orthodox Position: Issue 2: Premarital/ Extra-marital Sex - When sexual desire is satisfied between husband and wife at the proper time, out of mutual love and desire, sex is a mitzvah. Sex is only permissible within the context of marriage as it hold extreme presence abides with them. Bavali Sotah 17a. - The Torah does not outlaw Pre-marital Sex. Nonetheless, marital sex is considered ideal, and prematiral sex is traditionally not approved of. The negative attitude toward premarital sex, to a large degree, reflects the overwhelmingly positive attitude toward sex within marriage. When sex is reserved for marriage it is considered to be holy. Most Jewish authority disapprove of premarital sex because it does not take place within the context of Kiddushin (marriage=holy) - The view that dominates in the Halacah, however, is that sex for pleasure of a married couple is wholesome and good. - Sexual expression must be modest and private and is only appropriate within marriage.

11 - Traditional Judaism adheres to the prohibition, according to Mosaic Law and the Torah, of women engaging in sex for seven days after the cessation of the bleeding of menstruation. Unmarried women are not permitted to enter a mikvah, and therefore, premarital sex is breaking a Torah decree. During this time, there is an opportunity to further develop their relationship non-sexually. At the end of the Niddah period a woman must immerse herself in a mikvah (jewish ritual bath) as a sign of renewal and re-entry into the marriage. And I will sprinkle clean water upon you and ye shall be clean; Ezek comfort. Genesis 2.18 Then the Lord God said, 'It is not good that the man should be alone; I will make him a helper as his partner.' The main purpose for marriage is companionship and the sexual relationship is important in that companionship. Conservative Position: - People in defacto or long term relationships, which could be compared to marriage, are still not permitted to engage in sexual relations, not holy. - Stress the ideals of marital sex. - Acknowledge that Judaism s position on human sexuality is not consonant with the trends of contemporary life. Both denominations have suggested that premarital sexual relationships- where the exist- should be conducted according to the ethical principles that govern married sex: namely with the respect due to all humans as beings created in the image of God. Genesis 1:27- God created man in His own image, in the image of God He created him; male and female He created them. Furthermore, Conservative Rabbi Elliot Dorff has stressed the importance of modesty, fidelity and health and safety in non-marital sex. - Conservative Rabbi Ronald Issacs A premarital relationship undermines marriage as its most basic. If marriage is to survive in spite of all its liabilities, it must be endowed with one unique attribute characteristic of it and it alone- only theater for experiencing the most intimate interplay of love and sex. - Many Jews find the rigour commanded in the Tanakh and the teachings of Judaism can be difficult to maintain in the contemporary world. - The view that dominates in the Halacah, however, is that sex for pleasure of a married couple is wholesome and good. - Sexual expression must be modest and private and is only appropriate within marriage. Progressive/Reform Position: - The idea of marriage remains central to sexual relations. Modern Judaism notes that the principle that lies behind sexual relations is that of respect and concern for the dignity of the other. - People in defacto or long term relationships, which could be compared to marriage, are still not permitted to engage in sexual relations, not holy. - Stress the ideals of marital sex.

12 DESCRIBE the marriage ceremony with reference to variations within the variants of Judaism. Demonstrate how this practice expresses the BELIEFS of Judaism. Include scriptural/rabbinic evidence where - Although the practice of premarital sex is not encouraged many young Jews see it as acceptable in the modern era. In this way, Judaism needs to be flexible to remain a dynamic living religion. - The view that dominates in the Halacah, however, is that sex for pleasure of a married couple is wholesome and good. - Sexual expression must be modest and private and is only appropriate within marriage. Marriage Judaism considers marriage to be humanity s ideal state of existence. Marriage is a great celebration, because a person, especially a man, without a wife, is considered to be incomplete. Genesis 2:18 says The Lord God said, It is not good for man to be along; I will make him fitting helper for him. Both the Torah or the Tanakh provide little guidance and few rules about marriage most actual instruction including finding a spouse, organisation, roles and responsibilities of partner, processes regarding divorce etc. have been developed and explained in the Talmud. The Talmud states When a man is without a wife, he lives without joy, without blessing and without good. Marriage is seen as a spiritual bone between 2 people and as a fulfillment of God s commandment to populate the world. A successful marriage is the most perfect symbol of a meaningful relationship and is the closest approximation of the idealized relationship between God and the Jewish people. 613 Mitzvot of the Torah and a number of them relate specifically to marriage = about permissible and taboo sexual relations, duties and obligations. When a man is newly married, he shall not go out with the army or be charged with any related duty. He shall be free at home one year, to be happy with the wife whom he has married. Deut 24.5 Describe ONE significant practice within Judaism drawn from marriage. Demonstrate how this practice expresses the beliefs of Judaism.

13 Wedding ceremony is divided into 2 parts: Kiddushin (betrothal ceremony) and Nissuin (wedding ceremony) Wedding Preparations: On the Shabbat before the wedding, the groom (ORTHO) and the bride and groom (CONSER and PROGESS) are called to read from the Torah and receive a blessing on their upcoming wedding and marriage. The bride and groom then spend the week before the wedding apart. - Marriage is goverened by strict laws relating to purity (niddah) which are closely followed in Orthodox Judaism. Couples can attend classes to ensure they have a good understanding of these complex laws, which relate to ritual umpurity whilst a woman in menstruating. appropriate. The readings are chosen to express the teachings of the Torah as guide for a successful marriage. Kiddushin: The betrothal ceremony Before the ceremony starts the groom and the grooms father veil s the bride The bride then approaches and circles the groom 7 times. The betrothal blessing is then recited by the rabbi. The blessings are recited over win. An act symbolic of the modesty and chastity of the Jewish woman. (bedeken ceremony) Also signifies the bride s duty as a Jewish woman and shows others her faithfulness and devotion to her husband.(genesis 29.16) symbolically weaving a protective web around the groom. This praises God who permits proper marriage and sanctifies the Jewish people by means of marriage. Erusin: The woman accepts a ring, or something of value, from the man, which is symbolic of accepting the terms of the marriage. At the giving of the ring the groom makes a declaration You are consecrated to me, through this ring, according to the religion of Moses and Israel. She accepts this ring on her finger, and closes her hand, signifying she accepts the contractual agreement. (ORTHO). In PROGRESS and CONSERV Judaism, especially the wife can give a ring to the husband. Chuppah Joined in matrimony under the huppah, The chuppah is often made from an outstretched tallit (jewish prayer shawl) and is supported over four poles, and is sometimes carried by attendants to the symbolizing the setting up of house together. Covering of the Chuppah represents the presence of God over the covenant of marriage. The chuppah was erected to signify that the ceremony and institution of marriage has divine

14 ceremony location. (ORTHO) Recommends that there be open sky exactly above the Chuppah. If indoors, sometimes a special opening in the synagogue can be opened during the ceremony. origins. Open on all sides just like Abraham and Sarah had their hut open on all sides to welcome people in hospitality. (GENESIS 24, 65) Ketubah: A marriage contract, which is read publicly. Witnesses are required for the signing of the Ketubah, which lays out the rights of the wife (to monetary payments upon termination of the marriage by death or divorce) and obligations of the husband (providing food, shelter, clothing and sexual satisfaction to the wife) as well as the conditions of inheritance on the husbands death, the support of any children and the wife s support in the event of a divorce. (ORTHO) The ketubah is not written in Hebrew, but in Aramaicthe lingua franca of Jews at the time the first Ketrubot became standardised. (OTHER) can be converted to English, or Hebrew, or the language of the couple. Wedding ceremony Nissuin Reaches its climax with both the bride and groom drinking wine. The groom then steps on the glass to break it. Origin is unknown, has various understanding: Marriage is a holy institution. The essence of marriage in the Kewish faith is for the couple to establish a faithful Jewish home. After the wedding ceremony the couple leave to break their fast in private. Traditional to include blessings and the exchange of wine as symbolic of the sanctity of marriage. Once the document is signed and read aloud, a plate is broken symbolizing that just as the breaking of the plate is irreversible, the agreement for the engagement is also irreversible. Babylonian Talmud, tractate Berakhot 31a; wedding of the Rav Ashi s son. Rav Ashi brough out and broke a crystal glass in from of them. Interpreation: even during moments of great celebration, one must maintain proper decorum. It may be related to the belief that it is best to temper one s joy, in order to avert inviting bad fortune. The breaking of the glass represents the jewish community s continuing sorrow of the destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem; no celebration is totally complete without the temple. Some jews believe that the broken pieces of glass tell you how long the bride and grooms marriage will last. Could also be symbolic of the brokenness of the world, which in a spiritual sense is the couples responsibility to try and repair. Tikkun olam

15 Marriage is an expression of confidence and trust in eachother. It is customary to conclude the wedding ceremony with the recitation of the Seven blessings. These blessings are said in the presence of 10 men and acknowledge God as the creator of mankind, joy, the bride and the groom. YICHUD: After the ceremony the newlyweds retire to a private room to sepnd a few minutes in Yikhud (seculasion).. The ceremonies are followed by a festive meal and celebration, which is a meryr, joyous affair with much music and dancing. ORTHODOX newlyweds spend the next week enjoying festive meals in their homes of friends; other traditions may go on a honeymoon. On the day of the wedding the bride and groom fast until the ceremony is over. Signifes the legal and moral commitments as detailed in jewish law and customs and is a declaration of the dignified status of the woman. Yikhud symbolises the consummation of the marriage, and is a requirement under Jewish law This is an opportunity for the bride kallah and groom chatan to atone for their sins and enter into the marriage in a state of ritual purity, sinlessness and absolution. Also reminds them that they are on the threshold of a new life. Analyse the significance of Marriage for both the individual and the Jewish community. IDENTIFY the significance of marriage for the individual. The ceremony of marriage and the associated behaviour is an expression of a belief in Judaism. Marriage is a way that an individual can confirm their belief in Judaism, and in another person. Reflects the sense of commitment to eachother and commitment to God and their faith. Judaism regards marriage as the cornerstone for society, and the survival of the Jeiwsh faith. This is focused in the Ketubah. The Ketubah (marriage contract) is representative of a spiritual connection the common Jewish beliefs that both individuals share. Every part of the wedding ceremony affirms an understanding that God has control over the lives of the couple, and it is God to which they need to be thankful for their lives and their marriage. Parts of the ceremony have significant Jewish meanings to individuals. For example, the RING reminds the couple of the contract between God and Abraham. The CANOPY shows the important of the marriage home for the family. The blessings, which are the last part of the ceremony turn the focus from the couple back to God. This reminds them of God who created them and of God, and therefore Judaism which should be a major aspect of their marriage. Marriage is for companionship, love and intimacy. There is a sense of commitment to each

16 other, and through this a sense of commitment to God and to Faith. Marriage is an expression of confidence and trust in each other. Signifies the legal and moral commitments as detailed in Jewish law and customs and is declaration of the dignified status of the woman. IDENTIFY the significance of marriage for the Jewish Community. The brakhot blessings remind the congregation of the blessing of God for the couple and the community. The wider Jewish community is considered a family and the marriage ceremony is a way in which they celebrate their faith with the couple. By definition a Jew is someone who is born to a Jewish woman, or who has converted to Judaism. Therefore the production of children, creation and maintaining a family is an important aspect of continuing the religion from generation to generation. Expression of love in a marriage servies and the ceremonies which support marriages bring the community together and maintain traditions which are a vital part of Judaism. Marriage can be reminder of marriage vows, and the vow of faithfulness to God. Jewish society regard marriage and the family unit as the foundation of society and of Judaism, and the primary way in which their faith will continue, and it starts with marriage. Serves to remind adherents of their covenantal obligations to God. Not only does it serve as a metaphor for God s relationship with Israel, the marriage ceremony itself contains verbal affirmation of God s benevolence.