Introduction to Research Ethics History of Science and Misconduct

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1 Introduction to Research Ethics History of Science and Misconduct William H. Schneider, Ph.D. Department of History Medical Humanities Program Center for Bioethics IU School of Medicine Recent Dilbert 1

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3 Forged Vinland map Math ethics 3

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6 Even God 6

7 Piltdown hoax (1912) Scientific fraud 7

8 Scientific fraud Introduction to Research Ethics: Historical Perspective Why are you here? Historical reasons Examples: Required by university & government The right thing to be ethical 1) Professional standards/integrity 2) Accountability Galileo Frankenstein Historical developments ancient crafts, guilds 8

9 From Hammurabi s Code reign ([ BC] 5. If a judge try a case, reach a decision, and present his judgment in writing; if later error shall appear in his decision, and it be through his own fault, then he shall pay twelve times the fine set by him in the case, and he shall be publicly removed from the judge's bench, and never again shall he sit there to render judgement If a physician make a large incision with an operating knife and cure it, or if he open a tumor (over the eye) with an operating knife, and saves the eye, he shall receive ten shekels in money If a physician make a large incision with the operating knife, and kill him, or open a tumor with the operating knife, and cut out the eye, his hands shall be cut off If a veterinary surgeon perform a serious operation on an ass or an ox, and cure it, the owner shall pay the surgeon one-sixth of a shekel as a fee If he perform a serious operation on an ass or ox, and kill it, he shall pay the owner one-fourth of its value. 229 If a builder build a house for some one, and does not construct it properly, and the house which he built fall in and kill its owner, then that builder shall be put to death If it kill the son of the owner the son of that builder shall be put to death If it kill a slave of the owner, then he shall pay slave for slave to the owner of the house. The following are the statutes of the White Tawyers (leather dressers) guild of 1346 London. No member of the trade shall charge higher prices than the following for working up hides of the various sorts: If any member has so much work that he cannot finish it and is in danger of losing the work, the others shall help him. No one who has not served an apprenticeship in the trade shall practice it unless the overseers or four members of the trade testify that he is sufficiently skilled in it. A general meeting shall be held each year. Two overseers shall be chosen. They shall have charge of all things connected with the trade. They shall take an oath before the Mayor and Aldermen. They shall search diligently and report any defaults in the trade to the Mayor and Aldermen, not sparing even their friends. If any one disobeys the overseers, or hinders their search, or refuses to attend the meetings, he shall be fined 3 shillings and 4 pence for the first offense, 6 shillings and 8 pence for the second, 13 shillings and 4 pence for the third. For the fourth he shall be fined 20 shillings and be excluded from the trade forever. If the overseers are lax, or partial, or accept bribes, or if they neglect to hold the annual meetings, they shall be punished in the same manner. The overseers shall confiscate any skins falsely or deceitfully worked which they find on sale, and the worker thereof shall be fined in the same manner. 9

Modern science (17th century -->) Communication of results Government involvement 19th Century -democratic governments -professionalization of science -industrial revolution:

10 Modern science (17th century -->) Communication of results Government involvement 19th Century -democratic governments -professionalization of science -industrial revolution: research 20th century: increase in trends Current conditions: 1) Importance of science 2) Amounts of funding 3) Number of scientists 4) Visibility of science Scientific publications 10

Interactive Social Studies Notebook Ancient Mesopotamia

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