Finding insights of love, dignity, and social commitment in the Torah s narrative and laws. Omer Keep Counting!

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1 Torah Ve-Ahava ת ור ה ו א ה ב ה Finding insights of love, dignity, and social commitment in the Torah s narrative and laws Rabbi Haim Ovadia Page 1 Omer Keep Counting! Counting the Omer is a beautiful concept. It emphasizes the importance of gradual development, echoing the physical and spiritual journey of our ancestors from slaves in Egypt to a liberated, monotheistic nation at Mount Sinai. Unfortunately, the demand to keep track of the count and make sure one counts every day, feeds into our natural tendency to be obsessive-compulsive, and sometimes brings people to a state of anxiety when they are unsure whether they counted correctly, or whether they can keep on counting. Here are some of the most frequently asked questions: What should I do if I skipped a day completely? What happens if I am not sure whether I counted the previous day? If one turns Bar Mitzvah during the Omer, do we consider the previous days as not being part of the mitzvah and therefore he cannot keep counting with a blessing? What should one do when traveling to and from the Far East, thus missing or repeating a day? Let us start with the most common question: Q: Can I keep counting if I skipped a day? A: It has been customary to keep counting, with a blessing, only if no day of counting has been missed. In case of missing the blessing at night, one can count during the following day, without a blessing, and then continue from the following night on with a blessing, but if one did not recall until after sunset that he did not count the previous day, it seems that he has no option but to continue the counting without a blessing. However, an interesting ruling by R Shmuel HaLevi Wosner, regarding a rabbi who forgot to count, shows the opposite 1 : A rabbi, a leader in his town, forgot to count the Omer because he did not pray in the synagogue. I was asked what he should do on the following days, since he usually counts

2 in public and it will be a great embarrassment to him and to the Torah if he does not count. I believe that in case of great need such as this one can rely on the opinions that each day is an independent Mitzvah, and he can keep counting with a blessing. It is well known that there were great scholars who kept counting with a blessing [when they missed one day] even without the excuse of great need. Page 2 Even though one should not do so because the Halakha is different, in this case which involves the honor of the Torah and the honor of the public, we can rely on the opinion which allows it and it is well known that the Sifte Cohen wrote that in case of great need one can rely on the minority opinion, if the issue at hand is rabbinical and not biblical. Rabbi Wosner teaches us several things, listed here in descending order of importance: 1. Whenever there is great need הדחק(,)שעת we can rely on minority opinion or even on one scholar יחיד(,)דעת if we are dealing with a non-biblical concept. 2. There are those who hold that the days of the Omer are not interdependent and one can keep counting even if he missed one day or more. 3. There were great rabbis who relied on this opinion, and even though they did not issue a written ruling, their practice was known among their colleagues. 4. For a rabbi, admitting that he forgot to count the Omer is considered an embarrassment. The last two statements are interesting and disturbing at the same time, because they suggest that there is a different yardstick for a rabbi and a congregant. Why should a rabbi be off the hook if he forgot to count the Omer? It his responsibility and he should be able to face his community and confess his transgression. By doing so, he will show that he is not infallible, and will encourage others to assume responsibility and to be honest. For that reason, we must reject the interpretation that the license given to the rabbi to keep counting is meant to save him from being embarrassed. Rather, we should understand the reliance on minority opinion as stemming from the rabbi s deep devotion and will to fulfill the Mitzvah properly.

3 If this is the case, then we can say without doubt that this ruling applies to any person who forgot to count the Omer, and who now feels saddened that he cannot continue to count with a blessing. Here we should refer to the seminal ruling by R Yitzhak Barda, in which he explains that the final ruling of the Shulhan Arukh is based on incomplete information 2. Page 3 The Talmud makes a vague statement about the counting and does not deal with the question of one who forgot to count, and Rabbi Barda starts by quoting the earliest Halakhic sources on the topic, from the Geonic period: The disciple of R Yehudai Gaon writes: If one forgot to count he can still count with a blessing on other days 3. This ruling is also cited by R Eliezer ben Shmuel of Metz. Rav Amram Gaon and Rav Sa adiah Gaon both write that only if one forgot the first night he cannot continue to count with a blessing 4. The reason for that ruling is that the שבע שבתות תמימות counting will be incomplete, while the Torah requires that we count seven complete weeks. Rav Cohen Tzedek, the head of the Sura Yeshiva, disagrees with those opinions and rules that even if one forgot to count on the first night he can continue with a blessing. He defends his opinion passionately and with vivid colors: if one ate garlic and has bad breath, should he eat more garlic to exacerbate the situation? 5 Rav Hai Gaon further explains that even if one skips one day, when he counts the week at its completion he has fulfilled the obligation to count whole weeks. Rav Hai Gaon turns the Halakhic question on its head, and instead of asking how the forgetful person is allowed to count, he demands to know why there are those who exempt that person from the obligation to count. 6 Now, some rabbis argue that the Mitzvah is to count all 49 days and that if one missed one day his Mitzvah is incomplete. They understand the days of the Omer as interconnected. This argument is flawed for two reasons. 1. If the counting of the Omer is one Mitzvah, the blessing should be recited only on the first day. 7

4 2. Even if you argue that it is one Mitzvah made of 49 units, the question remains how one is allowed to count at all, since he has no guarantee that he would not forget one day. If indeed he forgets to count, it will render his Mitzvah incomplete and his previous blessings invalid or in vain. Page 4 Conclusion: If one forgot, or was unable, to count the Omer, he is allowed to continue counting with a blessing, provided that he feels saddened or embarrassed by not being able to do so. Let us now look at the situation of one who is well-aware of the mitzvah and wants to fulfill it, but is unable to do so because he is traveling: Q: I missed a day while traveling across time-zones on the Omer, what should I do? A: There could be several scenarios of counting problems while traveling across time zones. Most commonly, one could be counting the same day twice (traveling from the Far East to NYC), or skipping a day (if leaving late at night from NYC to the Far East). The first of those two cases is not really a problem, because one could say on the repeated day today is so and so of the Omer, and then continue with a blessing on the following days. In the second case, however, one never had the chance to count the missing day. If, for example, he leaves NYC late Tuesday night, the tenth day of the Omer, when he steps off the airplane in Japan, 14 hours later, it will already be Thursday, the twelfth day of the Omer. The eleventh day of the Omer never existed for our time traveler, so he cannot complete a cycle of 49 counted days. In first glance, it seems that this problem is different than that of a person who forgot to count one day, because that person at least lived through the missing day, while our traveler s calendar misses that day altogether. We could rely, however, on the sources quoted in the previous discussion which not only view each day as an independent unit, but consider the counting of weeks a complete count 8. In that

5 manner, if the traveler stays in Japan until the end of the Omer, he can continue counting with a blessing because he was careful to count the Omer every day. If he is planning to return, then he should state on each day both the day counted at his current location and his place of origin. In this manner, he keeps in track with both counts, and when he returns home he can go back to counting according to one system only. Page 5 Other Cases of Doubt: In addition to the cases of the traveler and the one who forgot to count one whole day, there are several other cases in which one can rely on the ruling of Rabbi Yitzhak Barda 9 and continue to count with a blessing. For example, if one: forgot to count at night and counted on the following day without a blessing. is not sure whether he counted the previous day. recalled after sunset that he did not count, and counted then. is not sure whether the sun has already set. is not sure whether he counted during the day after missing the previous night. Miscounted, or if he is not sure if he counted correctly. becomes Bar Mitzvah during the Omer, regarding which some argue that the days before his bar Mitzvah do not count. did not verbalize the count but rather thought of it or wrote it down. Conclusion: In all cases mentioned above one can continue counting with a blessing. This ruling is also supported by the beautiful words of Rabbi Moshe Khalfon HaCohen of Djerba, who decries the feeling of anxiety attached to the missing day 10 : ובאמת לא ידעתי מה החרדה! דאפילו שכח, כי מברך מכאן ואילך מאי הוי? דעל כרחנו אינה ברכה לבטלה כיוון דסוף סוף האמת הוא כן! 11

6 1 הרב שמואל הלוי ואזנר, שו"ת שבט הלוי, חלק ג, סימן צו, א: רב מנהיג בעירו ששכח באחד הימים של ספירת העומר לספור הספירה על ידי שלא התפלל בבית הכנסת, ונשאלתי מה יעשה בשאר הימים כי הוא רגיל לספור ברבים ואיכא כבוד התורה ובזיון אם לא יספור... בעניותי במקום הדחק כזה אפשר לסמוך על דעת הראשונים בסימן תפ"ט דכל יום מצוה בפני עצמה, ויספור בשאר ימים בברכה, וכבר ידוע דהיו גדולים שעשו מעשה גם בלי זה לספור השאר בברכה. ואף על פי שאין לעשות כן כיון דכבר נפסקה הלכה סי' תפ"ט ס"ח, מכל מקום כי האי גוונא דאיכא כבוד התורה וכבוד הצבור אפשר לסמוך בזה... וכבר ידוע מה שכתב הש"ך יו"ד סי' רמ"ב, דבשעת הדחק בדרבנן אפשר לסמוך על דעת יחיד 2 רבי יצחק ברדה, שו"ת יצחק ירנן, חלק ה, סימן נב, עמ' רנה: ודעת לנבון נקל שמרן הבית יוסף לא ראה את לשון רב האי גאון ממש המובאת בספר מאה שערים, ובתשובות הגאונים )אסף הנ"ל אות ב, ועוד(, ששם מבוארת דעתו בפירוש שאפילו שכח לגמרי, שיכול לומר אתמול היה יום אחד והיום שנים ואין לו שום חיסרון, ושכל לילה מצוה בפני עצמה. וכלשונו: "מצוה למימני כולהון, ואין מנין אחד מעכב כל המנין", עיין שם 3 יצחק ירנן, שם, עמ' רמו: בספר הלכות פסוקות לתלמידי רב יהודאי גאון איתא: "ומי ששכח ולא בירך על ספירת העומר, בשאר ימים מברך". ומבאר הרב ברדה: ולא נתן תנאי דדווקא היכא דמני ביממא 4 יצחק ירנן שם: וכן מבואר בלשון רב עמרם גאון "דהיכא דאשתלי ולא מנא ליליא קדמאה תו לא מני בשאר לילייתא משום דבעינן תמימות וליכא"... גם רב סעדיה גאון בסידורו כתב "...ואם שכח לברך בלילה הראשון לא יוכל עוד לברך על העומר בשנה זו..." הרי שלא כתב התנאי של ספירת יום ומוכח דלא צריך 5 יצחק ירנן, שם, עמ' רמז: כל קבל דנא מצאנו לרב כהן צדק שאמר "מי ששכח ולא בירך לילה הראשון מברך והולך בשאר לילות, דמי שאכל שום וריחו נודף, יחזור ויאכל שום אחר ויהיה ריחו נודף?" נמצא שחולק על רב יהודאי גאון ודעימיה וסובר שאפילו שכח בלילה הראשון לית לן בה, ומברך בשאר לילות 6 רב האי גאון, תשובות הגאונים, אסף תרפ"ט, עמ' 212, סימן רעה: כד טעי בראשונה ואמר בשניה אתמול הוה חד יומא בעומרא והאידנא תרי יומי בעומרא מאי חסרונא אית במניניה? ועוד מכדי תרי קראי אינון כל חד באפי נפשיה קאים... מצוה למימני יומי ומצוה למימני שבועי... מן כד מטא יום שביעי ואמר יומא דין שלים חד שבוע מן עומרא מאי רווחא אית ביה? ואמאי מיפטר מלמימני שבועי? ואף יומי גופייהו במאי מיפטר מלמימני שארא בתר דאינשי? ]כאשר טעה בראשונה ואמר בשניה אתמול היה יום אחד והיום שני ימים, איזה חסרון יש כאן? ועוד מכיוון שיש שני פסוקים כל אחד עומד בפני עצמו... מצוה למנות ימים ומצוה למנות שבועות... כשמגיע יום השביעי והוא אומר היום שבוע אחד לעומר איזה מקום יש לומר שלא ימשיך לספור? ומדוע ייפטר מלספור את שאר הימים אחרי ששכח?[ עד כאן לשונו 7 רבי ישעיה דטראני הזקן, רי"ד, ספר המכריע סימן כט: שכל יום ויום הוא מצוה בפני עצמו. ואם חיסר אחד מהם ]ו[לא מנה חיסר מצות אותו היום ולא הפסיד שאר הימים בכך. תדע שהרי בכל יום ויום אנו מברכים על ספירת העומר ואם איתא שאינן אלא מצוה אחת ומעכבין זה את זה, כיון שבירך בלילה הראשון לא היה צריך לברך אלא היה מונה בלא ברכה. ומה שאנו מברכין בכל לילה ולילה שמע מינה שכל יום ויום מצוה בפני עצמו הוא ואין מעכבין זה את זה 8 רב האי גאון, תשובות הגאונים, אסף תרפ"ט, עמ' 212, סימן רעה: ]מארמית: כאשר טעה בראשונה ואמר בשניה אתמול היה יום אחד והיום שני ימים, איזה חסרון יש כאן? ועוד מכיוון שיש שני פסוקים כל אחד עומד בפני עצמו... מצוה למנות ימים ומצוה למנות שבועות... כשמגיע יום השביעי והוא אומר היום שבוע אחד לעומר איזה מקום יש לומר שלא ימשיך לספור? ומדוע ייפטר מלספור את שאר הימים אחרי ששכח?[ עד כאן לשונו 9 רבי יצחק ברדה, שו"ת יצחק ירנן, חלק ה, סימן נב, ובמיוחד עמ' רנז-רנח: מי ששכח לספור ביום... מי שמסופק אם ספר אתמול... מי שנזכר ביין השמשות... מי שמסופק אם שקעה השמש... גם אם מסופק אם ספר ביום...וכן כל מי שטעה וספר לא נכון... וכן גבי קטן שהגדיל ונעשה בר מצוה בתוך ימי העומר... גם מי שהרהר את הספירה או כתב, או כתב בראשי תיבות פני משה לרבי משה כלפון הכהן אב"ד דג'רבא, מצוטט אצל יצחק ירנן, שם 11 I truly cannot fathom the anxiety [over a missed day]! Even if he forgot, what happens if he says the blessing from now on? It is obviously not a blessing in vain since he is saying the truth [when counting today is so and so ]. Page 6

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