"Law and Hermeneutics in Rabbinic Jurisprudence: A Maimonidean Perspective," JOSE FAUR, Cardozo Law Review 14 (1993),

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1 "Law and Hermeneutics in Rabbinic Jurisprudence: A Maimonidean Perspective," JOSE FAUR, Cardozo Law Review 14 (1993), Law in Rabbinic Jurisprudence A. The Nomocratic Society "Law" in Jewish tradition is a radical concept with no parallel in legal thought. In contradistinction with other democratic systems, where the demos or "people", as an absolute empirical object, are the ultimate source of authority, the people of Israel recognized the absolute authority of the law. The people acted as the depository of that law. Thus, Judaism may be properly described as a "nomocratic" system. The "Law," referred to as torah in Hebrew, nomos in Greek, lex in Latin, and shari a in Arabic, is the sole ground of authority. Again, whereas in other legal systems, law is the effect of authority, in Judaism authority is the effect of the law. Therefore, all forms of authority are limited by the law. Jewish law is the result of a bilateral covenant contracted between God and the Jewish people at the foot of Mount Sinai. According to rabbinic tradition, the covenant contains six hundred and thirteen misvot or "articles" regulating all of Jewish life. The covenant is both "divine" and "eternal." Since it is "divine," it requires no promulgation. It binds the contracting parties at all times and in all societies. This principle is known as torah min hashamayyim expressing the tenet that the "Law is divine." Rather than a theological doctrine, this is a fundamental legal principle postulating that the law requires no promulgation or earthly authority to sanction it. From this perspective, God is the consequence, not the cause, of the law. This radical idea is implied in a rabbinic doctrine, widely held throughout the Jewish world, whereby the first verse to be taught to a child is "Moses has commanded the Law to us, it is the legacy of the congregation of Jacob." Only afterwards is the child to be taught "Hear O Israel, the Lord our God, the Lord is One." As it were, belief in God is subsequent to, and a result of, belief in the Torah.... B. Individual Autonomy and the Jewish Constitution Reflecting the pagan idea that "violence" stands as the basis of the legal and political systems of a nation, John Austin views "law" as a command expressing the will of the political superior, and thus the effect of authority. The magistrates and institutions issuing laws and legal decisions derive their authority from the sovereign. Since sovereignty cannot be limited, the sovereign is not subject to the law. Thus, the sovereign is the basis of law, not its effect.... Autonomy is a fundamental Jewish concept. It means self-government according to one's own laws and criteria. A society is autonomous when the ordering of human conduct and the adjustment of human relations are relative to its own criteria and interest. Thus, it presupposes a law independent of the political and religious bureaucracies and recognized by all as the sole source of authority. Unlike freedom (chofesh) which is a negative concept with negative connotations (for example, freedom from hunger or from oppression), autonomy (cherut) is the affirmation of certain inalienable rights contracted with God. The function of the law is to guarantee both public and individual autonomy. Without the law, autonomy is not possible. As the rabbis taught, "no one is autonomous (ben chorin) unless he is engaged in the study of the Torah." Since the Jew is an autonomous [*1664] entity, he owes allegiance to the law, rather than to

2 the sovereign or body politic. Every morning the Jew celebrates his autonomy by thanking the Lord both for not being born a "gentile" and for not being born a "slave." Jewish law defines the responsibilities and authority of its political, ecclesiastical, and judicial institutions. When any of these institutions fail to comply with it, they lose their legitimacy. Hellenistic Jewish writers referred to the Torah as the "constitution" of the Jewish people. Indeed, Philo viewed the Pentateuch as "the ideal Constitution." In this respect, the Pentateuch is the basis of all authority: political, ecclesiastical, and juridical. As opposed to the role of the sovereign presented in the works of Hobbes and Spinoza, Judaism records the sovereign as subject to the law. Quoting a Greek proverb, "That for the king the law is not written," a rabbi in the Talmud commented as follows: "Ordinarily, when a human king issues a decree, if he chooses, he obeys it, otherwise only others obey it; but when the Holy One, blessed be He, issues a decree, He is the first to obey it." The rabbinic position on this matter coincides with separation of kingship and divinity in ancient Israel. Addressing this fundamental point, a distinguished historian remarked: "In the light of Egyptian, and even Mesopotamian, kingship, that of the Hebrews lacks sanctity. The relation between the Hebrew monarch and his people was as nearly secular as is possible in a society wherein religion is a living force." The king's secular role in ancient Israel led to what may be properly described as the "separation of powers." Unlike pagan society where the monarch is the head of the Church, the Hebrew king was not the head of the sanctuary or directly involved with the temple rituals... C. The Autonomy of the Law Belief in the autonomous status of the law underlies much of biblical and post-biblical Jewish history. Throughout the ages, the political, ecclesiastical, and judicial authorities were challenged by the people in the name of the law. In the Bible, the episode of Ahab and Naboth illustrates how even tyrants were expected to recognize the absolute authority of the law in ancient Israel. When Naboth refused to sell his vineyard, Ahab felt despair, not knowing what to do. His pagan queen, Jezebel, the daughter of a Syrian King, suggested trumped up charges against Naboth. Yet even during that notorious incident, judicial procedure was meticulously observed. More importantly, the episode was denounced for generations as a most heinous crime. Talmudic sources also underscore that the monarch may not transgress the law. The rabbis reported a confrontation between Simeon ben Shetah and a Jewish king, who was summoned to appear in court and hear charges, just like any other person. The rabbinic doctrine of malkhut shamayyim (kingdom of heaven), usually understood in theological terms, is really a political concept meaning that the sovereignty (the kingdom) of the law (of heaven) is supreme. From this doctrine, two legal principles emerge. First, there is the concept of "en shalia lidvar 'averah" ("there cannot be a fiduciary relation in matters involving a transgression"). Second, there is the maxim of "divre harav vedivre talmid divre mi shom im" ("the orders of a superior authority and the orders of an inferior authority, whose orders shall we obey?"). The first statement asserts that an individual is responsible for his own actions, and cannot claim that he was acting as an agent for someone else. The second statement conveys the principle that there can be no legal duty to act on behalf of another person in illegal matters. Neither the king nor any other authority may be obeyed in matters involving the breaking of the law....

3 Second, the Supreme Court of Israel is subject to judicial error, for which it must bring an expiatory offering. The Supreme Court of the United States, although occasionally "erroneous," in the words of Lincoln, can never be subject to judicial error. Even in the rare instance where a Supreme Court decision is overruled, it is always the Supreme Court which makes the revision. As Chief Justice Marshall declared, it "is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is." Similar to Jewish law, there are, of course, learned analyses regarding the precise authority of the Supreme Court's exposition of constitutional law. Some, such as the former Attorney General of the United States, Edwin Meese III, distinguish "between the Constitution and constitutional law." There is also disagreement about the exclusive authority of the Court's interpretation of the Constitution, particularly in regard to the other branches of government. At any rate, only when examining the Supreme Court's adjudications from a non-judicial perspective (political, public morality, etc.) could they be classified as "judicial mistakes." There can be no "mistakes" when these decisions are examined from a strict judicial perspective. Despite the rhetoric and background noise surrounding some Supreme Court constitutional decisions, for all legal and practical purposes, the Constitution is what the Supreme Court declares it to be. Third, in Judaism, the law is binding on all forms of authority. In the United States Constitution, there is separation of church and state. Therefore no parallel can be drawn between the American legal system and the Jewish principle that the highest ecclesiastical authorities are subject to judicial error. The area where proper comparison may be made is in the status of the civil sovereign. Significantly, the American legal system has not yet developed an equivalent to the talmudic tractate Horayot, nor can it point to an American counterpart of a Jewish king responding to a summons of the Supreme Court. II. Hermeneutics in Rabbinic Jurisprudence A. The Place of Hermeneutics Within Rabbinic Jurisprudence Rabbinic institutions have three bases of authority: (1) the transmission of authentic traditions stemming from Sinai; (2) the promulgation of new statutes and legislation designed to serve as "a fence around the law"; and (3) the right to interpret Scripture. The authority for the first two is a consequence of the third. Scriptural grounds for the transmission of the oral law and the enactment of legislation are based on canonical exegesis (midrash, derashah). Indeed, Judaism owes its very existence to exegesis. Through exegesis, Judaism was able to grow and develop in the most adverse and diverse circumstances, without having to lose its connection with Scripture. Intimately connected with exegesis are the dinim mufla'im (undefined laws or casus omissus). There is purposeful ambiguity in the Law designed to allow for adaptability and development. Judaism recognizes that there are terms in the Scripture which were not defined by oral tradition, and thus these terms can be defined exclusively by the judiciary. Concerning the right of the judiciary to define these terms, the rabbis taught that the decision of the Supreme Court cannot be challenged "even when they tell you that your left is your right and your right is your left."... Judaism felt the same about the Law. Since ambiguity is intrinsic to the nature of language, one cannot interpret an obscure or laconic term in such a way as to render a law, or the entire Constitution, null and void. The perimeters of text-reader collusion in Judaism parallel the standard methodology applied in American courts of justice for the interpretation of contracts and legal texts.

4 1. דברים יז:יד-כ כי תבא אל הארץ אשר ה' אלהיך נתן לך וירשתה וישבתה בה ואמרת: "אשימה עלי מלך ככל הגוים אשר סביבתי". שום תשים עליך מלך - אשר יבחר ה' אלקיך ב ו. מקרב אחיך תשים עליך מלך; לא תוכל לתת עליך איש נכרי אשר לא אחיך הוא: רק לא ירבה לו סוסים, ולא ישיב את העם מצרימה למען הרב ות סוס וה' אמר לכם "לא תספון לשוב בדרך הזה עוד". ולא ירבה לו נשים - ולא יסור לבבו. וכסף וזהב לא ירבה לו מאד: והיה כשבתו על כסא ממלכתו וכתב לו את משנה התורה הזאת על ספר מלפני הכהנים הלוים, והיתה עמו וקרא בו כל ימי חייו, למען ילמד ליראה את ה' אלקיו לשמר את כל דברי התורה הזאת ואת החקים האלה לעשתם, לבלתי רום לבבו מאחיו, ולבלתי סור מן המצוה ימין ושמאול, למען יאריך ימים על ממלכתו, הוא ובניו בקרב ישראל. 2. יהושע א:טז- חי ויענו את יהושע לאמר כל אשר צויתנו נעשה ואל כל אשר תשלחנו נלך: ככל אשר שמענו אל משה כן נשמע אליך רק יהיה ה אלהיך עמך כאשר היה עם משה: כל איש אשר ימרה את פיך ולא ישמע את דבריך לכל אשר תצונו יומת רק חזק ואמץ:

5 3. שמואל א פרק ח ויהי כאשר זקן שמואל וישם את בניו שפטים לישראל. ויהי שם בנו הבכור יואל ושם משנהו אביה שפטים בבאר שבע. ולא הלכו בניו >בדרכו< בדרכיו ויטו אחרי הבצע ויקחו שחד ויטו משפט. ויתקבצו כל זקני ישראל ויבאו אל שמואל הרמתה. ויאמרו אליו: "הנה אתה זקנת ובניך לא הלכו בדרכיך. עתה שימה לנו מלך לשפטנו ככל הגוים". וירע הדבר בעיני שמואל כאשר אמרו "תנה לנו מלך לשפטנו". ויתפלל שמואל אל ה'. ויאמר ה אל שמואל: "שמע בקול העם לכל אשר יאמרו אליך, כי לא אתך מאסו, כי אתי מאסו ממלך עליהם, ככל המעשים אשר עשו מיום העלתי אתם ממצרים ועד היום הזה, ויעזבני ויעבדו אלהים אחרים כן המה עשים גם לך. ועתה שמע בקולם, אך כי העד תעיד בהם, והגדת להם משפט המלך אשר ימלך עליהם." ויאמר שמואל את כל דברי ה אל העם השאלים מאתו מלך. ויאמר: "זה יהיה משפט המלך אשר ימלך עליכם את בניכם יקח ושם לו במרכבתו ובפרשיו ורצו לפני מרכבתו, ולשום לו שרי אלפים ושרי חמשים. ולחרש חרישו ולקצר קצירו, ולעשות כלי מלחמתו וכלי רכבו. ואת בנותיכם יקח לרקחות ולטבחות ולאפות. ואת שדותיכם ואת כרמיכם וזיתיכם הטובים יקח ונתן לעבדיו. וזרעיכם וכרמיכם יעשר ונתן לסריסיו ולעבדיו. ואת עבדיכם ואת שפחותיכם ואת בחוריכם הטובים ואת חמוריכם יקח ועשה למלאכתו. צאנכם יעשר ואתם תהיו לו לעבדים. וזעקתם ביום ההוא מלפני מלככם אשר בחרתם לכם, ולא יענה ה אתכם ביום ההוא. וימאנו העם לשמע בקול שמואל, ויאמרו: "לא, כי אם מלך יהיה עלינו. והיינו גם אנחנו ככל הגוים, ושפטנו מלכנו, ויצא לפנינו ונלחם את מלחמתנו: וישמע שמואל את כל דברי העם וידברם באזני ה. ויאמר ה אל שמואל: "שמע בקולם, והמלכת להם מלך". ויאמר שמואל אל אנשי ישראל: "לכו איש לעירו".

6 4. משנה סנהדרין ב:ב-ה המלך לא דן ולא דנין אותו לא מעיד ולא מעידין אותו לא חולץ ולא חולצין לאשתו לא מיבם ולא מיבמין לאשתו רבי יהודה אומר: אם רצה לחלוץ או ליבם זכור לטוב אמרו לו: אין שומעין לו. ואין נושאין אלמנתו רבי יהודה אומר: נושא המלך אלמנתו של מלך, שכן מצינו בדוד שנשא אלמנתו של שאול, שנאמר )שמואל ב'( "ואתנה לך את בית אדוניך ואת נשי אדוניך בחיקך". מת לו מת אינו יוצא מפתח פלטרין שלו. רבי יהודה אומר: אם רוצה לצאת אחר המטה יוצא, שכן מצינו בדוד שיצא אחר מטתו של אבנר, שנאמר )שם /שמואל ב'/ ג'( "והמלך דוד הולך אחר המטה". אמרו לו: לא היה הדבר אלא לפייס את העם. וכשמברין אותו, כל העם מסובין על הארץ והוא מיסב על הדרגש: ומוציא למלחמת הרשות על פי בית דין של שבעים ואחד ופורץ לעשות לו דרך ואין ממחין בידו דרך המלך אין לו שיעור וכל העם בוזזין ונותנין לפניו והוא נוטל חלק בראש. לא ירבה לו נשים - אלא שמנה עשרה. רבי יהודה אומר: מרבה הוא לו, ובלבד שלא יהו מסירות את לבו. ר' שמעון אומר: אפילו אחת ומסירה את לבו הרי זה לא ישאנה. אם כן, למה נאמר "לא ירבה לו נשים"? אפילו כאביגיל לא ירבה לו סוסים - אלא כדי מרכבתו. וכסף וזהב לא ירבה לו מאד - אלא כדי ליתן אספניא. וכותב לו ספר תורה לשמו. יוצא למלחמה - מוציאה עמו; נכנס - מכניסה עמו; יושב בדין - היא עמו; מיסב - היא כנגדו, שנאמר "והיתה עמו וקרא בו כל ימי חייו". אין רוכבין על סוסו ואין יושבין על כסאו ואין משתמשין בשרביטו ואין רואין אותו כשהוא מסתפר ולא כשהוא ערום ולא בבית המרחץ שנאמר "שום תשים עליך מלך" - שתהא אימתו עליך.

7 5. סנהדרין כ: אמר רב יהודה אמר שמואל: כל האמור בפרשת מלך - מלך מותר בו. רב אמר: לא נאמרה פרשה זו אלא לאיים עליהם, שנאמר "שום תשים עליך מלך" - שתהא אימתו עליך. כתנאי, רבי יוסי אומר: כל האמור בפרשת מלך - מלך מותר בו. רבי יהודה אומר: לא נאמרה פרשה זו אלא כדי לאיים עליהם, שנאמר "שום תשים עליך מלך" - שתהא אימתו עליך. )וכן היה רבי יהודה אומר: שלש מצות נצטוו ישראל בכניסתן לארץ: להעמיד להם מלך, ולהכרית זרעו של עמלק, ולבנות להם בית הבחירה.( רבי נהוראי אומר: לא נאמרה פרשה זו אלא כנגד תרעומתן, שנאמר "ואמרת: 'אשימה עלי מלך' וגו'." תניא: רבי אליעזר אומר: זקנים שבדור - כהוגן שאלו, שנאמר "תנה לנו מלך לשפטנו", אבל עמי הארץ שבהן קלקלו, שנאמר "והיינו גם אנחנו ככל הגוים ושפטנו מלכנו ויצא לפנינו". 6. תוספות סנהדרין כ: מלך מותר וכו' תימה - למה נענש אחאב על נבות כיון שלא רצה למכור לו כרמו?... וי"ל דבפרשת המלך כתיב "יקח ונתן לעבדיו" - ולא לעצמו ועוד י"ל דבחנם היה יכול ליקח אם היה רוצה, אבל כשהיה שואל אחאב שימכרו לו, חשב נבות שרשות בידו לומר לא אמכור ועי"ל דנענש לפי ששאל הכרם לעשות ע"ז... והנקדן תירץ דאינו מותר רק בשדות הרחוקים מן העיר דלא מעלי כל כך, אבל כרם נבות היה אצל היכל אחאב בשומרון ועי"ל דדוקא בשדה מקנה, אבל שדה אחוזה שירש מאבותיו לא... אי נמי דפרשת המלך לא נאמרה רק על המלך שנמלך על כל ישראל ויהודה ומאת המקום, ואחאב לא מלך על יהודה, וגם לא מלך מאת המקום.

8 7. רמב"ם הלכות מלכים פרקים ב-ה כבוד גדול נוהגין במלך, ומשימין לו אימה ויראה בלב כל אדם, שנאמר "שום תשים" - שתהא אימתו עליך. אין רוכבין על סוסו, ואין יושבין על כסאו, ואין משתמשין בשרביטו, ולא בכתרו, ולא באחד מכל כלי תשמישיו... כדרך שחלק לו הכתוב הכבוד הגדול, וחייב הכל בכבודו, כך צוהו להיות לבו בקרבו שפל וחלל שנאמר "ולבי חלל בקרבי", ולא ינהג גסות לב בישראל יתר מדאי, שנאמר "לבלתי רום לבבו מאחיו", ויהיה חונן ומרחם לקטנים וגדולים, ויצא ויבא בחפציהם ובטובתם, ויחוס על כבוד קטן שבקטנים, וכשמדבר אל כל הקהל בלשון רבים ידבר רכות, שנאמר "שמעוני אחי ועמי", ואומר "אם היום תהיה עבד לעם הזה וגו". לעולם יתנהג בענוה יתירה אין לנו גדול ממשה רבינו והוא אומר "ונחנו מה לא עלינו תלונותיכם", ויסבול טרחם ומשאם ותלונותם וקצפם כאשר ישא האומן את היונק... בעת שישב המלך על כסא מלכותו, כותב לו ספר תורה לעצמו יתר על הספר שהניחו לו אבותיו,... לא יזוז מלפניו, אלא בעת שיכנס לבית הכסא, או לבית המרחץ, או למקום שאין ראוי לקריאה, יוצא למלחמה והוא עמו, נכנס והוא עמו, יושב בדין והוא עמו, מיסב והוא כנגדו שנאמר "והיתה עמו וקרא בו כל ימי חייו". לא ירבה לו נשים מפי השמועה למדו שהוא לוקח עד שמונה עשרה נשים בין הנשים ופלגשים הכל שמונה עשרה, ואם הוסיף אחת ובעלה לוקה... ולא ירבה לו סוסים - אלא כדי מרכבתו, אפילו סוס אחד פנוי להיות רץ לפניו כדרך שעושין שאר המלכים אסור, ואם הוסיף לוקה. ולא ירבה לו כסף וזהב להניח בגנזיו ולהתגאות בו או להתנאות בו - אלא כדי שיתן לחיילותיו ולעבדיו ולשמשיו, וכל כסף וזהב שירבה לאוצר בית ה' ולהיות שם מוכן לצרכי הצבור ולמלחמותם הרי זה מצוה להרבותו, ואין אסור אלא להרבות לעצמו בבית גנזיו שנאמר "ולא ירבה לו", ואם הרבה לוקה. המלך אסור לשתות דרך שכרות, שנאמר "אל למלכים שתו יין", אלא יהיה עוסק בתורה ובצרכי ישראל ביום ובלילה, שנאמר "והיתה עמו וקרא בו כל ימי חייו". וכן לא יהיה שטוף בנשים, אפילו לא היתה לו אלא אחת לא יהיה מצוי אצלה תמיד כשאר הטפשים, שנאמר "לא תתן לנשים חילך", על הסרת לבו הקפידה תורה שנאמר "ולא יסור לבבו", שלבו הוא לב כל קהל ישראל, לפיכך דבקו הכתוב בתורה יתר משאר העם שנאמר "כל ימי חייו".

9 כבר ביארנו שמלכי בית דוד דנין אותן ומעידין עליהן אבל מלכי ישראל גזרו חכמים שלא ידון ולא דנין אותו, ולא מעיד ולא מעידין עליו, מפני שלבן גס בהן ויבא מן הדבר תקלה והפסד על הדת. כל המורד במלך ישראל יש למלך רשות להרגו, אפילו גזר על אחד משאר העם שילך למקום פלוני ולא הלך או שלא יצא מביתו ויצא חייב מיתה, ואם רצה להרגו יהרג, שנאמר "כל איש אשר ימרה את פיך", וכן כל המבזה את המלך או המחרפו יש למלך רשות להרגו... ויש לו לאסור ולהכות בשוטין לכבודו, אבל לא יפקיר ממון ואם הפקיר הרי זה גזל. המבטל גזרת המלך בשביל שנתעסק במצות, אפילו במצוה קלה הרי זה פטור; דברי הרב ודברי העבד דברי הרב קודמין, ואין צריך לומר אם גזר המלך לבטל מצוה שאין שומעין לו. כל ההורג נפשות שלא בראיה ברורה, או בלא התראה, אפילו בעד אחד, או שונא שהרג בשגגה, יש למלך רשות להרגו ולתקן העולם כפי מה שהשעה צריכה, והורג רבים ביום אחד ותולה ומניחן תלויים ימים רבים להטיל אימה ולשבר יד רשעי העולם. רשות יש למלך ליתן מס על העם לצרכיו או לצורך המלחמות, וקוצב לו מכס ואסור להבריח מן המכס, שיש לו לגזור שכל מי שיגנוב המכס ילקח ממונו או יהרג שנאמר "ואתם תהיו לו לעבדים", ולהלן הוא אומר "יהיו לך למס ועבדוך", מכאן שנותן מס וקוצב מכס ודיניו בכל אלו הדברים וכיוצא בהן דין, שכל האמור בפרשת מלך מלך זוכה בו. ושולח בכל גבול ישראל ולוקח מן העם הגבורים ואנשי חיל ועושה מהן חיל למרכבתו ובפרשיו ומעמיד מהן עומדים לפניו, ומעמיד מהן אנשים לרוץ לפניו, שנאמר "ושם לו במרכבתו ופרשיו ורצו לפני מרכבתו", ולוקח מן היפים שבהם להיות שמשים ועומדים לפניו שנאמר "ואת בחוריכם הטובים יקח ועשה למלאכתו". וכן לוקח מן בעלי האומניות כל מה שהוא צריך ועושין לו מלאכתו ונותן שכרן, ולוקח כל הבהמות והעבדים והשפחות למלאכתו ונותן שכרן או דמיהן, שנאמר "ולחרוש חרישו ולקצור קצירו ולעשות כלי מלחמתו וכלי רכבו, ואת עבדיכם ואת שפחותיכם ואת בחוריכם הטובים ואת חמוריכם יקח ועשה למלאכתו". וכן לוקח מכל גבול ישראל נשים ופלגשים, נשים בכתובה וקדושין, ופלגשים בלא כתובה ובלא קידושין אלא ביחוד בלבד קונה אותה ומותרת לו, אבל ההדיוט אסור בפילגש אלא באמה העבריה בלבד אחר ייעוד, ויש לו ]רשות[ לעשות הפילגשים שלוקח לארמונו טבחות ואופות ורקחות, שנאמר "ואת בנותיכם יקח לרקחות ולטבחות ולאופות". וכן כופה את הראויין להיות שרים וממנה אותם שרי אלפים ושרי חמשים, שנאמר "ולשום לו שרי אלפים ושרי חמשים". ולוקח השדות והזיתים והכרמים לעבדיו כשילכו למלחמה ויפשטו על מקומות אלו אם אין להם מה יאכלו אלא משם, ונותן דמיהן, שנאמר "ואת שדותיכם ואת כרמיכם וזיתיכם הטובים יקח ונתן לעבדיו". ויש לו מעשר מן הזרעים ומן האילנות ומן הבהמה, שנאמר "וזרעיכם וכרמיכם יעשור וגו', צאנכם יעשור". המלך המשיח נוטל מכל הארצות שכובשין ישראל חלק אחד משלשה עשר, ודבר זה חק לו ולבניו עד עולם. כל הרוגי המלך ממונן למלך, וכל הממלכות שכובש הרי אוצרות המלכים למלך... כל הארץ שכובש הרי היא שלו ונותן לעבדיו ולאנשי המלחמה כפי מה שירצה, ומניח לעצמו כפי מה שירצה, ובכל אלו הדברים דינו דין, ובכל יהיו מעשיו לשם שמים, ותהיה מגמתו ומחשבתו להרים דת האמת, ולמלאות העולם צדק, ולשבור זרוע הרשעים ולהלחם מלחמות ה', שאין ממליכין מלך תחלה אלא לעשות משפט ומלחמות, שנאמר "ושפטנו מלכנו ויצא לפנינו ונלחם את מלחמותינו". אין המלך נלחם תחלה אלא מלחמת מצוה... מלחמת מצוה אינו צריך ליטול בה רשות בית דין, אלא יוצא מעצמו בכל עת, וכופה העם לצאת, אבל מלחמת הרשות אינו מוציא העם בה אלא על פי בית דין של שבעים ואחד. ופורץ לעשות לו דרך ואין ממחין בידו, ודרך המלך אין לה שיעור - אלא כפי מה שהוא צריך, אינו מעקם הדרכים מפני כרמו של זה או מפני שדהו של זה, אלא הולך בשוה ועושה מלחמתו.

10 8. ספר המצוות לרמב"ם מצות עשה קעג והמצוה הקע"ג היא שצונו למנות עלינו מלך מישראל יקבץ כל אומתינו וינהיגנו. והוא אמרו ית' )שם יז( שום תשים עליך מלך. וכבר קדם לנו )מ' כ ולק' קפח( לשונם בספרי שלש מצות נצטוו ישראל בכניסתן לארץ למנות להם מלך ולבנות להם בית הבחירה ולהכריע זרעו שלעמלק. ולשון ספרי ג"כ שום תשים עליך מלך מצות עשה. ובא בפירוש )ספרי, מתני' סנה' כב א וש"נ( שאמרו שום תשים עליך מלך שתהא אימתו מוטלת עליך ושייאמן בו מהכבוד והגדולה והמעלה התכלית האחרון שאין למעלה ממנה עד שתהיה מדרגתו אצלנו יותר גדולה ממדרגת הנביא משאר הנביאים שיהיו בדורו. ובבאור אמרו )הוריות יג א( מלך קודם לנביא. וכל זמן שיצוה המלך הזה צווי שלא יהיה סותר מצוה מן התורה הנה אנחנו חייבים לשמוע מצותו ומי שיעבור על מצותו ולא ישמע אליו הנה מותר למלך להרגו בכל עניין שירצה וכמו שאמרו אבותינו על עצמם )יהושע א( כל איש אשר ימרה את פיך ולא ישמע אל דברך לכל אשר תצונו יומת. וכל מורד במלכות יהיה מי שיהיה דמו מותר למלך שהוקם על פי התורה. וכבר התבארו משפטי מצוה זו כולם בשני מסנהדרין )יט - כ ב, כב א( וראשון מכריתות )ה ב( ושביעי מסוטה )מ ב - מא ב(: 9. תורת הנביאים: דין מלך ישראל )מו-מח בכל כתבי מהר"צ חיות כרך א( אולם בעיקר הדבר לא ידעתי מהיכן הוציא רבינו דיש רשות למלך לאסור ולהכות בשוטים לכבודו, אבל לא יפקיר ממון ואם הפקיר הרי זה גזל... ואם יש לו רשות על חיי העם מכל שכן על ממונם?! ועוד דעיקר דין מורד במלכות לא נאמר בתורה כלל... לכן נראה לי דבר חדש דכל משפטי המלוכה המה רק ענין תקשורת בין המלך להעם, ועל אופנים הללו נאותו הצדדים, והעם התרצו לוותר הונם ורכושם לטובת הכלל להיות דבר אחד לדור אשר יצא לפניהם וילחם מלחמותיהם... ועתה כיון שראינו דלא וותרו הונם ורכושם רק לצורך ולתועלת המדינה שוב הדבר מובן מעצמו דהיכי שלא נאה שום צמיחת פעולה מלקיחת הונם שוב חזר דין התורה למקומו ועל אופן זה לא נתרצו הצדדים... ולאו דוקא ממונם ורכושם הפקירו לצורך כבודו של מלך ולצורך התועלת אשר יגיע מן ממשלתו... ואף דאין אדם מושל ושליט על חייו ואסור לאבד עצמו לדעת... ואפילו לחבול בעצמו אסור... כיון דקיימא לן דרודף שרודף אחר חברו להרגו הנה דמו מסור ביד כל אדם... כיון שממשלת המלך הטבה כללית לכל העם והפרט שרוצה למרוד ולהרוס יסודי החברה והנהגה ישרה הנה נקרא רודף...

11 1. Deuteronomy 17:14-20 When you come to the land which Hashem your God is giving you, you will inherit it and dwell in it and say: I will place a king over me, just like all the nations which are in my area, You shall indeed place a king over you whom Hashem your God will choose. From among your brothers you will place a king over you; you cannot place an alien man over you, who is not your brother. Just that He may not have a multitude of horses for himself And he may not return the people to Egypt so as to have a multitude of horses and Hashem said to you You will no longer return on this route. And he may not have a multitude of women for himself and his heart will not stray And of gold and silver he may not have a great multitude for himself. When he is enthroned he must write for himself a duplicate of this Torah on a scroll before the priests the Levites, which must be with him and he must read from all the days of his life, so that he will learn to be in awe of Hashem his God by keeping all the words of this Torah and these statutes, to do them, to prevent his heart from becoming exalted above his brothers, and to prevent him from straying from the commandments right or left, so that he will extend the days of his reign, he and his sons amidst Israel, 2. Joshua 1:1-18 They (the people of Israel) responded to Joshua: Everything you have commanded us we will do, and wherever you send us we will go. Just as we gave complete obedience to Moses, so too we will obey you just that Hashem your God should be with you as He was with Moses. Any man who revolts against your mouth, and does not obey your words with regard to anything you command him, will die. Just that you must be strong and powerful.

12 3. I Samuel 8 When Samuel grew old, he established his sons as judges for Israel. The name of his oldest son was Yoel, and his second son s name was Aviyah; they judged in B er Sheva. But his sons did not follow in his ways, as they turned to follow corruption, took bribes, and distorted justice. All the elders of Israel gathered and came to Samuel in Ramah. They said to him: Look, you have grown old, and your sons have no followed in your ways. Now please establish a king for us to judge us, just like all the other nations. In Samuel s eyes, they committed a great wrong when they said Give us a king to judge us. So Samuel prayed to God. God said to Samuel: Obey the voice of the people in all they say to you, for they have not rejected you, but rather they have rejected me from ruling over them, as with all the deeds they did from the time I brought them up from Egypt through today, abandoning me and worshiping other gods, and they re doing the same to you. Now obey their voice however, you must surely bear witness to them, and tell them the rules relating to the king who will rule over them. Samuel told all the words of Hashem to the people who were asking him for a king. He said: This will be the rule relating to the king who will rule over you he will take your sons and place them in his chariots and phaetons, and they will run before his chariot, and to be established as his heads of thousands and fifties, and to plow his plowings and harvest his harvests, and to make his weapons and riding accessories. And he will take your daughters as perfumers and spicers and bakers and he will take your fields and vineyards and better olive groves and give them to his servants. He will take a tenth of your seeds and vineyards and give them to his eunuchs and servants. And he will take your servants and maidservants and better young men and donkeys And use them for his work. He will take a tenth of your flocks And you will become his servants. You will cry out that day as a result of your king whom you have chosen for yourselves, but Hashem will not answer you on that day. The people refused to obey Samuel and said: No, but there will be a king over us. Then we too will be like all the nations, and our king will judge us, and will go out before us and fight our battles. Samuel heard all the people s words and spoke them in Hashem s ears. Hashem said to Samuel: Obey their voice and set up a king for them. Samuel said to the men of Israel: Go, each man to his city.

13 4. Mishnah Sanhedrin 2:2-5 A king may not judge or be judged, may not testify or be testified against may not perform chalitzah, nor may chalitzah be performed with his wife, may not perform levirate marriage, nor may levirate marriage be performed with his wife. Rabbi Yehudah said: If he wished to perform chalitzah or levirate marriage, he is mentioned favorably. They said to him: They do not listen to him. His widow may not be married. Rabbi Yehudah said: A king may marry the widow of a king, as we find that David married the widow of Saul, as Scripture says and I have given you the house of your master and the wives of your master in your bosom. If his close relative dies, he does not leave the door of his castle. Rabbi Yehudah said: If he wishes to leave and follow the stretcher he may leave, as we find that David left to follow Abner s stretcher, as Scripture says And the king, David, followed the stretcher. They said to him: That was only to appease the people. When he is fed the mourning meal, the people recline on the ground while he reclines on a bench. He may take the army out for an optional war with the consent of the Court of Seventy One. He may break through to make a way for himself with no objection The king s way has no specific size. All the people gather the spoils and place them before him, and he takes the first share. He may not have a multitude of women for himself rather eighteen. Rabbi Yehudah says: He may have a multitude, so long as they do not cause his heart to stray. Rabbi Shimon says: Even one who causes his heart to stray, he should not marry, If so, why does Scripture say may not have a multitude of women for himself? Even if they are like Abigail. He may not have a multitude of horses for himself rather the amount necessary for his chariots. Gold and silver he may not have a great multitude for himself rather enough to pay the army. He writes a Torah scroll for himself. When he goes out to war, he takes it out with him; when he comes back in, he takes it back in with him; when he sits in judgement, it is with him; when he reclines to eat, it is opposite him, as Scripture says which must be with him and he must read from all the days of his life. No one may ride on his horse No one may sit on his chair No one may use his scepter No one may see him when he is taking a haircut nor when he is naked nor in the bathhouse as Scripture says: You shall indeed place a king over you that his awe should be upon you.

14 5. Sanhedrin 20b Said Rav Yehudah said Samuel: Everything stated in the passage regarding the king the king may do. Rav said: That passage was stated only to impose awe on them, as Scripture says: You shall indeed place a king over you that his awe should be upon you. Their dispute parallels a Tannaitic dispute as follows: Rabbi Yose says: Everything stated in the passage regarding the king the king may do. Rabbi Yehudah says: That passage was stated only to impose awe on them, as Scripture says: You shall indeed place a king over you that his awe should be upon you. (Similarly, Rabbi Yehudah would say: Israel was commanded three commandments upon entering the land: Appointing a king, destroying the seed of Amalek, and building the Temple.) Rabbi Nehorai said: That passage was stated only in response to their grievances, as Scripture says: and say: I will place a king over me etc. A beraita: Rabbi Eliezer said: The elders of the generation asked properly. as Scripture says Give us a king to judge us, but the common people twisted things, as Scripture says Then we too will be like all the nations, and our king will judge us, and will go out before us and fight our battles. 6. Tosafot Sanhedrin 20b The king may do Question: Why was Ahab punished for the death of Nabot, when Nabot declined to sell him his field? Answers: 1) The passage regarding the king states He will take and give to his servants not that he can take it for himself. 2) He couldn t have taken it for free, but once he asked to buy, Nabot thought he had permission to refuse 3) Ahab was punished only because he wanted the field for idolatrous purposes 4) (from the Nakdan) The king is only permitted to take the fields distant from the city, which are not worth so much, but the vineyard of Nabot was near Ahab s compound in Shomron 5) The king is only permitted to confiscate a bought field, not a hereditary field 6) The passage regarding the king was only stated with regard to a king who ruled over all Israel and Judah and at the behest of G-d, and Ahab did not rule over Judah, and did not rule on the basis of Divine coronation.

15 7. Maimonides, Laws of Kings Chapters 2-5 Great honor is practiced with regard to the king, And awe and fear regarding him is implanted in every person s heart As Scripture says: You shall indeed place that his awe should be upon you. No one may ride on his horse, and no one may sit on his chair, and no one may use his scepter, or his crown, or any of his accessories... Just as Scripture apportioned him great honor, and obligated all in his honor, so too it commands him to have a lowly and hollow heart as Scripture says and my heart was hollow within me, and he must not behave with excessive highhandedness toward Israel, as Scripture says to prevent his heart from becoming exalted above his brothers and he must be gracious and merciful to the small and the great and involve himself in their desires and their good, and be concerned for the honor of the smallest of the small, and when he speaks to the whole community en masse he must speak soft words, as Scripture says Listen to me my brothers and nation, and if today you will be a servant to this nation He must always behave with extreme modesty We consider no one greater than Moses our teacher, and he says What are we? Your complaints are not against us And he should endure the troubles and burdens they impose and their complaints and impatience as the nursing mother bears her suckling... When the king first sits on his throne, He writes a Torah scroll for himself in addition to the one left him by his ancestors... It shall not move from his side except when he enters the lavatory or the bathhouse, or another place where reading Torah is inappropriate. When he goes out to war, it goes out with him; when he returns, it is with him; when he sits in judgement, it is with him; when he reclines, it is opposite him, as Scripture says which must be with him and he must read from all the days of his life. He may not have a multitude of women for himself they learned from the Tradition that he may take up to eighteen women, eighteen total including wives and concubines, and if he added one and had intercourse with her he receives lashes. He may not have a multitude of horses for himself rather enough for his chariots, even one extra horse to run before him, as other kings have, is forbidden, and if he adds one he receives lashes. He may not have a multitude of gold and silver to leave in his storehouse and boast about or derive pleasure from rather enough to pay his soldiers and ministers and servants... The king is forbidden to drink to the point of drunkenness, as it says be not among the kings drunk with wine, rather he must be engaged in Torah and the needs of Israel day and night, as Scripture says which must be with him and he must read from all the days of his life. So too he must not be steeped in women, even if he has only one he must not be found with her continually like other fools the Torah objected to the straying of his heart as Scripture says that his heart not stray for his heart is the heart of the whole community of Israel. Therefore Scripture attaches him to Torah more than the rest of the nation as it says all the days of his life.

16 We have already explained that Davidic kings may be judged and testified against, but the Sages decreed that non-davidic kings of Israel should not judge or be judged, testify or be testified against, because they are self-important and the matter would cause mishaps and losses for the religion. A king of Israel has permission to kill anyone who rebels against him. Even if he decreed on a member of the people to go to a particular place, who then did not go, or that he should not leave his house, and he does, he is liable for death, And if the king wishes to kill him he may be killed, As Scripture says Any man who revolts against your mouth. So too the king has permission to kill anyone who demeans the king or curses him... He may jail or beat with sticks for the sake of his honor, But he may not declare money ownerless, and if he did so, it is theft. One who fails to fulfill a royal decree because he became engaged in fulfilling commandments, even a light commandment, is exempt; When the words of the master conflict with the words of the servant, the words of the master take precedence. It is not necessary to mention that if the king decrees that one should not fulfill a commandment, that he is not obeyed. Anyone who kills a person but against whom there is no definitive evidence, or who was not previously formally warned, even if the evidence against him was a single witness, or if he killed an enemy accidentally, the king may kill him and thus repair the world in accordance with the needs of the hour. He may kill many in one day and hang them, and leave them hanging for many days so as to spread awe and break the power of the wicked of the world. The king has permission to place a levy on the people for his needs or for the needs of war, And he may establish a tax, and it is forbidden to evade the tax, As he can decree that anyone who evades the tax should have his property taken or be killed, As Scripture says and you will be servants to him, and later Scripture says they will be a levy to you and serve you From here we derive that he can levy levies and fix taxes and that his laws in this and all similar matters are law, as everything written in the passage regarding the king, the king is entitled to. He sends to all the boundaries of Israel and takes from the people strong men and warriors, and makes of them soldiers for his chariots and phaetons and to stand before him, and takes from them men to run before him, as Scripture says and he will place them for himself in his chariots and phaetons, and they will run before his chariot and he takes from the handsomest of them to be servants standing before him, as Scripture says And he will take your better young men and use them for his work. and similarly he takes from among the craftsmen whomever he needs, and they do their craft for him and he pays their wages, and he takes any animals or servants for his work, paying their rental or their price, as Scripture says and to plow his plowings and harvest his harvests, and to make his weapons and riding accessories... And he will take your servants and maidservants and better young men and donkeys and use them for his work. Similarly he takes from anywhere in Israel wives and concubines... The king has permission to make the concubines he takes for his palace into perfumers andbakers and spicers... as Scripture says And he will take your daughters as perfumers and spicers and bakers. Similarly he can force those with the capacity to serve as officers and appoints them as heads of thousands and heads of fifties... And he takes fields and olive groves and vineyards for his servants when they go to war and spread out in those places if they have nothing to eat but what they can take from there, and pays their price, as Scripture says and he will take your fields and vineyards and better olive groves and give them to his servants... All those executed by the king forfeit their money to the king, and in any kingdoms conquered, the royal storehouses belong to the king... Any land that he conquers is his, and he can give it to his servants and warriors as he wills, or leave it for himself as he wills, and in all such matters his law is law, and in all his actions should be for the sake of Heaven, and his purpose and thought should be to exalt the true religion, and to fill the world with righteousness, and to shatter the might of the wicked and to fight the battles of G-d for the original purpose of establishing a king is to do justice and battles, as Scripture says and our king will judge us, and will go out before us and fight our battles. The king s priority in battle must be an obligatory war...

17 8. Maimonides, Book of Commandments, Positive Commandment 173 The 173 rd commandment is that He commanded us to appoint over us a Jewish king who will collect our entire nation and direct it. This is the meaning of His statement You shall indeed appoint a king over yourself... They said in explanation that his awe should be upon you and that he should be granted ultimate honor and grandeur and exaltation, there is no higher, to the point that his level with regard to us is higher than that of a prophet from among the other prophets of his generation. And they commented that a king takes precedence over a prophet. And any time this king commands us a command that does not contradict a command of the Torah, we are obligated to obey his command, and anyone who transgresses his command and does not obey him, the king is permitted to kill him in any way he chooses, as our ancestors said of themselves Any man who revolts against your mouth, and does not obey your words with regard to anything you command him, will die. Anyone who rebels against the kingdom, be he whom he may, his blood is permitted to a king who has been established on the basis of the Torah R. Zvi Hirsch Chajes, Collected Writings Vol However, at the core of the matter, I don t know from where our teacher (Maimonides) derived that He may jail or beat with sticks for the sake of his honor, but he may not declare money ownerless, and if he did so, it is theft... if he has authority over the lives of the people, should he not have such authority a fortiori over their money?! Furthermore, the law of one who rebels against the kingdom is not mentioned in the Torah at all... Therefore, something original seems true to me, that all the rules of the monarchy are just am agreement between the king and the people, and the two sides agreed in these fashions, and the people agreed to surrender authority over their wealth and property for the general good,, that there should be one? a generation who goes out before them and fights their battles... Now that we have seen that they only surrendered authority over their wealth and property for the need and purpose of the state, it becomes self-evident that where nothing positive emerges from the taking of their wealth, the law of the Torah returns to its initial condition, as in this fashion the parties did not agree... They did not only give up control over their money and property for the sake of the honor of the king and the purpose which will be achieved via his rule... rather even though a person does not rule and hold power over his own life, and he is forbidden to commit suicide... and is even forbidden to wound himself... since we hold that one who pursues another with intent to kill, his blood is given over to all people... since the rule of the king is a general good, and the individual who seeks to revolt and raze the foundations of society and proper direction is called a pursuer...

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