TAJWEED RULES PREFACE

Transcription

1 TAJWEED RULES PREFACE Assalamu alaikum. Alhamdu lillah, we have finally completed the version (Dated: 6 th February 2008) of this work that provides you with charts on Rules of Tajweed. We don t claim to be an expert in this area but we have tried our best to develop this tajweed material by referring to few books. We believe that this material would be useful to those who are teaching Tajweed. Also, this can be used as a reference material. In order to develop this material, we have referred to the following books: 1. Moulana Muhammad Ibrahim Sahib Baaqavi, Hidayathus sifyan fi tajweedil Quran, Haadi Publishers, Chennai, India. [In Tamil] 2. Dr. Abdul-majid Khan, Tajwid: The art of recitation of the Holy Quran, Urdu Academy Sind, Karachi, Pakistan. [In English] Arabic], Dar Ibn Hajam, Beirut, Lebanon. [In فن التجويد, عز ت عبيد الدعاس Umm Muhammad, A Brief Introduction to Tajweed, Abul-Qasim Publishing House, Jeddah. [In English] We ask Allah to forgive our shortcomings and accept our efforts. Please provide us with suggestions and/or comments for further improvement. We acknowledge the help of many brothers and sisters in the preparation of this document. May Allah reward them all, aameen. Please remember us and our parents in your prayers. Contact mibuhari@yahoo.com Contact Address: M.I. Seyed Mohamed Buhari, 24-E, Mohideen Street, Kayalpatnam Tamil Nadu. INDIA. 1

2 ا حكام الت جويد RULES OF TAJWEED مخارج الحروف PLACES OF ARTICULATION ا حكام الوقف RULES OF STOPPING ا حكام الحروف RULES OF LETTERS الحروف الحلقية PHARYNGEAL (THROAT) الحرفان اللهويان UVULAR الحروف الا سلية INTER-DENTAL الوقف والابتداء STOPPING AND INITIATION ا حكام الا دغام ASSIMILATION ا حكام المد RULES OF MADD القلقلة QALQALAH الخيشوم NASAL CAVITY (NASALIZATION) الحروف الشفوية LABIAL (LIP) الحروف اللثوية ALVEO-DENTAL علامات الضبط PUNCTUATION MARKS ا حكام حرف اللام RULES OF LAAM ا حكام الميم والنون المشددتين MUSHADDAD NOON AND MEEM الحروف الشجرية PALATAL الحروف النطعية DENTAL ا حكام الراء RULES OF RAA والتنوينالساكنةالنون ا حكام NOON SAKINAH AND TANWEEN الحروف الذلقية ALVEOLAR الحروف الحافي MOLAR TONGUE ا حكام حرف الميم الساكنة RULES OF MEEM SAKINAH 2

3 ا حكام الحروف THE RULES OF LETTERS ا حكام حرف اللام RULES OF LAAM ا حكام النون الساكنة والتنوين RULES OF NOON SAKINAH AND TANWEEN ا حكام حرف الميم الساكنة RULES OF MEEM SAKINAH ا حكام المد RULES OF MADD ا حكام الا دغام RULES OF ASSIMILATION المتماثلين IDENTICAL LETTERS المتجانسين SAME PLACE OF ARTICULATION الا ظهار الشفوي ITH-HAAR SHAFAWI الا دغام الشفوي IDGHAAM SHAFAWI الا خفاء الشفوي IKHFAA SHAFAWI المد الفرعي DERIVED MADD المد الاصلي NATURAL MADD الا ظهار ITH-HAAR الا دغام IDGHAAM الا خفاء IKHFAA لام الفعل LAAM OF VERB لام لفظ الجلالة LAAM JALALAH المتقاربين CLOSE PLACE OF ARTICULATION الا قلاب IQLAAB لام التعريف LAAM TA'RIF ا حكام الحروف THE RULES OF LETTERS [Contd...] القلقلة RULES OF QALQALAH لام القمرية LAAM QAMARIYYAH لام الشمسية LAAM SHAMSIYYAH ا حكام الميم والنون المشددتين RULES OF MUSHADDAD NOON AND MEEM ا حكام الراء RULES OF RAA 3

4 WAYS TO START RECITING SURAHS PERMITTED WAYS TO RECITE READ البسملة,التعو ذ AND SEPARATELY السورة READ البسملة, التعو ذ AND JOINTLY السورة البسملة, التعو ذ READ السورة JOINTLY AND SEPARATELY READ التعو ذ SEPARATELY. السورة AND البسملة THEN JOINTLY WAYS OF RECITING SURAHS CONTINUOUSLY PERMITTED WAYS TO RECITE WAY NOT PERMITTED TO RECITE,السورة READ CURRENT السورة AND NEXT البسملة SEPARATELY السورة READ CURRENT البسملة SEPARATELY. THEN AND NEXT السورة JOINTLY,السورة READ CURRENT السورة AND NEXT البسملة JOINTLY,السورة READ CURRENT JOINTLY AND البسملة السورة NEXT SEPARATELY 4

5 ح ي ر ال و ن م ن م ل ع و ز و ا ه ب ي خ ق ي و ن ي د اق ر ن م س و ل ر ا حكام النون الساكنة والتنوين RULES FOR READING CHARACTERS THAT APPEAR AFTER NOON SAKINAH OR TANWEEN, ن NOON SAKINAH OR TANWEEN الا ظهار ITH-HAAR الا خفاء IKHFAA الا قلاب IQLAAB الا دغام IDGHAAM (READ CLEARLY) غعخحهء (USE NOSE) (CONVERT ن OR (م TANWEEN TO ب ف ظطضصشسزذدجثت كق (Assimilation of one letter into another) نولمري, ا دغام تام ا دغام كامل OR ا دغام ناقص ب ص ي ر ا را ب ع د, ل ن ت ف ع ل و ا, ق و م ت ج ه ل و ن ي ن ا ن و ا م ي ن Exceptions in Idghaam: ] ن and يس] 1. Idghaam does not apply in one word يس والقرا ن الحكيم ن والقلم وما يسطرون 2. Idghaam does not apply if there is sakta between the words ل بدون غنة (Without Stress) لر مع غنة (With Stress) نموي (ا ظهار), Read clearly ن appears in same word after ي OR و 3. If م ن ل د ن ك,غ ف و ر ر ح ي م, ب ن م ل د ن ك, ف و ر غ م ا ق ن ان و 5

6 ن م ن ه م م ان ج الن اس و ن م ب ه م ر ا حكام حرف الميم الساكنة RULES FOR READING CHARACTERS THAT APPEAR AFTER MEEM SAKINAH م MEEM SAKINAH ا دغام شفوي IDGHAAM SHAFAWI ا خفاء شفوي IKHFAA SHAFAWI ا ظهار شفوي ITH-HAAR SHAFAWI (READ CLEARLY) OTHER LETTERS م & ب EXCEPT (USE NOSE, WITH STRESS) مع غنة (With Stress) م ب االله ل م ك ب ه م ا ل م ت ر ا حكام الميم والنون المشددتين RULES OF MUSHADDAD NOON AND MEEM READ ن AND م WITH STRESS, EVEN WHILE STOPPING For Noon Shaddah: الج ن ة, ث م, ل م ا Shaddah: For Meem 6

7 ي ث اق م ق د ار م RULES FOR READING QALQALAH CHARACTERS THAT APPEAR WITH SUKUN: READ WITH ECHO SOUND القلقلة QALQALAH قطب جد صغرى [WEAK ECHO] IF ANYONE OF THE QALQALAH CHARACTERS WITH SUKUN APPEARS IN THE MIDDLE OF A WORD كبرى [STRONG ECHO] IF ANYONE OF THE QALQALAH CHARACTERS WITH SUKUN APPEARS AT THE END OF A WORD AND WHEN WE STOP AT IT 7

8 ص و ك ان و ا ع ص و ا ع ب ر ل ك ه ال م غ اض ب ا م الا دغام ا حكام RULES OF IDGHAAM ا دغام IDGHAAM IF SUKUN IS FOLLOWED BY - OR - OR - متماثلين MUTAMAATHILAIN متقاربين MUTAQARIBAIN متجانسين MUTAJANISAIN IF THE SUKUN LETTER AND THE NEXT LETTER ARE SAME IF THE SUKUN LETTER AND THE NEXT LETTER ARE DIFFERENT BUT WITH CLOSE-BY ORIGIN IF THE SUKUN LETTER AND THE NEXT LETTER ARE DIFFERENT BUT WITH SAME ORIGIN ل م و ظ ا ذ ق ل ه ب ذ ا ذ Exceptions in Idhgaam:There will be no merger 1. If both identical letters are with harakah ه ب ذ ب س م ع ه م ] ي and و [ Madd 2. If both letters are letters of اد و ا ه الن ص ارى و و or ي] If the letters of Madd are Leen letters preceeded by fathah], then there will be a complete merger without nasalization ب م ا is pronounced as ب م ا ك ان و ا و 3. If there is a sakta between two identical letters ي ه 8

9 ج ال ر ج ر ح ر ي د ي ر خ ر س ا حكام الراء RULES FOR READING 'RAA' DUE TO CHARACTERS OR HARAKAH THAT APPEAR ON OR BEFORE OR AFTER IT ا حكام الراء RULES OF 'RAA' تفخيم STRONG BOTH TYPE STRONG & SOFT ترقيق SOFT 1. RAA WITH FATHAH OR DHAMMAH OR FATHATAIN OR DHAMMATAIN [ ر ر ر ر ] 2. SAME AS 1ST POINT BUT WITH SHADDAH [ ر ر ر ر ] 3. RAA WITH SUKUN AND THE LETTER BEFORE IS EITHER [ ر, ر [ FATHAH WITH DHAMMAH OR 4. RAA WITH SUKUN AND THE LETTER BEFORE IS WITH SUKUN AND THE LETTER BEFORE THAT IS WITH FATHAH [ ر, ر [ DHAMMAH OR 5. RAA WITH SUKUN AND THE LETTER BEFORE IS WITH TRUE KASRAH AND THE LETTER AFTER RAA IS ANYONE OF حروف الا ستعلاء CALLED AS (قظطغضصخ) THESE CHARACTERS 6. RAA WITH SUKUN AND THE LETTER BEFORE IS WITH ] ا ر TEMPORARY KASRAH [ ] ر, ر [ KASRATAIN 1. RAA WITH KASRAH OR 2. SAME AS 1ST POINT BUT WITH SHADDAH [ ر, ر ] 3. RAA WITH SUKUN AND THE LETTER BEFORE IS WITH [ ر [ KASRAH 4. RAA WITH SUKUN AND THE LETTER BEFORE IS WITH SUKUN AND THE LETTER BEFORE THAT IS WITH ] ر [ KASRAH ي 5. RAA WITH SUKUN AND THE LETTER BEFORE IS WITH SUKUN AND THE LETTER BEFORE THAT IS WITH ] ي ر [ FATHAH مجرها 6. THE WORD, ب ر ق ب ن ر ا, -- PREFER SOFT ف ر ق 1., ا ل ع س ر, ا ل ق د ر, ف ر ق ة, ا ر ت ضى -- PREFER SOFT الق ط ر PREFER STRONG ر ص م 3., ا ن ر ذ, 9

10 او ل ه م م ف ع ر ان ر ع ل ن ا ج ف ع ر ا حكام حرف اللام RULES FOR READING LAAM لام لفظ الجلالة االله LAAM IN THE WORD LAAM IN WORDS االله OTHER THAN تفخيم STRONG ترقيق SOFT ترقيق SOFT ل ه ك االله االله OR االله, IF FATHAH OR DHAMMAH االله APPEARS BEFORE IF KASRAH APPEARS االله BEFORE لام الفعل LAAM OF VERB ب س م االله, ا ل ح م د الله لام التعريف LAAM TA'RIF االله ه االله,ا اد ر لام القمرية LAAM QAMARIYYAH LAAM IS PRONOUNCED لام الشمسية LAAM SHAMSIYYAH LAAM IS NOT PRONOUNCED READING LAAM WITH OTHER CHARACTERS Pronounced as ا ظهار, if at the beginning or middle of the verb ف ي ت ي ن ال ت ق ت ا ق ل ن ا, Pronounced as ا دغام, if followed by raa or laam is pronounced as ب ل ه ب ر ف ع ه ءيهومكقفغعخحجب نلظطضصشسزرذدثت Exception: No Idghaam if there is sakata ب ل لا ك ا ل ب ص ي رالط و ر و 10

11 ا حكام الا لف RULES FOR READING ALIF READING ALIF تفخيم STRONG ترقيق SOFT حروف الا ستعلاء IF ANYONE OF THE (قظطغضصخ) CHARACTERS APPEAR BEFORE ALIF, READ ALIF STRONGLY IF CHARACTERS OTHER حروف الا ستعلاء THAN CHARACTERS APPEAR BEFORE ALIF, READ ALIF SOFTLY عسى عصى 11

12 اء ش ا حكام المد RULES FOR READING MADD CHARACTERS [1] و, ي, ا RULES OF MADD 1. MADD SHOULD NOT BE [ [ SUKUN FOLLOWED BY [ء] OR HAMZAH 2. READ AS ONE ALIF 3. OTHER NAMES: 'JAATI' OR 'TABAYI' مد فرعي DERIVED MADD مد اصلي NATURAL MADD مد بدل MADD BADAL ا و ت ي ن ا MADD LETTER IS PRECEEDED BY HAMZAH مد عوض MADD IWADH ALIF REPLACES FATHATAIN WHEN ONE STOPS ON IT MADD SHOULD BE FOLLOWED BY SUKUN [ء] ] OR HAMZAH [ ا م ن, ا يمان, ا و ت ي ا ف و اج ا IS READ AS ا ف و اج ا مد عارض MADD AARIDH مد لازم MADD LAAZIM مد منفصل MADD MUNFASIL مد مت صل MADD MUTTASIL 1.MADD IS FOLLOWED BY HAMZAH IN SAME WORD 2. READ AS 4 TO 5 ALIF 3. OTHER NAME: 'MADD WAJIB' 1. MADD IS FOLLOWED BY HAMZAH IN DIFFERENT WORD 2. READ AS 2 TO 4 ALIF 3. OTHER NAME: 'MADD JAIZ' 1. MADD IS FOLLOWED BY SUKUN ASLI [REAL SUKUN] 2. READ AS 3 TO 5 ALIF 1. MADD IS FOLLOWED BY TEMPORARY SUKUN 2. READ AS ANYONE OF THREE TYPES [Refer next page] ا ن ها ق ال و ا Contd... 12

13 ا حكام المد RULES FOR READING MADD CHARACTERS [2] مد لازم MADD LAAZIM حرفى مخف ف HARFI MUKHAFFAF حرفى مثق ل HARFI MUTHAQQAL كلمى مخف ف KALIMA MUKHAFFAF كلمى مثق ل KALIMA MUTHAQQAL SHADDAH APPEARS AFTER مد IN ONE مد - WORD SUKUN APPEARS AFTER مد IN ONE مد - WORD مد SHADDAH APPEARS ON IN ONE CHARACTER مد SUKUN APPEARS ON IN ONE CHARACTER داب ة الي ن ONLY PLACE ص طسم مد عارض MADD AARIDH READING IN ANYONE TYPE IS OUR CHOICE [BE CONSISTENT] CHANGE لف م ح TO لف م ن و ح ن و سورة ال عمران in الم Exception: The word مد can be read with or without قصر QASR توسط TAWASSUT طول TOOL READ AS ONE ALIF READ AS 2 OR 3 ALIF READ AS 5 ALIF 13

14 , لا و ف ل م ل ي ع ي ي ح ا حكام المد RULES FOR READING MADD CHARACTERS مد فرعي First 14 Madd types are called as Examples Elongation in (حرآة) Counts Explanation Name of Madd S. No. مت صل مد واجب appear adjacently in one word ء and حروف مد شاء, جا ء, سىء, سما ء 5 1 appear adjacently but in two ء and حروف مد words مد جاءز منفصل ا ن ها ق ال و ا 2 to 5 2 Convert the fatha or kasra or dammah or kasratain or dammathain at the end to sukun, while stopping مد عارض للسكون لف م ن و ح is changed to ن و ح 2 to 6 3 ي or و or ا is followed by ء مد بدل ا م ن ا د م, 2 4 Convert fathathain at the end to Alif, while stopping مد عوض ل ي ع ما م is changed to ا مد لازم مخفف كلمى ] [ sukun is followed by حروف مد ا ا لا ن is actually ا لا ن 6 6 مد لازم مثق ل كلمى is followed by saddha in one word حروف مد الضا ل ي ن, ا لط ا م ة 7 6 مد لازم مشبع حرفى نقص عسلكم, الم ص طسم الم, 8 2 مد لازم محفف حرفى حي طهر, يس طه 9 ف و خ is changed to و ف خ 2 to 6 مد لين و ي 10 6 ء is followed by (ه) Haa Dameer مد صلة طويلة ب ه ان ي ض ر ب 11 Haa Dameer (ه) is followed by any character ء other than مد صلة قصيرة ا ن ه ب ه 2 12, 6 مد فرق is followed by Shaddah (أ) Hamzah Isthifham ق ل الذ ك ر ي ن ق ل الل ه 13 ت م, 2 ي ي is followed by مد تمكين ا م ي ي ن 14 2 Madd, و, ا) (ي should not be followed by sukun or Hamzah مد طب ي ع ى ق ي ل ق ال, ي ق و ل, 15 14

15 ا حكام حروف لين RULES OF HURUF LEEN نون قطني NOON QUTNI حروف لين HURUF LEEN ي, و مد لين لازم MADD LEEN LAAZIM 1. HURUF LEEN IS FOLLOWED BY TRUE SUKUN.طول OR توسط OR قصر 2. READ AS BUT طول IS BETTER ONLY TWO PLACES عسق, كهيعص مد لين عارض MADD LEEN AARIDH 1. HURUF LEEN IS FOLLOWED BY TEMPORARY SUKUN طول OR توسط OR قصر 2. READ AS بيت, موت IF SUKUN APPEARS AFTER TANWEEN, THEN: 1. CHANGE TANWEEN TO KASRAH 2. ADD A NOON WITH KASRAH BETWEEN THEM ن ال ذ ي ل م ز ة Exception: 1. IF WE STOP AT TANWEEN, THERE IS NO NOON QUTNI 2. IN سورة الا خلاص, STOPPING IS BETTER 15

16 ه ان ا م ع ه م ا ن و ن ه م Exception: NO صلة BECAUSE THEY ARE NOT ه BUT PART OF THE WORD ITSELF هود IN SURAH نفقه مو منون IN SURAH فواكه مريم IN SURAH لم تنته ا حكام الص لة RULES OF SILAH ه SILAH MEANS READING مد ELONGATEDLY LIKE Exception: IF ي WITH SUKUN APPEARS BEFORE ه, READ ه WITH KASRAH BUT WITHOUT ELONGATION BUT READ ف ي ه WITH ELONGATION ف ي ه صلة بالواو SILAH BIL WAV صلة بالياء SILAH BIL YAH Exception: DHAMMAH OF IS NOT ELONGATED ه ت ش ك ر و ا ي ر ض ه ل ك م الزمر IN SURAH IF KASRAH COMES BEFORE ه, READ مد OF ي LIKE IF FATHAH OR DHAMMAH COMES و, READ LIKE ه BEFORE مد OF Exception: IF لم APPEARS BEFORE,فعل THEN ي AT THE END WILL BE REMOVED. SO, THERE IS NO ELONGATION لم ينته IS READ AS لم ينتهي ب ه ي Exception: IFANYTHING EXCEPT, ه WITH SUKUN APPEARS BEFORE READ ه WITH DHAMMAH Exception: SUKUN APPEARS ON ه INSTEAD OF KASRAH ا عراف IN SURAH ا رجه نمل IN SURAH ف ا ل ق ه ه Exception: DHAMMAH APPEARS ON INSTEAD OF KASRAH كهف IN SURAH وما ا ن سان ي ه فتح IN SURAH عليه االله GENERAL RULE: IF A LETTER WITH SUKUN APPEARS BEFORE,ه THEN WE WON'T READ ELONGATEDLY 16

17 ا ن ء ا حكام الهمزة RULES OF HAMZAH RULES OF HAMZAH همزة قطع HAMZAH QATH همزة وصل HAMZAH WASL 1. IF A WORD STARTS WITH SUKUN, WE ADD A HAMZAH TO IT 2. THIS HAMZAH IS TEMPORARY HAMZAH 3. IF THIS HAMZAH APPEARS BETWEEN TWO WORDS, THEN IT WILL NOT BE READ 1. THIS HAMZAH IS PART OF THE WORD 2. IF THIS HAMZAH APPEARS BETWEEN TWO WORDS, IT WILL BE READ ر ت ه م ذ ف اط ل ب IF فعل BEGINS WITH همزة وصل AND THIRD LETTER OF THE WORD IS FATHAH OR KASRAH, THEN KASRAH IS GIVEN TO HAMZAH IF فعل BEGINS WITH همزة وصل AND THIRD LETTER OF THE WORD IS DHAMMAH, THEN DHAMMAH IS GIVEN TO HAMZAH IF THE WORD BEGINS WITH DEFINITE ARTICLE ال, THEN FATHAH IS GIVEN TO HAMZAH IF اسم BEGINS WITH THEN,همزة وصل KASRAH IS GIVEN TO HAMZAH is read as الم ال ا ن فط ار ا ن ت شار ا ب ن ا ت ن ت ي ن ا لم ال اف ت ح is read as ا ن ظ ر is read as ا ن ظ ر ا ف ت ح ال ذ ي is read as ا ب ن ة ا م ر اة ا ث ن ي ن ا س م ا ل ذ ي 17

18 ن م ق ال و ا و AMONG TWO WORDS, IF THE FIRST WORD ENDS WITH SUKUN AND THE SECOND WORD STARTS WITH SUKUN IF THE LETTER WITH SUKUN IN THE FIRST WORD IS A MADD LETTER, THIS MADD LETTER IS REMOVED IF THE LETTER WITH SUKUN IN THE FIRST WORD IS NOT A MADD م LETTER, THEN READ OR و WITH DHAMMAH IF THE LETTER WITH SUKUN IN THE FIRST WORD IS ن FROM ن م ن [ZAR], READ THE WITH FATHAH IF THE LETTER WITH SUKUN IN THE FIRST WORD IS NOT MADD AND NOT ن FROM ن م [ZAR], THEN READ THE SUKUN LETTER WITH KASRAH ق م ال لي ل االله ا ش ت ر و الض لل ة ال ح م د EXCEPTION: SHOULD BE سورة ال عمران IN الم االله READ WITH FATHAH 18

19 ح ي ر ب ر ح ي ر ب ر ا حكام الوقف RULES OF STOPPING RULES FOR ENDING A SENTENCE CHANGE FATHAH OR DHAMMAH OR KASRAH OR DHAMMATAIN OR KASRATAIN TO SUKUN CHANGE FATHATAIN TO ALIF ه TO ة CHANGE نستعين AS نستعين STOP STOP م ن م AS م ن م ا لص لوه AS ا لص لوة STOP احد ا AS احد ا STOP NOTATIONS IN HOLY QURAN MUST STOP ط or م or ه O or وقفه or سكة or MUST NOT STOP لا PREFERRED TO STOP قف PREFERRED NON-STOP or ق or ز-ج or ز صل or صلى 1. STOP AT ONE :. AND NOT AT ANOTHER :. 2. DIFFERENT OPINION PERSISTS فلا FOR STOP AND NON-STOP ARE SAME لا] or ص or ج [ه above O or OBSERVE AS PREVIOUS SYMBOL IN THE AAYAH ك وقف منج ل STOPPED AT جبريل عليه السلام.1 2. PREFER STOPPING AT وقف غفران 3. PREFER NON-STOP AT وقف كفران GENERAL RULE: 1. WE MUST STOP AT م. IF NOT, THE MEANING WILL CHANGE. 2. FOR NOTATIONS OTHER THAN :م IF YOU ARE NOT ABLE TO READ CONTINUOUSLY, YOU CAN STOP AT ANY PLACE. BUT WHILE CONTINUING, WE SHOULD REPEAT ONE OR TWO WORDS PRECEEDING THE PLACE AT WHICH WE STOPPED. 19

20 ال م ا حكام سكتة RULES OF SAKTA SAKTA: STOP THE SOUND BUT DON'T BREAK THE BREATH كهف IN SURAH عوجا يس IN SURAH من مرقدنا قيامة IN SURAH قيل من مطففين IN SURAH كلا بل ACCORDING TO SOME SCHOLARS الحاقة IN SURAH ي ه ل ك ه GENERAL RULE: THERE IS NO SAKTA AT THE POINT OF STOPPING 20

21 مخارج الحروف THE PLACES OF ARTICULATION مخارج الحروف THE PLACES OF ARTICULATION الحروف الحلقية PHARYNGEAL (THROAT) الحرفان اللهويان UVULAR قك الحروف الشجرية PALATAL يشج الحروف الحافي MOLAR CONSONANT ض الخيشوم NASAL CAVITY (NASALIZATION) جوف الفم ORAL CAVITY (VOWELS) يوا نم ا قصى الحلق UPPER THROAT وسط الحلق MIDDLE THROAT ا دنى الحلق LOWER THROAT هء عح غخ الحروف الذلقية ALVEOLAR الحروف النطعية DENTAL الحروف اللثوية ALVEO-DENTAL الحروف الا سلية INTER-DENTAL الحروف الشفوية LABIAL (LIP) نرل طدت ظذث صسز ومفب 21

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