SATYA SHODHAK MOVEMENT OF MAHATMA PHULE AND SHAHU MAHARAJ AND IT S IMPACT ON KARNATAKA SYNOPSIS

Transcription

1 SATYA SHODHAK MOVEMENT OF MAHATMA PHULE AND SHAHU INTRODUCTION: MAHARAJ AND IT S IMPACT ON KARNATAKA SYNOPSIS Mahatma Jyotiba Phule was the father of Non-Brahmin Movement in India. He also greatly contributed to the emergence of independent labour, peasant, dalit and women upliftment movements. Thus his movement was against the practice of untouchability, casteism and caste and class based as well as the gender based discriminations, socioeconomic inequalities and injustice etc., By establishing the Satya Shodhaka Samaj in 1873, he gave organizational structure to his movement. His ideology is found in the following works like Gulamgiri, Rayots Wipcord, Jaati Bhed Vivek Saar, Brahmananche Kasab, Satsar (Part 1&2) etc; and has created mass scale awakening among the Shudras and Ati-Shudra non-brahmins. He opened schools to women, Shudra and untouchable communities in Poona and elsewhere. Even launched movement against widow practice and opened widow rehabilitation centres (Ashramas). He also fought to safeguard the interest of the poor peasants and landless labours. His movement was spreaded to entire Western India and Bombay Presidency which included the Bombay Karnataka also. After Mahatma Jyotiba Phule, Non-Brahmin Movement was led by Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj of Kolhapur. He started the branches of Satya Shodhak Samaj in Kolhapur and other areas. Shahu Maharaj opened the Schools and Hostels to the students of Shudra and Ati-Shudra (Untouchable) castes in Kolhapur State. In 1907 he gave 50% reservation in employment to the Shudra and Ati-Shudra castes of Non-Brahmin communities in his state. He also brought social legislations like prohibhition of practice of widowhood, Devadasi system and against other social evil practices like prohibition of practice of untouchability, mahar vatan and etc. Thus, brought revolutionary transformation amoung the Depressed and the Backward Classes. Even, he also encouraged and financial helped to Dr.B.R.Ambedkar to launch the Dalit Movement and to start the Mook Nayak paper. He presided over the Managaon Parishat of Mahars in Though Kolhapur State was geographically small in size, but Shahu Maharaja s Satya Shodhak Movement and name fame spreaded beyond Kolhapur State i.e.to of entire Maharastra, North Karnataka and South India. The Satya Shodhak Movement of both Jyotiba Phule and Shahu Maharaj influenced the North Karnataka in particularly, the South India in general. There where branches of Satya Shodhak Samaj at Belgaum, Nippani, Dharwad and Hubli. So also Chatrapati Shahu s Non-Brahmin Movement spreaded to Bombay Karnataka. This movement of Shahu Maharaj in fact was continued part of the Satya Shodhak Movement of Mahatma Phule. In 1920 Satya Shodhak Samaj was transformed into a Political movement known as Non-Brahmin Movement. Thus Non-Brahmin Movement led by Shahu Maharaj posed a challenge to the traditional social order and opposed the Brahminical domination and supremacy. The Non-Brahmin leaders of Bombay Karnataka were so much influenced by Shahu Maharaj that, they invited him to Non-Brahmin Conference at Hubli in Before this Shahu Maharaj invited Bombay Karnataka Non- Brahmin leaders to Kolhapur and gave financial assistance to start the educations organizations like Schools and hostels. Thus, the Satya Shodhak Movement of Mahatma Jyotiba Phule and Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj greately influenced Karnataka, especially Bombay Karnataka, as a result there was a emergence prominent leaders like Sir Siddappa 1

2 Kambali, Annasaheb Latthe, Panditappa Chikkodi, P G Halakatti, Menasinakai, Siddappa Hosamani and others. These leaders greatly contributed to the cause of Non-Brahmin movement and their communities like Lingayats, Reddy, Jain, Maratha, Muslim, Kurubas and others came to forefront. So there was much awakening among these communities. Thus, they got strengthened and improved themselves educationally, socially and economically. Thus emergence of Non-Brahmin Movement in Bombay Karnataka prepared the background for the spread of Dr.Ambedkar s Dalit and other Movements in later in this region. Objectives and Scope of the Study: 1. The movement against the caste/varna and gender based discriminations, practice of untouchability and etc got long history. The pioneers of this socio-religious transformation movement were like, Buddha, Mahaveera, Charvaka, Ashoka, Sri Basaveshwara, Chokamela, Kabir, Mahatma Phule and Shahu Maharaj. Their movement provided historical background to the present study. Thu to give a brief historical account of the same is the one of objective of the present study. 2. To study and re-appraise the nature and importance of Satya Shodhak Movement of Mahatma Phule and Shahu Maharaj. 3. To study the spread of Satya Shodhak Movement of Mahatma Phule and Shahu Maharaj to Karnataka and its impact on Bombay Karnataka. 4. To highlight the important non-brahmin leaders of Bombay Karnataka and to assess their role in the Non-Brahmin movement. The scope of Satya Shodhak Movement was wide one,which included entire Western and Southern India in general but the present study highlights the events of Bombay Karnataka. The Nature and Method of Study: The historical, analytical and comparative methods are adopted in this study. By survey method sources are collected and then data analysis, classification, interpretation and synthetic operations are done carefully and finally thesis engineering work done with dividing it into seven chapters. To get unrecorded sources of information i.e oral information the interview method is followed in this study. The interview of the eminent scholars and personalities like Dr.Hari Narke, Takkar Bappa, Rudrappa Chikkodi and some others is also included. Sources of the Study and Review of Literature: Both primary and secondary sources are referred and analysed. Primary Sources Trutiya Ratna(1855), Jaati Bhed Vivek Saar(1865), Chhatrapati Shivaji Bhosle Yanche Pawad(1869), Brahmananche Kasab(1869), Gulamgiri(1873), Shetkaranche Asood(1883), Satsar Part 1&2 (1885), Ishaar(1885), Satya Shodhak Samajokta Mangalashtaka Sarva Pooja Vidhi(1887) and Sarvajanika Satya Dharma etc written by Mahatma Jyotiba Phule. Kolhapur Record Office, Shahu Dapter, Huzur orders files etc., Reports on General Administration of Kolhapur State ( ). Maharastra State Archieves, Bombay files No. 56, (1925) 209, 363(5), (1928) 159, 363-(3), (1925),167,363(4),I.(1926),168,63(4),II, (1926), 328 and 363 (1932). Kulkarni leelamrut (book) Shetkaryanche madhur gayan or agriculturists weed songs(booklet) 2

3 The following News Papers also referred, Bombay Guardian, Deena Bhandhu, Jnanodhay, The jnan prakash, The Poona Observor, The Radical, Rashtra-veera, Vijay Maratha, Deena Mitra, Purogami, Satya Shodhana, Asmita Darshan, Darpana, Dhooma Ketu, Prabhodhaya, Prabharaka, Shubhodha, Vivida jnana Vistara, Economic & Political weekly. At Pune Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Research Centre, Library of Pune University, Mahatma Phulewadi Museum, Government Press and Ghokhale Institute of Political & Social Studies. At Kolhapur Kolhapur Archives, Government Press, Shahu Palace and Shivaji University Library. At Mumbai Maharastra State Archives Department At Dharwad S S Basavanal Library, K U Dharwad and etc., The above Archives, libraries and institutes are visited and concerned source materials are consulted and used for writing the thesis. Secondary Sources: Even the secondary sources like the related works, Books, Thesis, Articles, Dissertations, Reports and etc., are consulted and made use, they are like., 1. Patil, N.A; Growth of Nationalism in Karnataka ( ) unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Karnataka University Dharwad, Avarngirmath,H.D.; Karnataka Ideology -a Study of Political Idea of Karnataka Movement ( ), Ph.D thesis, Karnataka University, Dharwad, Nandulkar R L, Reformist Movement in Belgaum and Shamarao Desai, Ph.D thesis, Shivaji University, Kolhapur Nalawade M.P.; Shahu Chatrapati: A revolutionary( ),ph.d thesis,shivaji University, Kolhapur 5. P.S.Charanakar,: The Public Works Department under the Chchatrapati Shahu ( ), Ph.D thesis, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 6. Malagaonkar Manohar,: Chatrapati of Kolhapur, Ph.D thesis, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 7. Nalawade Vijay : Keshavrao Jedhe-A Non-Brahmin Nationalist Political Leader, M.Phil dissertation, Shivaji University, Kolhapur-1984 Maharastra State Gazetteer,Bombay Karnataka State Gazetteer,Bangalore Review of Literature: Already various research works have been carried out on Mahatma Jyotiba Phule, Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj, Satya Shodhak Movement and Non-Brahmin Movements of present Maharashtra and South India. The following are important and noteworthy to mention here and review of discussion of the same are carried out successfully in the thesis. A.B. Latthe: Memories of Shahu Chhatrapati,Vol-I and II.,(1924). A.J. Powar: Rajarshi Shahu Chhatrapati Papers( ),(1978). Belagali D.N.: Panditappanavaru Chikkodi, (1980). 3

4 Chandrakant Pokale (Kannada Trans.): Rajarushi Shahu Chhatrapati Obba Samajik Krantikari Raj, Maharashtra Itihas Prabodini, Kolhapur, Charankar, P.S. The Public Works Department under the Chhatrapati Shahu ( ), Ph.D. thesis, Shivaji University Kalhapur. Dashkin Lelah: The Non-Brahmin Movement in Princely Mysore, (1974). Dr. Vilas Sangave: Rajashri Shahu Chhatrapati Papers( ), (1978). G.P. Deshapande: Selected Writing of Jotirao Phule, (2002). Gail Omvedt: Cultural Revolt in a Colonial Society: the Non Brahmin Movement in Western India ( ). Gail Omvedt: Jotirao Phule and the Idealogy of Social Revalution in India, (2004). Gore, M.S.: Non Brahman Movement in Maharashtra, (1979). K.L Chanchreek: Social Reform Movement and Jhotibha Phule, (2006). Kanbarkar, R.K: Glimpses of Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj, (2009). Kavlekar, K.K.: Non- Brahmin Movement in Southern India ( ,) (1979). Keer Dhananjay: Shahu Chhatrapati:A Royal Revolutionary, (1976). Malagoonkar Manhar,: Chhatrapatis of Kolhapur, Ph.D. Thesis Shivaji University Kolhapur. N.A. Patil,:Growth of Nationalism in Karnataka , Ph.D. thesis, Karnataka University, Dharwad, (1968). Nalawade,M.P., Shahu Chhatrapati ; A Revolutionary ( ), Ph.D. thesis, Shivaji University, Kolhapur. Nandulkar,R.L,:Reformist Movement in Belgaum And Shamrao Desai, Ph.D,thesis,Shivaji University, Kolhapur, (1987). Police Patil, P.A: Political-Sociology of Bombay Karnataka, Ph.D thesis, Karnataka University, Dharwad Powar, J.B: Chhatrapati Shahu s Life, (2010). S.H.Patil: Community Dominance and Political Modernisation: The Lingayats, (2002). Salunkhe P.B and Mali M.G; Chhatrapati Shahu-the Pillar of Social Democracy, (1994). T.L. Joshi: Jotirao Phule, (1996). V.B. Ghuge: Chhatrapati Shahu Socialist, Economic Policies, , (1975). Plan of Study: Chapter-1: Chapter-2: Chapter-3: Chapter-4: Chapter-5: Chapter-6: Chapter-7: Appendix The Plan of Study is as follows; Chapaterisation Introduction Geographical and Historical Background of the Bombay Karnataka. Rise and Growth of Social Reform Movement in India- A Historical Survey The Life of Mahatma Jyotiba Phule and the Satya Samaj Movement. The Life of Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj and the Satya Shodhak Samaj Movement. Influence of Satya Shodhak Samaj Movement on Karnataka. Conclusion 4

5 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. ENGLISH BOOKS/ARTICLES, EDITED VOLUMES AND ETC. A Brief Report of All Indain Veerashaiva Mahasabha All India Veerashaiva Mahasabha, Bangalore, Avarangerimath,H.D: Karnataka Idealogy; A Study of the Political Idea of Karnataka Movement ( ), Ph.D. thesis, Karnatak University, Belagali,D.N: (Kannada) Panditappanavaru Chikhoodi ; Gadag Veershaiva Adhyayama Sanmsthe Shree Jagadguru Tontadarya Sansthan, Gadag, Bhattacharya,J.N : Hindu Castes and Sects; An Exposition of the origin of the Hindu Caste system and the Bearing of the sects towards each others and Towords others Religious system, Thacker, Spink & Company, Bombay,1896. Chandrakant Pokale (Kannada Trans) : Rajrushi Shahu Chhatrapati Obba Samajik Krantikari Raja, Maharashtra, Itihas Probodini, Kolhapur, Chinnappa Reddy: The Justice Jounery of the Karnataka Backward classes,vol I Government of Karnataka Publication, Bangalore, Despande, G.P: Selected writings of Jotirao Phule, Left of Word Books, New Delhi, Diwekar,V.D: Kulkarni,G.T & Kontak, M.R: Social Reform Movements in India ; A Historical perspective, Bharat Itihas Samshodhana Mandal,1991. Dohiwale,S.M: Understanding Indian society ; The Non Brahmanic perspective, International Specialized Book Service Incorporated,2005. Dushkin, Lelah: The Non Brahman Movement in Princely Mysore, University of Penn Sylvania,1974. Eleanor Zelliot: Mahar and Non Brahmin Movements in Maharashtra, The Indian Economic and social History Review, Ghugare, Shivapaprabha: Renaissance in Western Indian; Karmveer V.R. Shinde ( ), Himalaya, pub, House,1983. Ghuge.V.B : Rajarshi Shahu ;A Model Ruler, Kirti Prakashan, Kolhapur, Ghuge, V.B; Chhatrapati Shahu s Socialist & Economic Polices 1894 to 1922, Kolhapur Zilla Parishad Publication, Kolhapur,1975. Ghurye,G.S: Caste, Class, and Occuption, Popular Book Depo, Bombay, Godama,T.V; Untouchablity and its Origin, Yugan thar education society, Gore M.S : Jotirao Phuley and His Movement, (1827 to 1890), Department of Social work, University of Delhi,Delhi, Gore,M.S: The Social Context of an Ideology; Ambedkar s Political and Social Thought, Sage Publication, Gore,M.S; Non-Brahman Movement in Maharashtra ; Segment Book Distributors,1989. Hamid, A.I: Mahatma Jyotiba Phule,Rastriya Charitramala, Pune,

6 Hand Book of Maharashtra State, Maharashtra (India) Directorate of publication, Bombay, Hardgrave,R.L: The Dravidian movements Popular Prakashan, Bombay, Hari Narke (Ed) : Mundlay Asha (Translation), Cultivator s Whipcord,Collected works of Mahatma Jotirao Phule,(vol.3), Government of Maharashtra, Mumbai, Hutton,J.H: Caste in India, Taylor & Francis,1951. Indain Socail Revolution, Popular Prakashan,Bomby,2002. Irschick.E.F: Politics and Social Conflict in South India The non Brahman movement and Tamil Seperation, ( ), University of Colifornia Press, Joshi Laxman Shastri: Jotirao Phule, Rebel and Rationalist, in Rationalists of Maharashtra, Indian Renaissance Institute Dehradun,1962. Joshi,T.L: Jotirao Phule, National Book Trust, New Delhi, Kanbarkar, R.K : Glimpses of Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj ; Shivaji Univaersity, Kolhapur, Kappuswamy : Bockward Class Movement in Karnataka ; Bangalore University, Bangolre, Karve,I.K: Hindu Society ; An Interpretation, Deshamukh Prakashan, Kavlekar.K.K: Non Brahmin Movement in Southern India, ( ) ; Shivaji University press, Kavlekar, K.K & Chausalkar, A.S: Political Ideas and Leadship of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, Vishwani, Publication Kavlekar, K.K: Ideas,Movements and Politics in India, Ajab Pustakalaya, Kolhapur, Keer Dhananjay: Mahatma Jotirao Phule Father of the Keer, Dhananjay: Shahu Chhatrapati : A Royal Revolutionary Popular Prakashan, Bombay, Latte A.B: Memories of His Highness Sri Shahu Chatrapati, Kolhapur, Madaliar, C: The Kolhapur Movement, Shivaji University Kolhapur. Magdum, I.M: Presidential Address, All India Veershaiva Mahasabha, XX Section, Banglaore Manor James: Political change in an Indian State Mysore , South Asia Books,1978. Marabhi, I: The Holeyas : A study in Social Change, Mangala, Mukhopadhya : Social Movements in India. O Hanlon Rosalind : Caste, Conflict and Ideology; Mahatma Jotirao Phule and Low Caste protest in ninteenth century Western India, Cambridge Univercity Press,1985. Omman,T.K: Protest and Change: Studies in Social Movement, Sage Publication,1990. Omvedt Gail: Jatirao Phule and the idelogy of socail revolution in India, Economic and Political weekly,6,no,

7 Omvedt Gail; Effects of Agricultural Development on the Status of Women, International Labour organization,1987, Omvedt, Gail: Reiinventing Revolution :New Social Movements and the Socialist Tradition in India, M.E.Sharpe,1993. Omvedt, Gail: Dalits and the Democratic revolution Dr. Ambedkar and the Dalit Movement in Colonial India, Sage Publication, New Delhi,1994. Omveelt, Gail; Land, Caste and Politics in Indian States, Guild publication,1982. Party in Mysore, Ph.D. thesis, University of Toronto. Pashkin: The Non-Brahmin Movement in Princely Mysore, University of Penn Sylavia,1974. Pathan U.M: Mahatma Jotirao Phule and Satya Shodhak Samaji, Indian Institute of Advanced study,simla,1977. Patil P.G : Collected Works of Mahatma Phule,vol I, Stavery, mantralaya, Bombay, Patil, N.A: Growth of Nationalism in Karnataka Ph.D. thesis, Karnatak University Dharwad,1968. Patil, S.H: Community Dominance and political Modernisation :The Lingayats ; Mittal Publication New Delhi, Patil.P.G : Collected Works of Mahatma Phule,Vol.2, Selection, Government of Maharashtra, Bombay, Phadke Y.D: Jotirao Govindrao Phule, Government of Maharastra, Bombay, Phadke, Y.D.: Social Reformers of Maharashtra, Maharashtra Information Centre, Bombay, Polanitharai,Ganapathy: Changing Counters Ethic Movement, Department of Political Science, Annamalai University, Powar,J.B : Chhatrapati Shahu s life, Maharastra Itihas Prabodhini, Kolhapur. Raghavendra Rao, K: Linguistic Politics and the Congress Rajshekhar Shetty,T.V: Class-Caste Struggle; Emerging third force, Karnataka Dalit Action Committee, Bangalore, Ramaswamy, Harish; Patagundi, S.S & Patil. S.H. (Ed) Karnataka Government and Politics. Mittal Publishing Company, New Delhi, Rao,M.S : A Social Movements in India Vol-I, Manohar publication,1978. Ray.R & Katzenstein,M.F : Social Movements in India; Poverty, Power, and Politics, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers INC, Lanham,1922. Sagar,S.L: Hindu Culture and Caste System in India, Uppal Book Store, Salunkhe, P.B. & Mali M.G ; Chatrapati Shahu the Piilar of Socail Democracy ; Education Departmetn Government of Maharashtra, Gargoti, Kolhapur, Sangave, V.A. & Khane.B.D: Rajarshi Shahu Chatrapati Papers vol-iv, Shahu Research Institute Kolhapur, Sarkar Sumit : Bibliographical Survey of Social Reform Movements in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth centuries ; Indian Council of Historical Research, New Delhi,

8 Sharma,G.L: Caste, Class and Social Inequality in India, Vol-2, Mangal Deep Publication, Sharma,K.L & Shing Yogendra: Social inequality in India: Profiles of Caste, Class, Power, and Social Mobility, Rawat Publication, New Delhi, Shivalingayya.K.M.(Ed): (Kannada) Akhila Bhartiya Veerashaiva Mahashabheya Adhyakshragal Bhashan Sangrah Granth, Mysore, Thimmaiah, A: Power Politics and Social Justice Backward Castes in Karnataka ; Sage Publication, New Delhi, Thorat Sudhakar.S: Life and work of Mahatma Phule, Associated Sean,Pune, Vaidy, G.N: Shahu Chhatrapati- Ruler and a Revolutionary, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Zeeliot, Eleanor: From Unthouchable to Dalit-Essay s on the Ambedkar Movement Manohar, New Delhi, Marathi Books: Ashok Chousalkar: Mahatma Phule Ani Shetakri Chalavali, Mumbai,1990. Hari Narke: Mahatma Phule, Shodhancha Newyavatha, Mahatma Jotirao Phule Charithura Sadhan Prakashan Samittee, Mumbai, Kamble Uttam Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj ani Mahatma Mukati Sugava publication, Pune. Mahi.G: Mahatma Jutirao Phule, Raj Prakashan, Pune, Mali,G: Vaidhic Dharma Prampara Ani Mahatma Jotirao Phule, Rajmudra prakashan, Aurangabad, Mali,M.G: Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj Snehavardhan Prakashan. Mamngudkar,M.P: Maharashtratil Samaj - Probodhan Ani Chhatrapati Shahu Maharajan che karya Ambedkarite Buddhist Book Published, Nari Harke: Mahatma Phule Yanche Badanam ; Yaka Panduranga,B.D: Phule Charithra, Pansare, Govind: Rajarshi Shahu Vratha Aur Visashut. Patil, Ajit: Lokha Raja Shahu Maharaj, Daimand Prakashan, Kolhapur. Patil, P.S: Sachhiram Mahatma Jyotirao Phule ; Chikali,1927 Patil, Padmaja: Raitcha Vishavatha Raja Shahu Maharaj ; Abhinandhan Prakashan, Kolhapur. Patil,B.G & Davade,S.R; Rajrshi Shahu Maharaj Kaustab Prakashan. Phadake V.D: Visvya Shatakatil Maharashtra, Vol. I & II, Pimpal,S.P: Yuga Pravathak Mahatma Phule, Manager Prakashan, Avakoti, Sambaj Karahat: Mahatma Jotirao Phule, ani Satya Shodhak Jalase, Sahithy Seva Prakashan, Aurangabad,1990. Satyashodhan. Sergava prakashan, Pune, 1989, Shahir,P.P: Mahatma Phule Yancha Gunagourav Satya Shodhak Vidyarthi Sangha, Mumbai,

9 3.Journal & Papers: Bombay Guardian, 28 th November, 1851 Deena-Bhandhu:Phule Special Issue, No.25 th November,1849 Dnyana-Prakash, 12 th March,1860 Dnyanodaya, 15 th July,1853 Economic and Political Weekly, New-Delhi Studies in History(J.N.U journal) New-Delhi The Poona Observer, 21th August,1851 The Radical, 1854 Research Scholar (Subhas V Kaggod) Research Guide (Dr.Shiladhar Y Mugali) 9