A PRESUPPOSITION ANALYSIS OF SEA FOAM SHORT STORY IN THE JAKARTA POST ON MONDAY, OCTOBER 23 rd, 2017

Transcription

1 A PRESUPPOSITION ANALYSIS OF SEA FOAM SHORT STORY IN THE JAKARTA POST ON MONDAY, OCTOBER 23 rd, 2017 A Thesis Submitted to Faculty of Adab and Humanities In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Bachelor Degree (S1) ANADYA SYAFITRI SYAHRIL ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA 2017

2 ABSTRACT Anadya Syafitri Syahril, A Presupposition Analysis of Sea Foam Short Story in The Jakarta Post on Monday, October 23rd, 2017.Thesis. Jakarta: English Letters Department, Letters and Humanity Faculty, State Islamic University (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah, August This research elaborates the presupposition and interprets the meaning of presupposition which are already classified into the presupposition types in the short story text entitled Sea Foam and identifies the most dominant type of presupposition. The steps to be followed in this study are exploring the concept of presupposition, investigating the pragmatic presupposition, and identifying the potential presupposition used in the short story text in The Jakarta Post according to the Yule s theory of presupposition. The analysis of data has shown that this short story rely heavily on existential presuppositions (definite descriptions) with 20 of the studied samples. In order to analyze the data, the researcher employs Yule s theory that decides presupposition into six types: existential presupposition, factive presupposition, lexical presupposition, structural presupposition, non-factive presupposition, and counter factual presupposition. The data of the research are sentences which has presupposition triggers. The result of this study shows that based on Yule s theory, it has been found that there are 20 presuppositions. 8 lexical presuppositions, 5 factive presuppositions, 3 existential presuppositions, 2 structural presuppositions, the last are non factive and counter factual presupposition with 1 presupposition per each. Keywords: pragmatic, pressuposition, type of presuppositions, presupposition triggers, short story. i

3 APPROVEMENT A PRESUPPOSITION ANALYSIS OF SEA FOAM SHORT STORY IN THE JAKARTA POST ON MONDAY, OCTOBER 23 rd, 2017 A Thesis Submitted to Faculty of Adab and Humanities In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Bachelor Degree (S1) By: ANADYA SYAFITRI SYAHRIL Approved by: Abdurrosyid, S.S, M.EIL Day/Date: Wednesday/September, 6 th 2017 ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA 2017 ii

4 LEGALIZATION Name : Anadya Syafitri Syahril NIM : Title : A Presupposition Analysis of Short Story Sea Foam on The Jakarta Post on Monday, October 23 rd The thesis entitled above has been defended before the Letters and Humanities Faculty s Examination Committee on 12 October 2017 It has already been accepted as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of strata one. Jakarta, 15 November 2017 Examination Committee Drs.Saefudin, M.Pd NIP (Chair Person) Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum NIP Abdurrosyid, S.S, M.EIL (Secretary) (Advisor) iii

5 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this submission is my own word and that, to the bet of my knowledge and belief. It contains no material previously or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in text. Jakarta, 31 Agustus 2017 iv

6 ACKNOWLEDGMENT The infinite gratitudes of the researcher to Allah سبحانه و تعالى for the favors of faith, Islam, health, sustenance, happiness, protection and compassion are always present in his grace. Shalawat and salutation to the most honorable prophet of the Islamic ummah the great messanger Muhammad ﷺ (peace be upon him), his family and his relatives. The researcher s gratitudes for both parents, her Mom Tuti Wastutiningsih and her Dad Muhamad Syahril who has prayed, support, educate, remind, keep, and give full affection to the researcher throughout life. Not to forget the researcher s brothers, Ariel Dewantara Muhamad, Arrasyid Alfathsyah and Reza Pahlawan who have prayed for the researcher to complete her study immediately. The researcher is also grateful to Mr. Rosyid because of his guidance, advice, correction and has provided good support so that the researcher can complete the thesis well. The gratitude is also dedicated to Prof. Dr. Syukron Kamil, M.Hum., the Dean of Humanities Faculty; Drs. Saefudin, M.Pd., the Head of English Department; Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum., the Secretary of English Department; and all the lecturers of English Letters Department who had taught the researcher during study at UIN Jakarta. v

7 In addition, the researcher would like to give appreciation to the following friends and people, namely: 1. My dear friends in English Letters Department of 2013 especially for UNO; Ranny, Nadiah, Febi, Aurora and Syanti. Many thanks for researcher s girls squad, Hap-Hap; Ni mah, Desi, Dwi, Isma, Zhafira, Aphril, Ranie, Jeanita, Ika, Sekar, Lilianih. The researcher best friend in ELTD; Nunun, Dea, Aphril, Dessy, Tyas. Linguistic Class and B Brave class! Many loves from My deepest heart. 2. KKN Dipta Jaya who managed to maintain harmony and hospitality during the KKN took place. Many thanks and loves, Anisa, Uni, Syifa, Cindy, Abid, Nta, Fikri, Aji, Adit, Edy. 3. Tisanila, My friends since she was in kindergarten, Laila Adilla, Atikah Nur Latifah, Tiya Yulistia and the researcher beloved friends Remaja Masjid Nurul Qobidh 4. Grumpi! My sweethearts; Syaila, Iput, Ria, Niken & Ka Anisa. 5. Someone who supports, encourages and entrusts his greetings to me through his prayer. 6. All the people and friends who helped the researcher in finishing her study indirectly that cannot mentioned one by one. May Allah blesses and gives the greatest life for them. Moreover, this research is expected to be useful for the researcher herself and all the people who read it. vi

8 this thesis. Suggestion and criticism will be accepted for the improvement of Jakarta, 31 Agustus 2017 Anadya vii

9 LIST OF TABLE Table 1 The Occurrence of the Type of Presupposition in the Sea Foam short story...51 viii

10 TABLE OF CONTENT ABSTRACT...i APPROVEMENT...ii LEGALIZATION...iii DECLARATION...iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...v LIST OF TABLE...viii TABLE OF CONTENT...ix CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION...1 A. Research Background...1 B. Research Focus...6 C. Research Questions...6 D. Research Objective...6 E. Research Significances 7 F. Research Methodology Method of the Research Technique of the Data Collection and Data Analysis Research Instrument.9 4. Unit of the Analysis Time and Place of the Research...10 CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK...10 A. Previous Research...11 B. Theoretical Framework Discourse Analysis Presupposition Types of Presupposition Existential Presupposition Factive Presupposition Lexical Presupposition Non-factive Presupposition...29 ix

11 3.5. Structural Presupposition Counter-factual Presupposition Context and Meaning Context Context Types Physical Context Linguistic Context Social Context Epistemic Context Meaning...29 CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS...31 A. Data Description...31 B. Data Analysis...33 CHAPTER IV CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTION...49 A. Conclusion...49 B. Suggestion...50 BIBLIOGRAPHY...51 APPENDIX A. The Short Story Sea Foam on The Jakarta Post on Monday, October 23 rd, 2017 x

12 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Research Background In social life, humans take a role as a social creature in order to establish a relationship between one individual to another individual. Build a relationship with other individuals is a necessity because in everyday life, humans will always need others. Therefore, humans need tools or media that can connect them with other individuals. The media is the language. As a media, language can make inter-individual between individuals. Through language also, communication between living things can be intertwined. Badudu (111) states that language is the interface or communication between members of society consisting of individuals who express their thoughts, feelings, and desires. Then Keraf in Loe (220) gives two meanings of language. The first sense states that language as a means of communication between members of the public in the form of sound symbols produced by human speech utensils. While the second sense is a communication system that uses vowel symbols, (speech sounds) that are arbitrary. Meanwhile Yuwono (65) explains that language is divided into two, namely spoken and written language. Spoken language is the main and basic thing that humans have. From preschool age, humans can already talk or use spoken language. However, on the other hand, language also has a written form, which is the result of cultural propagation, namely written language. The main element of 1

13 2 written language is writing. In spoken language, sound is the main element; whereas in written language, write is the main element. Thus, language has two types to make it happen, namely sound and writing. According to Sarah Trenholm and Arthur Jensen in Wiryanto (6-7) communication is a process by which a source transmits a message to a receiver through some channel. In addition, another definition is from Everett M. Rogers and Lawrence Kincaid states that communication is a process whereby two or more persons form or make mutual information about each other, which on mutual benefit of mutual understanding. Human interaction can affect each other, whether intentionally or unintentionally and not limited to verbal communication forms, and also in terms of facial expressions, artistic and technological depictions. Based on the Oxford Advanced Learner s Dictionary communication is an activity or process of expressing ideas or thoughts and feelings or provides information to others. Communication is the spearhead of success in the delivery of information. If the speakers successfully convey his utterance clearly and understood by the hearer, then the communication is considered passed. However, when the communication process between the speaker and the spokesperson takes place, sometimes the speaker assumption is implicit and confusing. Thus, the listeners are not able to identify certain information from the speaker. To understand the utterances of the speaker, the listener must consider the context in which the speaker uses the utterances (Aditya 2)

14 3 Through oral or written communication, it is hoped that one can understand what the sender of the message is saying as well. Submission of a message both verbally and in writing has an expectation that one can read or hear what is said well and correctly. This research investigated the presupposition in the short story of Sea Foam. This study aimed to find out the types of presupposition and identify the most dominant type of presupposition. In the short story found the information that is a part what is communicated, but not said in which the writer of the story seems to take for granted in making an utterance. For that reason, to know a part better; the one what is communicated, but not said, this research will identifies the parts thoroughly by the one theory of pragmatics that is a presupposition. Pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning (Yule 3). It is related to the interpretation, what people mean in a particular context and how the context influences what is said. Furthermore, Levinson (5) stated that pragmatics is the study of the relation between language and context basic to an account of language understanding. Pragmatic is the last stage of linguistics started with a narrow discipline, facing with physical data of speech becomes a wide, discipline taking in form, meaning and context (Leech 56). Presupposition as one of the properties of language which impinges on reader or listeners understanding of facts and even through using subtle linguistic devices and constructions is considered an argumentative. According to Grundy (83), there are two ways that can be used to identify presupposition. The first way is through presupposition triggers, and the second one is to think of them as ways

15 4 of expressing shared or non-controversial knowledge. Presupposition trigger can be used to reveal the presupposition from the utterance or sentence. Many people recognize such false reasoning when they hear or read it, but are often unable to state why they recognize it as false. Such processes have become the focus of a great deal of attention by linguists, philosophers, psychologists, and others. Of particular interest here is their recent work on presupposition. To understand the meaning of a word or an utterance, people must understand what it supposes. A presupposition is some set of proportions that we believe is an appropriate background for an utterance. They are drawn from the context of the discourse itself, or from commonplace knowledge (also referred to as world knowledge). They constitute our belief about what is the case. There are an infinite number of context in which presuppositions can be true or believed, which is the reason that contexts plays such a critical role in identifying what is presupposed by a statement. A sentence such as "Unicorns like ice-cream," presupposes the existence of unicorns. Since people know that unicorns do not exist, people may consider the statement untrue. But if the context of the statement is a fairy tale, the relative truth of the statement is reasonable---in that context (Tomic and Shuy 107). The context cannot be separated in understanding the meaning of a story. Context incorporates all situations and things that are outside the language and language, such as participation in the language, the situation in which the text, its continuing functions, and so on (Eriyanto 9). Exploring this topic (Yule 22) states that context means the situation surrounding or accompanying the production of

16 5 an utterance. Context influences both oral or text discourse. Discourse can also be used to refer to particular contexts of language use, and in this sense it becomes similar to concepts like genre or text type (Nordquist in ThoughtCo). Discourse analysis, text and context are described together in a communication process, examining the context of the language used in both written and oral forms. There are several important contexts because they influence the production of discourse. First, discourse participants, whose background produces discourse. Sex, age, education, social class, ethnicity, religion, is in many ways relevant in describing discourse. Second, certain social settings, such as place, time, position of speaker and listener or physical environment are useful contexts for understanding a discourse (Eriyanto 10). No one can deny the importance of context in the meaning of words. According to Cummings (18) context is a broad concept that involves physical, linguistic, epistemic, and social elements. Same as Panevov a and Jirka Hana in the official website of Institute of Formal and Applied Linguistics states that pragmatics is the study of how language is used and of the effect of context on language. Essentially, context plays a role in understanding the meaning and information, whether are spoken or written. In this research, the data are the sentences which contain presupposition triggers. This research will portray accurately the characteristics of a particular presupposition using Yule s presupposition theory and identifying the dominant types of presupposition in the short story of Sea Foam that was taken from The Jakarta Post on Monday, October 23rd In addition, the main aim of this research is also to Besides, the lacking of research on presupposition in the

17 6 Faculty of Adab and Humanities of UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta is the first reason for analyzes this theory. B. Research Focus This study focuses on the problem of presupposition in the sentences which contains a presupposition triggers. This research will elaborates about six types of presuppositions found in the short story and identify the most dominant type of presupposition. C. Research Questions To obtain the results of the research is directed, required the formulation of the problem. The research problem is formulated as follows: 1. What are the types of presuppositions in the short story Sea Foam on The Jakarta Post on Monday, October 23rd 2017? 2. What are the dominant types of presupposition in the short story Sea Foam on The Jakarta Post on Monday, October 23rd 2017? D. Research Objectives The purpose of the study is to discover answers to questions through the application of scientific procedures. This research has the objectives as follows: 1. To identify the types of presuppositions in the short story Sea Foam on The Jakarta Post on Monday, October 23rd To identify the dominant types of presupposition in the short story Sea Foam on The Jakarta Post on Monday, October 23rd 2017.

18 7 E. Research Significances Theoretically, as a development and expansion of knowledge in the language, this study is useful as reference studies for students or academic linguistics who wants to develop a research related to presupposition in the short story. Practically, this research will be useful in the progress of linguistic study, especially for prospective students or young researchers who have an interest to study and make a linguistics research specifically in pragmatics. It hoped that this research would understand by reader clearly. So, people will know how to give assumptions or predictions that are considered in accordance with the existing use in the spoken sentence or text discourse, and in oral communication, hope that speakers are able to give a conclusion or initial assumption before the speech that what will be conveyed also understood by the hearer. F. Research Methodology 1. Method of the Research The method of this research is qualitative method. This method is used because the data sources is a short story text and all the data in this research are sentences which contains a presupposition triggers and were taken from The Jakarta Post daily newspaper. According to Sugiarto (12) qualitative research materials focus on the analysis or interpretation of written materials such as textbooks, newspapers, magazines, films, diaries, literary texts, and articles. All written materials are documented-based data

19 8 sources. And this study uses a review of documents. In this case, the short story and the results of this study will contain an excerpt of data to provide an overview presentation of research results. In a qualitative report, this study explained all the data in a narrative. The data analysis was conducted by reading the short stories, then identifying the words related to the presupposition triggers, and collecting the sentences contained presupposition triggers. After that, the sentences were listed in the table categories of presupposition and making a conclusion. 2. Technique of The Data Collection and Data Analysis The process of the collecting data in this research is using bibliographical technique (teknik pustaka). According to Subroto (4), in bibliographical technique, the data are from written sources. The written sources used are selected that reflect the use of synchronous language. Hence, this technique also known as documentation technique. Documentation is a technique of collecting data by searching for evidence from non-human sources related to the object under study in the form of writings, drawings, or monumental works of a person (Sugiyono in Sugiarto 88). Data collection is done by documentation technique where researchers collect text news from an online news media number one in the UK that is Reuters. There are some steps to collect the data: a. Reading the short story Sea Foam on The Jakarta Post.

20 9 b. Searching the data in the short story Sea Foam on The Jakarta Post. c. Mark the trigger of presupposition that occur in the short story Sea Foam on The Jakarta Post. After collecting data, the data will be analyzed using Yule s Presupposition theory and will the types of presupposition on each term. 3. Research Instrument The research instrument that used in this research is the data card that has been written by several relevant data in a certain format and the main problem that becomes the researchers object has been written as well and becoming an entry (Subroto, 43). The data which taken from one of the short story that has a presupposition issue in The Jakarta Post on Monday, October 23rd Besides the researcher, the other supporting instruments of the research are dictionaries. 4. Unit of the Analysis The unit analysis of this study was selected sentences which are contained presuppositions taken from the short story in The Jakarta Post newspaper entitled Sea Foam by Latifa Sekarini

21 CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK A. Previous Research There are several researchers who completed their research related to presupposition problems in pragmatic studies. The first previous research is a Journal of English Education by Sinta Ananda and Marwito Wihadi and Yayan Suryana (2013). Both of them were graduated from the University of Kuningan, Indonesia. In their journal, the corpus, which they used is advertisement slogans of The Jakarta Post. Their objective on their research journal are to finding the types of presupposition and describing the functions of presupposition in advertisement found in consumer advertisement slogans of The Jakarta Post Slogan (141). The second researcher is Erwin Oktoma and Styfanus Mardiyono (2013) with their journal entitled The Analysis of Presupposition in The Short Stories of Silvester Gordius Sukur. Their research findings were short stories that written by Gordius Sukur. The object of their research is identifying the presupposition types and what is the dominant type of presupposition that occur in the short stories. The differences study between Sinta, Marwito and Yayan with this research is a corpus that they used as a research material and their second question which describing the functions of presupposition in advertisement found in consumer advertisement slogans. Their corpus is some of advertisement slogans 10

22 11 while this research uses one of a short story from The Jakarta Post. The second researcher, Erwin and Styfanus using the same methods with the researcher that are reading the short story, then identifying the words related to the presupposition triggers, after that collecting the sentences contained presupposition triggers.the last, listing the sentences into the table categories of presupposition. The different thing about this study is about the title of a short story that they used as a research material. In this case, this research uses a textual material which means the presupposition will occur in the sentences of paragraphs that contain a presupposition trigger. There are is information found in this short story and those parts are communicated, but not said in which the writer of the story seems to take for granted in making an utterance. B. Theoretical Framework 1. Discourse Analysis Discourse is often used in languages and literature, as well as in sociology, anthropology, politics and philosophy. In the field of linguistics, discourse and text are two different things, discourse means spoken discourse, such as conversations, jokes, etc., whereas text means written discourse such as books, drug and food product labels, short stories, slogans, and others (Purwo 18). Discourse is not just a unified whole sentence in a paragraph or a few. Tarigan (23) explains in Webster's dictionary that discourse has three definitions, including (1) communication of thought and words, expression of ideas or ideas, conversions or conversations; (2) communication in

23 12 general, especially as a subject of study or subject matter; (3) writing treatises, formal dissertations, lectures, lectures, sermons. In addition, Tarigan (27) says that discourse is the most complete and highest or highest language unit above a sentence or clause with continuous high coherence and cohesion which has a real beginning and end, delivered orally. Discourse can be in the form of an essay, which has a story and a plot. As Kridalaksana (208) argues that discourse is realized in the form of a composite essay (novel, book, encyclopedia series, etc.), paragraphs, sentences, or words that carry a complete mandate. This is called written discourse analysis. The analysis is based on discourse in writing form such as novels, essays, books, short stories, and so forth. Speaking of discourse analysis, which examines discourse relationship with its context, means discourse analysis is pragmatically studied (Subagyo). In pragmatics, context is any background knowledge that is assumed shared by both speaker and listener, and helps the listener interpret what the speaker means (Leech 13). Understanding of the context becomes the basis for an understanding of the phenomenon of language. By understanding the context, the language user adjusts the sentence so that it is appropriate or rightly uttered (Levinson 19). Theoretically pragmatic and discourse analysis has conformity, which equation takes into account the context, even in unequal scope and range.

24 13 2. Presupposition Presupposition refers to the implicit information of proportion embedded in a sentence or utterance. Scholars in both philosophical and linguistic domains show peculiar interest in presupposition owing its role in the construction of meanings (Khaleel 523). Saeed (97) stated that Presupposition are produced by particular words or construction, together sometimes called triggers. Karttunen (707) explains that the theory of presupposition discovered by linguists in the late 1960s (Horn 1969; Morgan 1969; Langendoen & Savin 1971), the topic of the presupposition also been discussed by logicians and philosophers for a long time (Frege 1892; Russell 1905; Strawson 1950). Other, Khaleel (523) states that the concept presupposition was raised by the eminent German Logician Frege in As the study of presuppositions continues, it has been found that presuppositions are typically generated by the use of the lexical item or linguistic construction (Liang 68). According to Yule (27) in the analysis of how presupposition occurs in the sentence, it has been associated with the use of a large number of words, phrases, and structures. People shall consider these linguistic forms here as an indicator of potential presupposition could become the actual presuppositions. That is why there are presupposition triggers consisting of words, phrases and structures. Presupposition helps opponent said or the reader in

25 14 understanding the core speech spoken by the speaker or reader. The Oxford Dictionary defines presuppositions as something that you believe to be true and use as the beginning of an argument even though it has not been proved. Exploring this topic (ExcellenceAssured) give an example: "After we saw the colours of the new leaves, we knew the bushes would live." Presupposed that the leaves were new, they were leaving, there are bushes and they would live as a result. Presupposition trigger can be used to reveal the presupposition from utterance or sentence. In this example, the sentence triggered by the word knew that is one of the factive verb. Using knew, it is supposed to be fact. Yule (26) further explained that in many discussions of the concept, presuppositions are treated a relationship between two proportions. The sentence in 1a has the proposition p and the sentence in 1b has the proposition q, then using the symbol >> to mean 'presupposes'. A presupposition which consists of a relationship between two propositions can be described as follows: [1] a. Mary's dog is cute (=p) b. Mary has a dog (=q) c. p >> q Then Yule classifies presupposition into six types, namely the existential presupposition, factive presuppositions, lexical presupposition,

26 15 structural presupposition, non-factive presuppositions, and the counterfactual presupposition. 3. Types of Presupposition 3.1. Existential Presupposition Existential presupposition is the presupposition that indicates the existence of referents that is expressed in a definitive word (certainly) (Yule 26). The other definition (Sheroz) also states it is the assumption of the existence of the entities named by the speaker. Yule s gives an example your car >> you have a car. By using any of the expressions like the King of Sweden, the cat, the girl next door, etc.; the speaker is assumed to be committed to the existence of the entities named. The presupposition might be found as a noun phrase or in the possessive constructions. The researcher would clarify in the sentence [1] The policy of strategic patience has ended. This presupposition is a noun form. The sentence presupposes that the existences of "The policy of strategic patience". Meanwhile, in the possessive constructions can be found in the following sentence, It is a favourite game of theirs ; we can presuppose that they exist and that they have a favourite game. The next examples are about the presupposition which has a negation. When we produce the opposite of the sentence in [1] by negating it (=NOT p); The policy of strategic patience has not

27 16 ended, we find that relationship of presupposition does not change. That is, the same proposition q, repeated as [1], continues to be presupposed by NOT p, as shown in [2c.] [2] a. Mary s dog isn t cute (=NOT p) b. Mary has a dog (=q) c. NOT p >> q Based on the Yule s, this property of presupposition is generally described as constancy under negotiation. Basically, it means that the presupposition of a statement will remain constant (i.e. still true) even when the statement is negated. The researcher wants to point out this negated issue through two examples; [3] a. In the grade six there is a cute student named Abdullah. b. In the grade six there is not a cute student named Abdullah. The conclusion is that whether or not the child named Abdullah in sixth grade, will still be called the sixth grade and was named Abdullah. 3.2.Factive Presupposition The presupposition that usually follows the verb such as know, 'realizes', 'regret', 'odd', and 'glad' and can be regarded as a fact (Yule 27). All well as phrases involving be with adjective form has a

28 17 factive presupposition too. The presupposed part needs to be true for the pointful utterance. Based on the dictionary.com, factive means presupposing the truth of an embedded sentence that serves as a complement, as realize in You do not realize that his actions were embarrassing. Which presupposes that their action brings a shame. In the linguistic context, factive also means Giving rise to the presupposition that a sentence occurring in that context is true, as John regrets that Mary did not attend. The fact is Mary did not attend and there is someone named John. According to Yan Huang (114), Factive presupposition is a presupposition that is triggered by the use of a factive verb such as knows, a Factive adjective such as happy, or a factive NP (Noun Phrase) such as the fact/knowledge. E.g. the uttering of the sentence John knows that the team has flown to Beijing gives rise to the factive presupposition that the team has flown to Beijing Lexical Presupposition In lexical presuppositions, the use of one form with its asserted meaning is conventionally interpreted with the presuppositions that another (non-asserted) meaning is understood (Yule 28). Researcher describes the example based on the Yule s theory with a different proposition, We are 'expected' to work on Saturdays. In this situation, the presupposition is connected to the fact that they were thinking of working on Saturday will happen. In the following

29 18 sentence; we are 'didn't expect' to work on Saturdays, the asserted meaning associated with the fact that they did not think it would be happening, the non-asserted meaning is related to the fact that they thought. In both cases, however, there is a presupposition (nonasserted) that the person tried to do something. So, expected is conventionally interpreted as asserting think and presupposing tried. And another example is Marwan sudden got heart attack, Marwan earlier presupposition is fine. Presuppositions arise with the use of the word 'suddenly' that previously was fine but suddenly suffered a heart attack. When Soames (553) in Gabay and Franz deepen with another example; John is going to drop out of school again. One assumes that John had previously dropped out of school and insisted that he would drop out of school in the future. In the case of lexical presupposition, the speaker s use of a particular expression is taken to presuppose another (unstated) concept, whereas in the case of a factive presupposition, the use of a particular expression is taken to presuppose the truth of the information that is stated after it (Yule 28). In each case, the speaker commits himself both to that which he presupposes and to that which he asserts. However, there are important differences between the two. He explained in one such difference is that the commitments that are presupposed are highly heritable, whereas those that are only

30 19 asserted are not. If assertive utterances of a sentence S are used to assert A and presuppose P, then assertive utterances of more complicated sentences containing S often presuppose P without carrying any commitment to A (Soames in in Gabay and Franz 554) Non-Factive Presupposition The Non-Factive presupposition is a presupposition that is assumed to be correct. There are, however, examples of non-factive presupposition associated with a number of verbs in English. Based on Yule s theory (29), a non-factive presupposition is one that is assumed not to be true. Verbs like dream, imagine, and pretend are used with the presupposition that what follows is not true. We can see in this example; He pretends to be ill has a meaning that he is not ill. Consider this example: We are glad to have written this chapter. Being glad about something presupposes that something truly happened (i.e. it is true that we wrote this) this is a factive presupposition. The classic work on the factivity, Kiparsky and Kiparsky (1970) in Culpeper (56), discusses verbs (e.g.) regret, know, realize) that presuppose the truth of their complements (the complement of our example being: to have written this chapter). Some verbs, such as believeing, suppose, intends and claim, seem to push the truth status of their complements into a twilight zone where we are not sure about whether they are true or not. Hence, we believe we have written this chapter leaves the truth of whether we wrote it lingering in the air.

31 20 These verbs trigger non-factive presupposition. Another example of this kind of presupposition can we find in this sentence, Bob believes that Santa Claus came last night. There is no presupposition that Santa Claus exists. So, some other structures do the opposite of factive presuppositions, that is, they presuppose that some proposition is not true. The last is Imagine we have the money 50 million. The Presuppositions is they do not have the money. Use of imagined as a modality can bring non-factive presupposition. In addition, factual presupposition that not be assumed through utterances whose truth is in doubt from the facts presented Structural Presupposition Structural presupposition is a presupposition that is associated with the use of certain words and phrases. In this case, sentence certain structures have been analyzed as conventionally and regularly presupposing that part of the structure is already assumed to be true also speakers can use structures to treat information as presupposed (assumed to be true) and hence to be accepted as true by the listener (Yule 29). This type of presupposition used Wh-question constructions. In this example; When did she travel to the USA? presuppose that she travelled. The type of presupposition in When did she travel to the USA? can lead listeners perceives that the information presented is necessarily true, or intended as truthful by the speaker. For example, let us say you want to park your car at the parking area in a mall one

32 21 afternoon. There is also one car in front of your car and want to park. You did not notice whether the security parking had allowed the car in front of you to occupy the empty parking lot before another car went through the car in front of you. The car that just passed was immediately involved in a crash with the car in front of you because both of them are going. You were witness to the crash and later you asked the question in [4]. [4] How fast was the car going when it passed the car in front of you? If you are answering the question is asked and estimate the speed of the car, then you will appear to be accepting the truth of the presupposition (i.e. >> the car ran the red light). Such structures-based presuppositions may represent subtle ways of making information that the speaker believes appear to be what the listener should believe. So far, we have only considered contexts in which presupposition is assumed to be true (Yule 29) Counter-factual Presupposition Yule (28) states that the counter-factual presupposition is the opposite of what is true or contrary to fact. For instance, some conditional structure, generally called counterfactual conditionals presuppose that the information in if- clause is not at the time of utterances (Siagian 5). In the example If I were not ill, I will join your party tonight. The implied meaning of the sentence is the

33 22 assumption on the fact what actually happened, I am ill (English First). 4. Context and Meaning 4.1. Context Linguistic pragmatics have often been defined as the study of meaning in context. Context is an environmental aspect that is physically or socially linked in a speech or text that appears (Kridalaksana 134). In addition, pragmatics also focus on the context contained in the sense of a speech. Louise Cummings (18) in his book states that context is a broad concept that involves physical, linguistic, epistemic, and social elements. This is also stated by Leech (1) "That we know the pragmatics: how the language is used in communication." According to Leech the nature of the language will not be entirely understandable except by understanding pragmatics: how language is used in communicating. In other words, the basis of the language is the context contained in the language itself. As well as the opinion of Levinson (21) who asserts that Pragmatics is the study of the relations between language and context that are basic to an account of language understanding. Since pragmatics is the basic science that examines the relationship between language and context as the basis of consideration for understanding language, in the context of

34 23 language study, the context must participate (inseparably) in the process of the assessment to understand the full meaning. If we ignore the context, then the study can no longer be called a pragmatic study, but rather a structural study of language, not pragmatically. Another opinion comes from the official website MyEnglishPages, Rhalmi added that the context has a variety of things. Context can be linguistics, involving the linguistic environment of a language item, as well as situational, involving additional linguistic elements that contribute to the construction of meaning. Referring to the definition of KBBI online, context is defined as part of a description or sentence that can support or add clarity of meaning. Context can also be the cause or the background of a dialogue. A discourse or paragraphs must still have interrelated elements in one context to be understood together. Nunan (8) states that pragmatic context includes implicates the type of communicative event, the topic of the event, the purpose of the event, the 10 setting of the event including location, time of the day, season of year, and physical aspect of the situation (for example, the size of the room, the arrangement of the furniture, etc), the participant and the relation among them, and the background knowledge and the assumption underlying the communication event.

35 24 By understanding the context, the object can have recognized more thoroughly because the context requires us to see from all sides. Example; Consider the two people, Pat and Chris, who is getting to know each other on a first date. If Chris says to Pat at the end of the evening, "I like you a lot." Pat will likely feel good about the situation. But imagine that Pat and Chris have been dating for some weeks, and Pat asks, "Do you love me?" Now if Chris says, "I like you a lot," the reaction will likely be quite different, as Chris' statement is taken as a negative answer! The difference does not come from the content of what is said, but from the operation of a general pragmatic principle: When evaluating something on a scale of values of, putting it at a certain point on the scale implies that all the higher values on the scale are inappropriate. It is our background assessment that positive feeling is ranked on a scale with 'love' higher than "like" which makes Chris' reply in the second context convey "No, don't love you." We apply this scalar principle so automatically that it is easy to overlook the fundamental pragmatic difference between what is actually said and what is implied by the saying of it (Ladusaw). Context can complement the meaning of a speech or written discourse. That is one of the causes, so the context becomes so important in a speech. Another approach Crabtree and Joyce Powers (223) affirm, "To fully understand the meaning of a

36 25 sentence, we must also understand the context in which it is spoken. Thus, the context may refer to the pre- and post-speech utterances of the speaker, referring to the circumstances surrounding the habits of the participants, the customs, and the culture of society. Context can also refer to the physical condition, mentally, and knowledge in the minds of speakers and partners said. Time and place elements are closely related to those things (Wiryotinoyo 154) Context Types According to Louise Cummings (18), there are several types of context: Physical Context Physical Context is objects that are surrounding the communication, place and time of the communication, what is going on around, etc. Physical context refers to the setting of a conversation, such as a library, football field, or bedroom. Example: a. I want that iphone. (Accompanied by pointing) b. Bob left at 5:30 tonight for home. (Place/time reference)

37 Linguistic Context Linguistic context is what has been said before in the conversation. The history of things said so far. The information that has already been shared in the discussion is known as linguistic context, including all antecedents, topics of conversation, and intonations. A sarcastic, sad, or joking tone of voice can easily change the meaning of a sentence. Example: a. I can not believe you did it! b. If your teacher saw you yesterday morning, she d wash your mouth out with soap! Social Context Social context means the social relationship of the people involved in communication. A man will burden his voice when communicating with the woman he likes in order to attract the attention of the woman. Members of a squad sharing their summer vacation pictures, a lecturer showing a documentary to his or her students, and couples watching a romantic drama in theatre are all examples of different social contexts. Example: a. Mr. President, talk to my hand.

38 27 (You can t talk like this to the President.) b. I have broken your pencil and I always think of my mistake all the time. I do not want to disappoint you for the second time. I still want to be your friend. If you can forgive me. I really apologize. (A bizarre sentence if said to a friend instead of I am sorry Jack.) Epistemic Context The Epistemic context means what is known by both speaker and hearer. The same opinion states that the epistemic context referring to the background knowledge (or world knowledge) of a communication, which may be necessary for understanding, but logically speaking can of course be shared on partly by producer and recipient (Hrisztova-Gotthardt and Melita). In an important sense, linguistic, physical and social aspects of context are all subsumed by epistemic context, in that they are part of the speaker's and hearer's knowledge of a vast range of factors that play a role in the interpretation of utterances (Cummings, 16-17). Briefly, an epistemic context refers to the background knowledge shared by a speaker and his or her audience.

39 28 Example: (1) Oscar: What did you think of the exhibition in The Riverside last night? Felix: The number of pieces on display was greater this year. From the conversation above, Oscar and Felix must both have shared world and conversational knowledge (epistemic context) in order to participate in this exchange. They must know, for example, that The Riverside is the name of an arts center in town (Cummings 17). Another example, in the exchange below between Bob and Sam, physical context includes features such as the day and time of speaking, the people who are present, the physical setting in which the exchange is conducted (office, restaurant, etc.): (1) Bob: Do you want to visit us in Rome next week? Sam: Mary s father is undergoing hip replacement surgery. The epistemic context describes the shared background knowledge and beliefs between speaker and

40 29 listener in an exchange. For example, Bob and Sam clearly share knowledge of who Mary is, that hip replacement surgery involves a period of recuperation, that Rome is the capital city of Italy, and that Bob and his wife own a villa in Rome (Schmid, 302) Meaning In Pragmatics, meaning is the result of a focus between speakers or researchers on how they use their knowledge to express a meaning (Bloomer 78). Bloomfield in Walker states that the word meaning serves to characterize the systematic relevancies that are involved in language. As long as the word is used at the highest level of abstraction, with the widest generality, it appears to be acceptable and to cause little trouble. Based on the Oxford, meaning is what is meant by a word, text, concept, or action. In addition, Nordquist also states in the official website of ThoughtCo. Pragmatic meaning comes from a particular context in which the sentence is uttered. In another source (SIL), Pragmatics and Semantics are similar, for studying meaning. In Pragmatics, beside focuses on the relation between words, phrases and other bits of language and on how these words and phrases connect to the world. It involves the study of how speakers of a language use the language to

41 30 communicate and accomplish what they want. Pragmatics looks more at the relationship between speaker and listener that allows assumptions to be made about the intended message, considering, for example, the way context contributes to meaning. In brief, Meaning is the implied content of a word, a sentence, even a speech based on its context. The context affects the change of meaning of a word. In addition, the meaning is someone says, book or film thoughts or ideas that are intended to be expressed.

42 CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS A. Data Description Sea Foam, a short story by Latifah Sekarini relates the story of women who has a problem with her love story. This short story uses a point of view of the first person, namely the writer who is the woman who became the main character. In this storyline, there are other characters which are a man named Daffa as a person that loved by the writer, and also there is Joanne as the writer housemate. The background of this story is told about the writer s sadness towards the man whom she loved. The atmosphere in this story seems sad for what that happened between the writer and Daffa. However, their relationship is not harmonious. They have separated for several times. According Joanne statement, his violent tendencies and abusive behaviour are something that makes the writer interest to him. Joanne, who is not easy to believe and not easily carried away feelings in situations of sadness experienced by the writer always trying to awaken the writer of what Daffa has done to make him feel the broken heart in a long time. Turns around with a writer who is easy to believe in something new happening without considering the things that have happened before, and is faithful to the Daffa s love. 31

43 32 In this story, Daffa returns by visiting the writer's residence. Daffa apologized for her treatment for leaving the writer for some time. Then the writer recounts her sadness by describing himself as a little mermaid who dissolves in sea foam and becomes an air princess because of his unrequited love for a prince who has fallen in love with another. The setting of the place in this story is in Jakarta. A house belongs to both. It is written in the 10 th paragraph of the third line. In that paragraph also, their profession is called. They both work as obstetricians and nurses. It was not explained who became a doctor and a nurse among them. The character of the writer in this story is the protagonist, easy to believe in something new happening without considering the things that have happened before, and faithful. Then, the Daffa character in this story is cruel, dare to violence against the writer and do not know them when, after some time back to get to the writer's love by apologizing then go back. Lastly Joanne, a woman of strong character will stand up, not easy to believe, brave, and not easily carried away in situations of sadness experienced by the writer. The data are collected from the short story that uploaded on the official website of The Jakarta Post. The short story entitled Sea Foam and published on Monday, October 23 rd, There are 40 paragraphs with 20 presuppositions those have been found. This research also classified the presupposition according to the type of the presupposition. Context explanation added to support the situation that has something to do with an event in the sentences. The presupposition sentence will be analyzed by Yule s theory of Pragmatics.